Description
Title

Hiswelókë's Sindarin dictionary

Compiled, edited and annotated by Didier Willis

Edition

Edition 1.8-Beta

Lexicon 0.994821

1539 entries.

Publication

1999-2004, Didier Willis and The Sindarin Dictionary Project

Availability

Status: free.

License: This material may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Creative Commons Attribution, Non-Commercial, Share-Alike License, version 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/).

Additional limitation of scope: Sindarin, as one of the languages invented by J.R.R. Tolkien, is his artistic and intellectual property. The editor does not claim any intellectual property on the Sindarin language itself and, as a whole, on this dictionary, beyond the editorial annotations, the arrangement of entries and the encyclopaedic discussions or interpretations appended to these entries. The above-mentioned license applies to such elements only.

J.R.R. Tolkien's texts and books are copyrighted by the Tolkien Estate and/or Tolkien's publishers. As of yet, this material is not approved by the Tolkien Estate or Tolkien's publishers, and is henceforth an unauthorized Sindarin dictionary. This material is however provided under the editor's assumption that compiling, arranging, analyzing, normalizing and annotating entries in order to produce a dictionary for a language, even if it is an invented one, does not violate the copyright of the inventor.

Shall any third party include this material in a derived work, under the above-mentioned license or under any other applicable license, the editor will not be liable for possible infringement of copyright on the derived work. Every derived use of this material is left under the sole responsability of the third party.

Notwithstanding, this material is neither a verbatim reproduction of information from Tolkien's published works, nor a simple rearrangement of such information in a different order. Many entries are deduced from indirect evidences (such as compounds, inflected forms, etc.) or are normalized according to our current knowledge of the Sindarin phonology and morphology. As a consequence, some deductions, as presented by the editor or by other contributors to the dictionary, might actually prove incorrect or inaccurate when new information is published.

Any violation of copyright regarding yet unpublished texts by J.R.R. Tolkien is unintended. The compiler does not have any access to hitherto unpublished texts. Would it be the case, such texts would not be used in the dictionary. Therefore, this dictionary only contains entries based on published texts, either from direct attestations or based on deductions and conclusions drawn from these texts by careful comparisons.

Notes

The editor would like to thank all the persons who made this work possible. This dictionary would not have existed without the efforts of many other peoples. Lisa Star (editor of Tyalië Tyelelliéva) and Helge Kåre Fauskanger (webmaster of Ardalambion) gave me precious advices and encouragements at the very beginning of the project. David Salo sent me his own lexicons and kindly answered some of my questions about them. Cédric Fockeu (webmaster of J.R.R. Tolkien en Version Française) offered his technical skill in scripting languages, as well as disk space to host the original on-line search engine. My thanks are also addressed to Ryszard Derdzinski, Dorothea Salo, B. Philip Jonsson, Sébastien Mallet and the members of the ELFLING mailing-list, for their support during the early phases of this long project; and later to Jim Allan (editor and co-author of An Introduction to Elvish), Bertrand Bellet, Carl Hostetter (editor of Vinyar Tengwar), Per Lindberg (from Mellonath Daeron), Elena Liria, Emanuele Vicentini, Patrick Wynne and all the other members of the Sindarin dictionary discussion group for their contributions and continual feedback, with a special mention for Javier Lorenzo for all the corrections he sent to the mailing-list. The Dragon Flame application would not have existed without Benjamin Babut. Likewise, this revised edition of the dictionary would not have seen the light without Benjamin's work and enthousiasm for Dragon Flame and its set of related tools. I am also indebt to Sylvain Veyrié and Thomas Deniau for having ported Dragon Flame to other operating systems. Last but not least, this work is dedicated to Christopher Tolkien and to the Vinyar Tengwar & Parma Eldalamberon editorial staffs, whose efforts to publish J.R.R. Tolkien's linguistic papers have made such a dictionary possible.

Source

Dictionary based on J.R.R. Tolkien's works, and extended with etymological notes, phonetics and other information.

Sindarin is the language of the Grey Elves, invented by J.R.R. Tolkien and exemplified in his masterful epic story The Lord of the Rings.

This work aims at being a complete Sindarin dictionary, addressing not only Tolkien's fans wishing to understand the elvish sentences from The Lord of the Rings or to build simple sentences in Sindarin, but also scholars wanting to study Sindarin for what it is: the complex linguistic invention of a philology professor, and also a beautiful piece of art.

The Sindarin dictionary project began on October 23, 1999, and is still under development. By no mean shall this version be regarded as definitive. The editor is all too well aware that the dictionary is not as perfect or complete as it might be. Nevertheless, it seems better to encourage the study of Sindarin by the provision of a working dictionary rather than delay the publication perhaps for years, until the editor's ideals are satisfied — a condition which might never be attained.

Encoding
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Dictionary compiled and adapted from various sources.

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Sampling

Phonetics are transcribed using the X-SAMPA scheme for representing the IPA in 7-bit ASCII encoding.

Hypothetical words, either interpreted, reconstructed or deduced from mutated forms, are all marked as deduced.

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Phonetics are rendered in IPA in the PDF version. Some symbols used as delimiters are rendered with glyphs available to the typesetter, and might differ from the XHTML version.

Correction

Status: high.

This document has been extensively checked, although a few casual errors or typos may still remain.

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Interpretation

Probable errors in the sources have been corrected and marked with the <corr> tag.

In the XHTML version, corrections are rendered using a specific markup (misreadings, etc.).


abandon ◈ awartha- [ɑwˈɑrθɑ] v. to forsake, abandon ◇ Ety/397

abandonment ◈ awarth [ˈɑwɑrθ] n. abandonment ◇ Ety/397

abhor ◈ fuia- [fˈuj.ɑ] v. to feel disgust at, abhor ◈ fuio [fˈuj.ɔ] v. inf. of fuia-, to feel disgust at, abhor ◇ Ety/381

abhorrence ◈ delos [dˈɛlɔs] (deloth) n. abhorrence, detestation, loathing ◇ Ety/355

abhorrent ◈ thaur* [θˈɑur] adj. abominable, abhorrent ◇ S/438

abiding ◈ him I [hˈim] adj. 1. steadfast, abiding ○ 2. as an adverb, continually ◇ Ety/364 ◈ thenid [θˈɛnid] adj. firm, true, abiding ◇ Ety/388 ◈ thenin [θˈɛnin] adj. firm, true, abiding ◇ Ety/388

abominable ◈ deleb [dˈɛlɛb] adj. horrible, abominable, loathsome ◇ Ety/355 ◈ thaur* [θˈɑur] adj. abominable, abhorrent ◇ S/438

abound ◈ ovra- [ˈɔvrɑ] v. to abound ◈ ovro [ˈɔvrɔ] v. inf. of ovra-, to abound ◇ Ety/396

about ◈ o II [ɔ] prep. about, concerning ◇ Ety/378 ◈ The Etymologies state that h- is prefixed to the word following this preposition, when it begins in a vowel: o Hedhil "concerning the Elves (Edhil)". Some scholars consider that this rule is not valid in Sindarin, but that the preposition would perhaps become oh in such a case (hence oh Edhil, to be compared with ah in Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth ◈ os- [ɔs] pref. about, around ◇ Ety/379

above ◈ or- [ɔr] pref. above, over ◇ Ety/379 ◈ or [ɔr] prep. above, over ◇ Ety/379

abroad ◈ palan-* [pˈɑlɑn] adv. afar, abroad, far and wide ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74

abundant ◈ ovor [ˈɔvr̩] (ovr, ofr) adj. abundant ◇ Ety/396

abyss ◈ iâ* [jˈɑː] (ia) n. 1. gulf ○ 2. abyss, void ◇ Ety/400, S/432, Letters/383

account ◈ pennas [pˈɛnnɑs] n. history, historical account ◇ Ety/366, WJ/192, WJ/206 ◈ trenarn [trˈɛnɑrn] n. account, tale ◇ Ety/374

across ◈ ath- [ɑθ] pref. on both sides, across ◇ Ety/349 ◈ athra-* [ɑθrɑ] pref. across ← Athrabeth MR/329 ◈ thar-* [θɑr] pref. across, athwart, over, beyond ◇ Ety/388, S/438

acute ◈ laeg* I [lˈɑɛg] (lhaeg) adj. keen, sharp, acute ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

afar ◈ palan-* [pˈɑlɑn] adv. afar, abroad, far and wide ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74

affect ◈ presta- [prˈɛstɑ] v. to affect, trouble, disturb ◈ presto [prˈɛstɔ] v. inf. of presta-, to affect, trouble, disturb ◇ Ety/380

affected ◈ prestannen [prɛstˈɑnnɛn] pp. of presta-, 1. affected ○ 2. Ling. mutated (of a mutated vowel) ◇ Ety/380

affection ◈ mîl [mˈiːl] n. love, affection ◇ Ety/372 ◈ prestanneth [prɛstˈɑnnɛθ] n. Ling. affection of vowels, mutation ◇ Ety/380

affliction ◈ caul* [kˈɑul] n. great burden, affliction ◇ VT/39:10

after ◈ ab-* [ɑb] pref. after, later ← Abonnen WJ/387

again ◈ ad- [ɑd] pref. back, again, re- ◇ Ety/349, VT/45:6

against ◈ dan* [dɑn] prep. 1. against ○ 2. etym. back ◇ LotR/II:IV

age ◈ andrann* [ˈɑndrɑnn] (anrand) n. cycle, age (100 Valian Years) ◇ Ety/382, X/ND4 ◈ Helge Fauskanger notes: the element and "long" would normally be preserved before r-, but d is lost because there is another d in the word (VT/41:9); however, this second d later disappeared in the change from -nd to -nn, and it is unclear whether or not an- would then revert to and-

aged ◈ iphant* [ˈiffɑnt] (ifant) adj. aged, long-lived, old (with no connotation of weakness) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, X/PH

agile ◈ celeg* [kˈɛlɛg] adj. swift, agile, hasty ◇ Ety/366, PM/353, VT/41:10

ago ◈ io [jɔ] (ia) adv. ago ◇ Ety/399

ah ◈ ai* I [ˈɑj] interj. ah! ◇ LotR/I:XII ◈ Though attested in LotR, this word might relate to ae I, with the regular change from ai to ae between Noldorin and Sindarin

air ◈ gwelu* [gwˈɛlu] (gwelw) n. air (as substance) ◇ Ety/398, X/W ◈ gwelwen [gwˈɛl̡wɛn] n. air, lower air (distinct from the upper air of the stars, or the outer) ◇ Ety/398 ◈ gwilith [gwˈiliθ] n. air (as a region) ◇ Ety/398 ◈ lind* [lˈind] (lhind, lhinn) n. air, tune ◇ Ety/369, X/LH, X/ND1

alas ◈ nae [nˈɑɛ] interj. alas ◇ Ety/375

alive ◈ cuin [kˈujn] adj. alive ◇ Ety/366 ◈ cuina- [kˈujnɑ] v. to be alive ◈ cuino [kˈujnɔ] v. inf. of cuina-, to be alive ◇ Ety/366

all ◈ pân* II [pˈɑːn] pl. pain* [pˈɑjn] adj. all, in totality ← mhellyn în phain SD/129-31 ◈ As no other word beginning in ph- is attested, it is assumed that a nasal mutation is triggered by the pronoun în I, hence the form observed in the "King's Letter"

allegiance ◈ buia- [bˈuj.ɑ] v. to serve, to hold allegiance to ◈ buio [bˈuj.ɔ] v. inf. of buia-, to serve, to hold allegiance to ◇ Ety/353

alone ◈ er- [ɛr] pref. alone, one ◇ VT/42:19 ◈ erui* [ˈɛruj] adj. 1. single, alone ○ 2. by ext. first (incorrect use by the Gondorians) ◇ TI/312, WR/436, VT/42:10 ◈ The proper word for first in Sindarin was minui

alphabet ◈ angerthas* [ɑŋgˈɛrθɑs] n. Ling. runic alphabet, long rune-rows (extended version of the Cirth) ◇ S/427, LotR/E ◈ certhas* [kˈɛrθɑs] n. Ling. runic alphabet, rune-rows ◇ LotR/E

amputate ◈ esgeri [ˈɛsgɛri] v. inf. of osgar-, to cut round, to amputate ◇ Ety/379 ◈ osgar- [ˈɔsgɑr] v. to cut round, to amputate

ancient ◈ iaur* [jˈɑur] adj. 1. ancient, old, original ○ 2. older, former ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, S/433, UT/384

and ◈ a* I [ɑ] (ar*) conj. and ◇ LotR/II:IV, LotR/VI:IV, S/428, SD/129-31, LB/354, Letters/308 ◈ See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel ◈ ah* [ɑh] prep. and conj. and, with ◇ MR/329 ◈ The title Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth is translated as "converse of Finrod and Andreth", but some scholars actually believe this word to be unrelated with the conjunction a I, ar "and", and they render it as "with". Other scholars consider that "and" and "with" (in the comitative sense) are not exclusive of each other, and regard ah as the form taken by this conjunction before a vowel. That a, ar and ah are etymologically related has finally been confirmed in VT43:29-30. Compare also with Welsh, where the coordination "and" also takes different forms whether it occurs before a vowel or a consonant (respectively ac and a). In written Welsh, a often triggers the aspirate mutation: bara a chaws "bread and cheese". This usage is seldom applied in colloquial Welsh (Modern Welsh §510)

anger ◈ rûth* [rˈuːθ] n. anger ◇ S/436

angle ◈ bennas [bˈɛnnɑs] n. angle, corner ◇ Ety/352, Ety/375 ◈ nass [nˈɑss] n. 1. point, (sharp) end ○ 2. angle or corner ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37

animal ◈ lavan* [lˈɑvɑn] pl. levain* [lˈɛvɑjn] n. Zool. animal (usually applied to four-footed beasts, and never to reptiles or birds) ◇ WJ/388, WJ/416 ◈ tad-dal* [tˈɑd.dɑl] pl. tad-dail* [tˈɑd.dɑjl] n. and adj. Zool. biped, two-legged animal ◇ WJ/388

annal ◈ ínias [ˈiːni.ɑs] n. annals ◇ Ety/400

anniversary ◈ edinor* [ˈɛdinɑr] (edinar) n. anniversary day ◇ Ety/400, X/Z

answer ◈ dambeth* [dˈɑmbɛθ] n. answer, response ◇ PM/395 ◈ In Tolkien's manuscript, this form was rejected in favor of dangweth, with a slightly different meaning. However, it must be assumed that the word is valid per se ◈ dangweth* [dˈɑŋgwɛθ] n. answer, reply giving new information ◇ PM/395

anybody ◈ pen* II [pɛn] pron. one, somebody, anybody ◇ WJ/376 ◈ Usually enclitic; mutated as ben

apparition ◈ auth* II [ˈɑuθ] n. a dim shape, spectral or vague apparition ◇ VT/42:9

appear ◈ thia- [θˈi.ɑ] v. to appear, seem

apple ◈ cordof* [kˈɔrdɔv] n. Bot. pippin (seed of certain fruits, or more probably small red apple) ◇ SD/129-31

approach ◈ anglenna-* [ɑŋglˈɛnnɑ] v. to approach ← anglennatha SD/129-31

appropriate ◈ seidia-* [sˈɛjdi.ɑ] v. to set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner ◇ VT/42:20

april ◈ gwirith* [gwˈiriθ] n. Cal. april (month) ◇ LotR/D, SD/129-31

arch ◈ cû* [kˈuː] n. 1. arch, crescent ○ 2. by ext. bow ◇ Ety/365, S/429

area ◈ sad* [sˈɑd] n. limited area naturally or artificially defined, a place, spot ◇ UT/425, VT/42:20

arm ◈ ranc* [rˈɑŋk] (rhanc) pl. rainc* [rˈɑjŋk] (rhenc) n. arm ◇ Ety/382, X/RH

around ◈ os- [ɔs] pref. about, around ◇ Ety/379

article ◈ bach [bˈɑx] n. article (for exchange), ware, thing ◇ Ety/372

as ◈ sui* II [sˈuj] prep. as, like ◇ VT/44:21,27

ash ◈ lith* [lˈiθ] n. ash, sand, dust ◇ Ety/369, S/434, TC/178

ashen ◈ lithui* [lˈiθuj] adj. ashen, ashy, of ash, ash-coloured, dusty ◇ S/434, UT/435, RGEO/74, TC/178, VT/42:10

ashy ◈ lithui* [lˈiθuj] adj. ashen, ashy, of ash, ash-coloured, dusty ◇ S/434, UT/435, RGEO/74, TC/178, VT/42:10

assembly ◈ hûd [hˈuːd] n. assembly ◇ Ety/364

associate ◈ gwathel [gwˈɑθɛl̡] pl. gwethil [gwˈɛθil̡] n. f. sister, associate ◇ Ety/392

at ◈ na* [nɑ] prep. 1. with, by (also used as a genitive sign) ○ 2. to, towards, at ◇ Ety/374, LotR/I:XII

athwart ◈ thar-* [θɑr] pref. across, athwart, over, beyond ◇ Ety/388, S/438

august ◈ urui* [ˈuruj] n. and adj. 1. hot ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of august ◇ LotR/D

autumn ◈ iavas* [jˈɑvɑs] n. Cal. season of autumn ◇ LotR/D ◈ lasbelin* [lˈɑsbɛlin] (lhasbelin) n. Cal. season of autumn ◇ Ety/366-367, X/LH

awakening ◈ echui* [ˈɛxuj] (echuiw) n. awakening ◇ Ety/366, S/429

awe ◈ anwar* [ˈɑnwɑr] n. awe ◇ UT/418, VT/42:23

awful ◈ taur III [tˈɑur] adj. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime ◇ Ety/395

axe ◈ hast [hˈɑst] n. axe-stroke ◇ Ety/389 ◈ hathol* [hˈɑθl̩] (hathel, hathal) n. 1. broadsword-blade, axe-blade ○ 2. axe ◇ Ety/389, WJ/234, UT/444, LR/433 ◈ See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants

babble ◈ glavra- [glˈɑvrɑ] v. to babble ◈ glavro [glˈɑvrɔ] v. inf. of glavra-, to babble ◇ Ety/358

babbling ◈ glavrol [glˈɑvrɔl] part. of glavra-, babbling ◇ Ety/358

babe ◈ laes* [lˈɑɛs] (lhaes) n. babe ◇ Ety/367, X/LH

back ◈ ad- [ɑd] pref. back, again, re- ◇ Ety/349, VT/45:6 ◈ dan* [dɑn] prep. 1. against ○ 2. etym. back ◇ LotR/II:IV

bad ◈ faeg* [fˈɑɛg] (foeg) adj. mean, poor, bad ◇ Ety/387, X/OE ◈ um [ˈum] adj. bad, evil ◇ Ety/396

bald ◈ rûdh* [rˈuːð] adj. bald ◇ S/379, WJ/187

ball ◈ coron* [kˈɔrɔn] n. 1. globe, ball ○ 2. by ext. mound ◇ Ety/365, S/429

bane ◈ dagnir* [dˈɑgnir] n. 1. slayer ○ 2. by ext. bane ◇ S/430

bank ◈ raw* I [rˈɑw] (rhaw) n. bank (especially of a river) ◇ Ety/382, X/RH

bark ◈ rîf* [rˈiːv] n. bark ← Fladrif LotR/E, TC/169, TC/173

barrow ◈ gorthad* [gˈɔrθɑd] pl. gœrthaid* [gˈɛrθɑjd] n. barrow ◇ LotR/A(iii), PM/194

batter ◈ blab- [blˈɑb] v. to beat, batter, flap (wings, etc.) ◈ blebi [blˈɛbi] v. inf. of blab-, to beat, batter, flap (wings, etc.) ◇ Ety/380

battle ◈ auth I [ˈɑuθ] n. war, battle ◇ Ety/365, Ety/379 ◈ dagor* [dˈɑgr̩] (dagr) n. battle ◇ Ety/375, S/430 ◈ dagra- [dˈɑgrɑ] v. to battle ◈ dagro [dˈɑgrɔ] v. inf. of dagra-, to battle ◇ Ety/375 ◈ maeth [mˈɑɛθ] n. battle, fight (not of general host but of two or a few) ◇ Ety/371

bay ◈ côf* [kˈɔːv] n. bay ◇ VT/42:15 ◈ hûb [hˈuːb] n. haven, harbour, small landlocked bay ◇ Ety/364

be ◈ na-* [nˈɑ] v. to be ← no aer i eneth lín VT/44:21,24 ◈ no* II [nˈɔ] v. imp. of na-, be! ◇ VT/44:21,24

beach ◈ falas* [fˈɑlɑs] pl. felais* [fˈɛlɑjs] (feles) n. 1. beach, shore, line of surf ○ 2. as a proper noun, the western coast of Beleriand ◇ Ety/381, S/431, X/EI

beacon ◈ narthan* [nˈɑrθɑn] n. beacon, signal fire to notify of the approach of an enemy ← Fornarthan VT/42:30

bear ◈ brôg [brˈɔːg] n. Zool. bear ◇ Ety/374 ◈ medli* [mˈɛdli] (megli) n. Zool. bear ◇ Ety/369, Ety/371, X/DL ◈ medlin* [mˈɛdlin] (meglin) adj. honey-eater, bear-like ◇ Ety/369, X/DL

beard ◈ fang [fˈɑŋ] n. beard ◇ Ety/387

bearer ◈ cyll* [kˈyll] n. bearer ← Taengyl, Tengyl MR/385

beat ◈ blab- [blˈɑb] v. to beat, batter, flap (wings, etc.) ◈ blebi [blˈɛbi] v. inf. of blab-, to beat, batter, flap (wings, etc.) ◇ Ety/380 ◈ dringa- [drˈiŋgɑ] v. to beat ◈ dringo [drˈiŋgɔ] v. inf. of dringa-, to beat ◇ Ety/355

beautiful ◈ bain* [bˈɑjn] (bein) adj. beautiful, fair ◇ Ety/351, Ety/359, X/EI

bed ◈ haust [hˈɑust] n. bed ◇ Ety/364

bedridden ◈ caeleb [kˈɑɛlɛb] adj. bedridden, sick ◇ Ety/363

beech ◈ brethil* I [brˈɛθil̡] (brethel) pl. brethil* n. Bot. beech, beech-tree, silver birch ◇ Ety/352, Ety/376, S/429 ◈ fêr [fˈɛːr] pl. ferin [fˈɛrin] n. Bot. beech-tree ◇ Ety/352, Ety/381

beget ◈ edonna- [ɛdˈɔnnɑ] v. to beget ◇ Ety/379 ◈ onna-* [ˈɔnnɑ] v. to beget ← Abonnen, Eboennin WJ/387

begin ◈ heria- [hˈɛri.ɑ] v. to begin suddenly and vigorously ◈ herio (corr. heno) [hˈɛri.ɔ] (hœrio (corr. hœno)) v. inf. of heria-, to begin suddenly and vigorously ◇ Ety/364, VT/45:22

behind ◈ adel [ɑdɛl̡] prep. behind, in rear (of) ◇ Ety/392

behold ◈ alae* [ˈɑlɑɛ] interj. (?) behold! ◇ UT/40 ◈ Compare with Quenya ela! "imperative exclamation directing sight to an actually visible object" (WJ/362)

bell ◈ nell [nˈɛl̡l] n. bell ◇ Ety/379 ◈ nelladel [nˈɛl̡lɑdɛl̡] n. ringing of bells ◇ Ety/379

bellowing ◈ glam* [glˈɑm] (glamm*, glamb*) n. 1. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise ○ 2. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts ○ 3. by ext. as a coll. noun, any body of orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/377, WJ/390, WJ/416

beneath ◈ di-* [di] pref. beneath, under ← di-nguruthos LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278, VT/45:37 ◈ The only known usage of this word is as prefix, but VT/45:37 lists it as a unitary word di

bent ◈ cûn [kˈuːn] adj. bowed, bow-shaped, bent ◇ Ety/365 ◈ raeg* [rˈɑɛg] (rhoeg) adj. crooked, bent, wrong ◇ Ety/383, X/OE, X/RH

beside ◈ ar- I [ɑr] pref. 1. Arch. etym. beside ○ 2. by ext. without ◇ Ety/349

betray ◈ gweria- [gwˈɛri.ɑ] v. to betray, cheat ◈ gwerio [gwˈɛri.ɔ] v. inf. of gweria-, to betray, cheat ◇ Ety/397

betrayer ◈ gwarth [gwˈɑrθ] n. betrayer ◇ Ety/397

between ◈ min* II [min] prep. between the ← Minhiriath LotR/Map

beyond ◈ athan* [ɑθɑn] prep. beyond ◇ SD/62 ◈ thar-* [θɑr] pref. across, athwart, over, beyond ◇ Ety/388, S/438

bind ◈ gwedh- [gwˈɛð] pa. t. gwedhant [gwˈɛðɑnt] (gwend, gwenn) v. to bind ◇ Ety/397, X/ND1 ◈ gwedhi (corr. gwedi) [gwˈɛði] v. inf. of gwedh-, to bind ◇ Ety/397, X/ND1 ◈ nod-* [nˈɔd] (nud-) v. to tie, bind ◇ Ety/378, X/Z

biped ◈ tad-dal* [tˈɑd.dɑl] pl. tad-dail* [tˈɑd.dɑjl] n. and adj. Zool. biped, two-legged animal ◇ WJ/388

birch ◈ brethil* I [brˈɛθil̡] (brethel) pl. brethil* n. Bot. beech, beech-tree, silver birch ◇ Ety/352, Ety/376, S/429

bird ◈ aew* [ˈɑɛw] n. (small) bird ◇ Ety/348, S/434 ◈ aewen* [ˈɑɛwɛn] adj. of birds ← Linaewen S/434 ◈ emlin [ˈɛmlin] (emmelin, emelin) n. Orn. yellow bird ◇ Ety/386 ◈ fileg [fˈilɛg] pl. filig [fˈilig] n. Orn. small bird ◇ Ety/381 ◈ filigod [fˈiligɔd] n. sing. of filig, Orn. small bird ◇ Ety/381 ◈ heledir [hˈɛlɛdˌir] (heledirn) n. Orn. kingfisher (bird) ◇ Ety/363, Ety/386, Ety/394 ◈ merilin [mˈɛrilˌin] (mœrilind) n. Orn. nightingale (bird) ◇ Ety/394, X/ND4 ◈ tavor [tˈɑvr̩] (tavr, tafr) n. Orn. woodpecker (bird) ◇ Ety/390 ◈ tuilinn [tˈujlinn] (tuilind, tuilin) n. Orn. swallow (bird) ◇ Ety/395, X/ND4

bite ◈ nag- [nˈɑg] v. to bite ◇ Ety/374

biting ◈ naeth* [nˈɑɛθ] n. 1. biting ○ 2. by ext. woe (gets senses of gnashing teeth in grief) ← Elu-naeth WJ/258, Ety/374-375

bitter ◈ saer [sˈɑɛr] adj. bitter ◇ Ety/385

black ◈ morn* [mˈɔrn] pl. myrn* [mˈyrn] adj. black, dark ◇ Ety/373, Letters/382, Letters/427, WJ/368, WR/113, UT/65

blackthorn ◈ toss [tˈɔss] n. Bot. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.) ◇ Ety/379, Ety/395

blade ◈ hathol* [hˈɑθl̩] (hathel, hathal) n. 1. broadsword-blade, axe-blade ○ 2. axe ◇ Ety/389, WJ/234, UT/444, LR/433 ◈ See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants

blessedness ◈ galu* [gˈɑlu] (galw) n. (?) blessings, (?) blessedness, (?) good fortune(?) (meaning not entirely clear) ◇ Ety/357, X/W

blessings ◈ galu* [gˈɑlu] (galw) n. (?) blessings, (?) blessedness, (?) good fortune(?) (meaning not entirely clear) ◇ Ety/357, X/W

bliss ◈ manadh [mˈɑnɑð] n. 1. doom, final end, fate, fortune ○ 2. by ext. final bliss ◇ Ety/371

blocked ◈ tafnen* [tˈɑvnɛn] adj. closed, blocked, stopped ← uidavnen WR/341 ◈ Normalized to tafnen, as for lefnui

blood ◈ agar* [ˈɑgɑr] n. blood ← Agarwaen S/378 ◈ iâr [jˈɑːr] n. blood ◇ Ety/400 ◈ sereg* [sˈɛrɛg] n. blood ◇ S/437

bloodstained ◈ agarwaen* [ɑgˈɑrwɑɛn] adj. bloodstained ◇ S/378

blossom ◈ edlothia-* [ɛdlˈɔθi.ɑ] v. to blossom, flower ← edlothiand WR/293, X/TL ◈ The sentence from WR/293 is hardly legible and is not translated, but this word is however a plausible form ◈ gwaloth [gwˈɑlɔθ] n. Bot. blossom, collection of flowers ◇ Ety/370

blossoming ◈ edlothiad* [ɛdlˈɔθi.ɑd] ger. of edlothia-, blossoming, flowering ← edlothiand WR/293 ◈ Actually, edlothiand might be a misreading, according to David Salo who checked the original manuscript at Marquette and reported that his reading was unmistakably edlothiad

blow ◈ dram* [drˈɑm] (dramm, dramb) n. heavy stroke, a blow (of axe, etc.) ◇ Ety/354, X/MB ◈ drambor [drˈɑm.bɔr] n. 1. clenched fist ○ 2. by ext. blow with fist ◇ Ety/354

blue ◈ elu* [ˈɛlu] (elw) n. (pale) blue ◇ Ety/360, X/W ◈ lhûn [ɬˈuːn] adj. blue → luin ◇ Ety/370 ◈ luin* [lˈujn] adj. invar. blue → lhûn ◇ LotR (misc.), S/434, UT/390, Ety/370

board ◈ pân I [pˈɑːn] pl. pain* [pˈɑjn] (pein) n. plank, fixed board, especially in floor ◇ Ety/380, X/EI

boat ◈ lunt* [lˈunt] (lhunt) n. boat ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

body ◈ rhaw* III [ɹ̥ˈɑw] n. flesh, body ◇ MR/350

bold ◈ beren I [bˈɛrɛn] adj. bold ◇ Ety/352 ◈ cand* [kˈɑnd] (cann) adj. bold ◇ Ety/362, X/ND1

bolster ◈ nedhu* [nˈɛðu] (nedhw) n. bolster, cushion ◇ Ety/378, X/W

bond ◈ gwaedh [gwˈɑɛð] n. bond, troth, compact, oath ◇ Ety/397 ◈ gwedh [gwˈɛð] n. bond ◇ Ety/397 ◈ gwend II [gwˈɛnd] n. bond, friendship ◇ Ety/397-398, X/ND1

book ◈ parf [pˈɑrv] pl. perf [pˈɛrv] n. book ◇ Ety/380

border ◈ edrain* [ˈɛdrɑjn] (edrein) n. border ◇ Ety/383, X/EI ◈ glân* II [glˈɑːn] n. hem, border (of textile and other hand-made things) ◇ VT/42:8 ◈ rain* I [rˈɑjn] (rhain, rhein) n. border ◇ Ety/383, X/RH ◈ rîw* [rˈiːw] (rhîf) n. edge, hem, border ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

born ◈ onnen* [ˈɔnnɛn] pl. ennin* [ˈɛnnin] pp. of onna-, born ← Abonnen, Eboennin WJ/387

boss ◈ dolt II [dˈɔlt] pl. dylt [dˈylt] n. round knob, boss ◇ Ety/376

bound ◈ gleina-* [glˈɛjnɑ] v. to bound, enclose, limit ◇ VT/42:8, VT/42:28 ◈ This entry should perhaps read gleinia-, cf. VT/42:28, note 13 ◈ naud [nˈɑud] adj. bound ◇ Ety/378

boundary ◈ gland* [glˈɑnd] (glann*) n. boundary ← Glanduin, Glanhír UT/264, UT/318, UT/441, VT/42:8 ◈ taeg* [tˈɑɛg] n. boundary, limit, boundary line ◇ WJ/309

bow ◈ cû* [kˈuː] n. 1. arch, crescent ○ 2. by ext. bow ◇ Ety/365, S/429 ◈ peng [pˈɛŋ] n. bow (for shooting) ◇ Ety/366

bowed ◈ cûn [kˈuːn] adj. bowed, bow-shaped, bent ◇ Ety/365

bowstring ◈ tang [tˈɑŋ] n. bowstring ◇ Ety/394

branch ◈ golf [gˈɔlv] n. branch ◇ Ety/359

brand ◈ ylf* I [ˈylv] (iolf) n. brand ◇ Ety/400, X/IU ◈ The word is classed as Old Noldorin (ON) in the Etymologies, but rather seems to be Noldorin

bread ◈ basgorn [bˈɑsgɔrn] n. loaf (of bread) ◇ Ety/372, Ety/365 ◈ bass* [bˈɑss] n. bread ← besain, besoneth, imbas PM/404-405, VT/44:21 ◈ In the Etymologies, the word for 'bread' is given as bast, Quenya masta, but it seems that Tolkien later changed his mind and updated the word to bass, as shown in Quenya massánie, Sindarin besain, besoneth 'bread-giver', and in the mutated form mbas. These later Sindarin forms are however dubious; we would rather have expected bessain (as a regular cognate of Quenya massánie) and bassoneth (without i-affection) ◈ bassoneth* [bˈɑssonɛθ] (besoneth*) n. f. bread-giver ◇ PM/404-405, X/Z ◈ See bass for a discussion regarding this word ◈ bast [bˈɑst] n. bread ◇ Ety/372 ◈ See bass ◈ bessain* [bˈɛssɑjn] (besain*) n. f. bread-giver ◇ PM/404-405, X/Z ◈ See bass for a discussion regarding this word ◈ lembas* [lˈɛmbɑs] n. journey bread made by the Elves ◇ PM/404, LotR/II:VIII

break ◈ breitha- [brˈɛjθɑ] v. to break out suddenly ◈ breitho [brˈɛjθɔ] v. inf. of breitha-, to break out suddenly ◇ Ety/352

breath ◈ hwest* [ʍˈɛst] (chwest) n. puff, breath, breeze ◇ Ety/388, X/HW ◈ thûl [θˈuːl] n. breath ◇ Ety/393

breathe ◈ thuia- [θˈuj.ɑ] v. to breathe ◈ thuio [θˈuj.ɔ] v. inf. of thuia-, to breathe ◇ Ety/393

breeze ◈ hwest* [ʍˈɛst] (chwest) n. puff, breath, breeze ◇ Ety/388, X/HW

bride ◈ dineth [dˈinɛθ] n. bride ◇ Ety/377-378 ◈ dîs [dˈiːs] n. f. bride ◇ Ety/352, Ety/375

bridegroom ◈ daer* II [dˈɑɛr] (doer) n. bridegroom ◇ Ety/375, X/OE

bridge ◈ iant* [jˈɑnt] n. bridge ◇ Ety/400, S/432

bright ◈ glân* I [glˈɑːn] adj. bright, shining white ← Curunír 'Lân UT/390 ◈ The word is deduced from its mutated form, but it is worth mentioning that a stem GALÁN "bright", with glan "daylight" and later "clear" as derivative, is listed in the Etymologies (not included in the published text), see VT/45:13. Most of the words meaning "white" in the Indo-Eureopean languages come from the original notion of "brightness", e.g. Greek leukós "white" is cognate with Latin lucere "to shine", lux "light". This association of sense is also found in Gnomish, PE11:39 (glan "clean, pure", from "bright" originally) and in Early Noldorin (PE13:144, glann "clean"). The similarity with Welsh glan (where the vowel, incidentally, is long, which is concealed by Welsh orthographic convention) is also striking

brilliance ◈ aglar* [ˈɑglɑr] n. glory, brilliance ◇ Ety/348, S/427, LotR/II:I, LotR/VI:IV, RGEO/73 ◈ fael* II [fˈɑɛl] n. gleaming brilliance (of the sun) ← Faelivrin LB/376, S/209-210

brilliant ◈ celair* [kˈɛlɑjr] (celeir) adj. brilliant ◇ Ety/362, X/EI

bring ◈ tegi [tˈɛgi] v. inf. of tog-, to lead, bring ◇ Ety/395 ◈ tog- [tˈɔg] v. to lead, bring

broad ◈ land* II [lˈɑnd] (lhand, lhann) adj. wide, broad ← Landroval LotR/VI:IV, Ety/367, X/LH, X/ND1

broadsword ◈ hathol* [hˈɑθl̩] (hathel, hathal) n. 1. broadsword-blade, axe-blade ○ 2. axe ◇ Ety/389, WJ/234, UT/444, LR/433 ◈ See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants

brooch ◈ tachol [tˈɑxl̩] (tachl) n. pin, brooch ◇ Ety/389

broth ◈ salph* [sˈɑlf] (salf) n. broth, liquid food, soup ◇ Ety/385, X/PH

brother ◈ gwador [gwˈɑdɔr] pl. gwedeir n. m. brother (especially used of those not brothers by blood, but sworn brothers or associates) ◇ Ety/394 ◈ gwanur [gwˈɑnur] n. 1. a pair of twins ○ 2. brother or kinsman, kinswoman ◇ Ety/378, Ety/392, LotR/A(iv) ◈ muindor [mˈujndɔr] pl. muindyr [mˈujndyr] n. m. brother ◇ Ety/394 ◈ tôr [tˈɔːr] pl. teryn* [tˈɛryn] (terein) n. m. Arch. brother ◇ Ety/394, X/Z ◈ The word is muindor is more usual

brown ◈ baran* [bˈɑrɑn] n. brown, swart, dark brown, golden brown, yellow brown ◇ Ety/351, LotR/F, TC/179 ◈ rhosg* [ɹ̥ˈɔsg] (rhosc) adj. brown ◇ Ety/385, X/Z

bud ◈ tuiw [tˈujw] (tui) n. Bot. a sprout, bud ◇ Ety/395

builder ◈ thavron [θˈɑvrɔn] n. carpenter, wright, builder ◇ Ety/388

building ◈ adab [ˈɑdɑb] pl. edaib* [ˈɛdɑjb] (edeb) n. building, house ◇ Ety/390, WR/379-80, X/EI ◈ car [kˈɑr] (cardh) n. house, building ◇ Ety/362

bull ◈ mund* [mˈund] n. Zool. bull ◇ Letters/422-423

burden ◈ caul* [kˈɑul] n. great burden, affliction ◇ VT/39:10

bush ◈ toss [tˈɔss] n. Bot. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.) ◇ Ety/379, Ety/395

butterfly ◈ gwilwileth [gwˈil̡wilɛθ] n. Zool. butterfly ◇ Ety/398

by ◈ an- [ɑn] pref. with, by ◇ Ety/374 ◈ na* [nɑ] prep. 1. with, by (also used as a genitive sign) ○ 2. to, towards, at ◇ Ety/374, LotR/I:XII

cairn ◈ sarnas [sˈɑrnɑs] n. cairn, pile of stones ◇ LR/406

cake ◈ cram* [krˈɑm] (cramb) n. cake of compressed flour or meal (often containing honey and milk) ◇ Ety/365, LotR/II:VIII

calendar ◈ genediad* [gɛnˈɛdi.ɑd] ger. of genedia-, 1. reckoning ○ 2. by ext. calendar ◇ SD/129-31

call ◈ can-* [kˈɑn] v. to cry out, shout, call ◇ PM/361-362

calligraphy ◈ tegilbor* [tɛgˈil̡bɔr] n. one skilled in calligraphy ◇ PM/318

camp ◈ echad* [ˈɛxɑd] n. camp ◇ UT/431

canopy ◈ daedelu [dˈɑɛdɛlu] n. canopy ◇ Ety/391 ◈ orthelian [ɔrθˈɛli.ɑn] n. canopy ◇ Ety/391

cape ◈ bund [bˈund] (bunn) n. 1. snout, nose ○ 2. by ext. cape (of land) ◇ Ety/372, X/ND2 ◈ cast* [kˈɑst] n. cape, headland ← Angast VT/42:28

carpenter ◈ thavron [θˈɑvrɔn] n. carpenter, wright, builder ◇ Ety/388

catch ◈ gad- [gˈɑd] v. to catch ◇ Ety/358 ◈ gedi [gˈɛdi] v. inf. of gad-, to catch ◇ Ety/358 ◈ raeda-* [rˈɑɛdɑ] v. to catch in a net ◇ VT/42:12

cave ◈ fela [fˈɛlɑ] pl. fili [fˈili] n. cave ◇ Ety/381 ◈ gathrod [gˈɑθrɔd] n. cave ◇ Ety/358 ◈ rond* [rˈɔnd] (rhond, rhonn) n. 1. cave ○ 2. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed ◇ Ety/384, S/437, WJ/414, X/RH, X/ND1

cavern ◈ gath [gˈɑθ] n. cavern ◇ Ety/358

cavernous ◈ raudh* [rˈɑuð] (rhaudh) adj. hollow, cavernous ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

centre ◈ ened* [ˈɛnɛd] (enedh) n. core, centre, middle ◇ Ety/356, Ety/376, UT/450, Letters/224, VT/41:12,16 ◈ While the word is written enedh in the Etymologies, it seems that Tolkien considered and reconsidered its form throughout his life. Late rough jottings (c. 1968), as well as the text of letter no. 168 and the fact that the toponym Enedwaith was never changed on the LotR map, seems to imply that ened is the (most) definitive form. See also the possibly related preposition ned, which has been suggested to mean "in" (while again a prefix nedh- is seen in the Etymologies)

cessation ◈ post [pˈɔst] n. pause, halt, rest, cessation, respite ◇ Ety/382

chain ◈ angwedh [ˈɑŋgwɛð] n. chain ◇ Ety/397

chamber ◈ sam* [sˈɑm] n. chamber ← Sammath LotR/VI:III, S/435 ◈ sammath* [sˈɑmmɑθ] n. coll. of sam, chambers ◇ LotR/VI:III, S/435

chant ◈ linnathon* [lˈinnɑθɔn] v. 1st of linna-, I will sing, I will chant ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/72 ◈ linnod* [lˈinnɔd] n. 1. (?) a single verse used as a maxim ○ 2. (?) a chant of a certain metrical type, where each (half-)verse is composed of seven syllables ◇ LotR/A(iv) ◈ The word is not translated by Tolkien. The first meaning assumes that -od is a singulative affix (cf. filigod). The second meaning is proposed by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne in Tolkien's Legendarium p. 132, based on the metrical characteristics of Gilraen's linnod

charm ◈ lûth* [lˈuːθ] (lhûth) n. spell, charm ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

chaser ◈ rŷn* [rˈyːn] (rhŷn) n. Zool. "chaser", hound of chase ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

cheat ◈ gweria- [gwˈɛri.ɑ] v. to betray, cheat ◈ gwerio [gwˈɛri.ɔ] v. inf. of gweria-, to betray, cheat ◇ Ety/397

child ◈ hên* II [hˈɛːn] pl. hîn* [hˈiːn] n. child (mostly used as a prefix in patronymics or metronymics) ◇ WJ/403 ◈ sell [sˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid (child) ◇ Ety/385

circle ◈ echor* [ˈɛxɔr] n. outer circle, encircling, outer ring ◇ LotR/V:I, LotR/Index, S/430 ◈ rind* [rˈind] (rhind, rhinn) n. circle ◇ Ety/383, X/RH, X/ND1 ◈ ringorn* [rˈiŋgɔrn] (rhingorn) n. circle ◇ Ety/365, X/RH

circular ◈ rend* [rˈɛnd] (rhinn (corr. rhenn)) adj. circular ◇ Ety/383, X/RH, X/ND1

city ◈ caras* [kˈɑrɑs] n. city (built above ground) ◇ Ety/362, LotR/II:VII ◈ minas* [mˈinɑs] (minnas) n. 1. tower ○ 2. by ext. fort, city with a citadel and central watch-tower ◇ Ety/373, S/434, VT/42:24 ◈ ost* [ˈɔst] n. 1. city, town with wall round ○ 2. fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art ◇ Ety/379, S/435, WJ/414 ◈ othronn* [ˈɔθrɔnn] (othrond*) n. fortress or city in underground caves, underground stronghold ◇ Ety/379, Ety/384, WJ/414, X/ND4

clamor ◈ caun* I [kˈɑun] n. outcry, clamor ◇ PM/361-362

clan ◈ noss* [nˈɔss] (nos) n. kindred, family, clan ◇ Ety/378, PM/320

clasp ◈ taew [tˈɑɛw] n. holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple ◇ Ety/390

claw ◈ gamp [gˈɑmp] n. hook, claw ◇ Ety/357

clean ◈ puig [pˈujg] adj. clean, tidy, neat ◇ Ety/382

clear ◈ lim* II [lˈim] adj. clear, sparkling, light ◇ WJ/337

cleared ◈ laden* [lˈɑdɛn] (lhaden) pl. ledin* [lˈɛdin] (lhedin) adj. open, cleared ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

clearing ◈ lant* I [lˈɑnt] (lhant) n. clearing in forest ◇ X/LH

cleaver ◈ crist [krˈist] n. cleaver, sword ◇ Ety/365 ◈ hâdh [hˈɑːð] n. Arch., Poet. (?) cleaver ◇ Ety/389

cleft ◈ cîl [kˈiːl] n. cleft, pass between hills, gorge ◇ Ety/365 ◈ cirith* [kˈiriθ] n. cleft, high climbing pass, narrow passage cut through earth or rock ◇ S/387, UT/426, TC/181 ◈ criss [krˈiss] n. cleft, cut, slash ◇ Ety/365, VT/45:23 ◈ falch* [fˈɑlx] n. deep cleft, ravine ← Orfalch Echor UT/468 ◈ iau II [jˈɑu] n. ravine, cleft, gulf ◇ Ety/400 ◈ thanc* [θˈɑŋk] adj. cleft, split, forked ← Orthanc S/415, Ety/388

clever ◈ maen [mˈɑɛn] adj. skilled, clever ◇ Ety/371

cloak ◈ coll* III [kˈɔll] n. cloak, mantle ← Thingol S/421, MR/385

closed ◈ hollen* [hˈɔllɛn] pp. closed ← Fen Hollen LotR/V:IV ◈ It might also be sollen (q.v.), mutated in adjectival position ◈ sollen* [sˈɔllɛn] pp. closed ← Fen Hollen LotR/V:IV ◈ The unmutated form is reconstructed from the place name Fen Hollen, assuming that the word, used in adjectival position, is mutated. However hollen as the regular form might be possible as well: it could be expected to be mutated likewise (into *chollen), but on the other hand the example of Nen Hithoel seems to show that words beginning with an h may resist to the lenition ◈ tafnen* [tˈɑvnɛn] adj. closed, blocked, stopped ← uidavnen WR/341 ◈ Normalized to tafnen, as for lefnui ◈ uidafnen* [ujdˈɑvnɛn] (uidavnen) adj. ever-closed ◇ WR/341 ◈ Normalized to uidafnen, as in lefnui

clothe ◈ hab- [hˈɑb] v. to clothe ◇ Ety/363 ◈ hamma- (corr. hamnia) [hˈɑmmɑ] v. to clothe ◇ Ety/363, VT/45:20

clothing ◈ hammad [hˈɑmmɑd] ger. of hamma-, clothing ◇ Ety/363

cloud ◈ fân* [fˈɑːn] n. 1. veil ○ 2. by ext. cloud (applied to clouds, floating as veils over the blue sky or the sun or moon, or resting on hills) ◇ RGEO/74 ◈ faun [fˈɑun] n. cloud ◇ Ety/387

cloudy ◈ fanui* [fˈɑnuj] adj. cloudy ◇ RGEO/74

club ◈ grond [grˈɔnd] n. club ◇ Ety/384, X/ND1

coat ◈ heleth [hˈɛlɛθ] n. fur, fur-coat ◇ Ety/386

cobweb ◈ lhing* [ɬˈiŋ] (thling) n. spider, spider's web, cobweb ◇ Ety/386, X/LH

coin ◈ canath* [kˈɑnɑθ] n. 'quarter', silver coin used in Gondor, the fourth part of a 'mirian' → mirian ◇ PM/45 ◈ mirian* [mˈiri.ɑn] n. piece of money, coin used in Gondor → canath ◇ PM/45

cold ◈ helch [hˈɛl̡x] n. bitter cold ◇ Ety/364 ◈ ring* [rˈiŋ] (rhing) adj. cold ◇ Ety/383, S/436, VT/42:13, X/RH

come ◈ teli [tˈɛli] v. inf. of tol-, to come ◇ Ety/395 ◈ tol- [tˈɔl] v. to come ◈ tolo* [tˈɔlɔ] v. imp. of tol-, come! ◇ VT/44:21,25

commanding ◈ conui* [kˈɔnuj] adj. commanding, ruling (?) ← Argonui LotR/A(ii)

compact ◈ gowest [gˈɔwɛst] n. contract, compact, treaty ◇ Ety/399 ◈ gwaedh [gwˈɑɛð] n. bond, troth, compact, oath ◇ Ety/397

compulsion ◈ thang* [θˈɑŋ] n. compulsion, duress, need, oppression ◇ Ety/388, S/438

conceal ◈ delia- [dˈɛli.ɑ] v. to conceal ◈ delio [dˈɛli.ɔ] (dœlio) v. inf. of delia-, to conceal ◇ Ety/355 ◈ doltha- [dˈɔlθɑ] pa. t. Arch. daul [dˈɑul] v. to conceal ◇ Ety/355

concealed ◈ dolen [dˈɔlɛn] pp. of doltha-, concealed, hidden ◇ Ety/355

conceive ◈ nautha- [nˈɑuθɑ] v. to conceive ◇ Ety/378

concerning ◈ o II [ɔ] prep. about, concerning ◇ Ety/378 ◈ The Etymologies state that h- is prefixed to the word following this preposition, when it begins in a vowel: o Hedhil "concerning the Elves (Edhil)". Some scholars consider that this rule is not valid in Sindarin, but that the preposition would perhaps become oh in such a case (hence oh Edhil, to be compared with ah in Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth

confirm ◈ tangada- [tˈɑŋgɑdɑ] v. to make firm, confirm, establish ◈ tangado [tˈɑŋgɑdɔ] v. inf. of tangada-, to make firm, confirm, establish ◇ Ety/389

conquer ◈ ortheri [ˈɔrθɛri] v. inf. of orthor-, to master, conquer ◇ Ety/395 ◈ orthor- [ˈɔrθɔr] v. to master, conquer

contorted ◈ norn [nˈɔrn] pl. nyrn* [nˈyrn] adj. 1. twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted ○ 2. hard ◇ Ety/387

contract ◈ gowest [gˈɔwɛst] n. contract, compact, treaty ◇ Ety/399

contrivance ◈ gaud [gˈɑud] n. device, contrivance, machine ◇ Ety/358

control ◈ tortha- [tˈɔrθɑ] v. to wield, control ◈ tortho [tˈɔrθɔ] v. inf. of tortha-, to wield, control ◇ Ety/395

converse ◈ athrabeth* [ˈɑθrɑbɛθ] n. debate, converse ◇ MR/329

cool ◈ him* II [hˈim] adj. cool ◇ S/432

copper ◈ gaer* II [gˈɑɛr] (goer) adj. red, copper-coloured, ruddy ◇ Ety/358, X/OE ◈ ross* II [rˈɔss] adj. red-haired, copper coloured, especially used of animals, as fox, red deer, etc. ◇ VT/41:10 ◈ rust* [rˈust] n. copper ◇ VT/41:10 ◈ rustui* [rˈustuj] adj. of copper ◇ VT/41:10

cord ◈ nordh [nˈɔrð] n. cord ◇ Ety/387

core ◈ ened* [ˈɛnɛd] (enedh) n. core, centre, middle ◇ Ety/356, Ety/376, UT/450, Letters/224, VT/41:12,16 ◈ While the word is written enedh in the Etymologies, it seems that Tolkien considered and reconsidered its form throughout his life. Late rough jottings (c. 1968), as well as the text of letter no. 168 and the fact that the toponym Enedwaith was never changed on the LotR map, seems to imply that ened is the (most) definitive form. See also the possibly related preposition ned, which has been suggested to mean "in" (while again a prefix nedh- is seen in the Etymologies)

corn ◈ iau I [jˈɑu] n. Bot. corn ◇ Ety/399

corner ◈ bennas [bˈɛnnɑs] n. angle, corner ◇ Ety/352, Ety/375 ◈ nass [nˈɑss] n. 1. point, (sharp) end ○ 2. angle or corner ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37

corpse ◈ daen [dˈɑɛn] n. corpse ◇ Ety/375

corrupt ◈ thaw [θˈɑw] adj. corrupt, rotten ◇ Ety/393

counsel ◈ gûr* I [gˈuːr] n. heart (in the moral sense), counsel ◇ VT/41:11,15

count ◈ gonod- [gˈɔnɔd] v. to count, count up, reckon, sum up ◇ Ety/378, Ety/399 ◈ nedia-* [nˈɛdi.ɑ] (nœdia-) v. to count ◇ Ety/378

countenance ◈ thîr* [θˈiːr] n. look, face, expression, countenance ◇ Ety/392, VT/41:10

countless ◈ arnediad [ɑrnˈɛdi.ɑd] (arnœdiad*) adj. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless ◇ Ety/349, Ety/378, S/428 ◈ aronoded [ɑrˈɔnɔdɛd] adj. innumerable, countless, endless ◇ Ety/378 ◈ See also arnediad

course ◈ rant* [rˈɑnt] n. 1. lode, vein ○ 2. course, riverbed ◇ Ety/383, S/436 ◈ rath* [rˈɑθ] n. 1. course, riverbed ○ 2. street ◇ Ety/383, LotR/Index ◈ ŷr* [ˈyːr] (iôr) n. course ◇ Ety/400, X/IU

courtyard ◈ pand* [pˈɑnd] (pann) n. courtyard ◇ Ety/380, X/ND1

cover ◈ esgal* [ˈɛsgɑl] n. veil, screen, cover that hides ◇ S/431 ◈ toba- [tˈɔbɑ] v. to cover, roof over ◈ tobo [tˈɔbɔ] v. inf. of toba-, to cover, roof over ◇ Ety/394

crabbed ◈ norn [nˈɔrn] pl. nyrn* [nˈyrn] adj. 1. twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted ○ 2. hard ◇ Ety/387

craft ◈ curu [kˈuru] (curw) n. craft, skill ◇ Ety/366, X/W ◈ maenas [mˈɑɛnɑs] n. craft ◇ Ety/371

creature ◈ raug* [rˈɑug] (graug*, rhaug) n. a powerful, hostile and terrible creature, a demon ◇ Ety/384, S/436, WJ/415, X/RH ◈ ulunn* [ˈulunn] (ulund, ulun) n. monster, deformed and hideous creature ◇ Ety/396, X/ND4 ◈ ûn [ˈuːn] n. creature ◇ Ety/379

crescent ◈ cû* [kˈuː] n. 1. arch, crescent ○ 2. by ext. bow ◇ Ety/365, S/429 ◈ cúron* [kˈuːrɑn] (cúran) n. the crescent moon ◇ Ety/365, X/Z

crest ◈ amloth* [ˈɑmlɔθ] n. Mil. flower or floreate device used as crest fixed to the point of a helmet ◇ WJ/318

crooked ◈ raeg* [rˈɑɛg] (rhoeg) adj. crooked, bent, wrong ◇ Ety/383, X/OE, X/RH ◈ raen* I [rˈɑɛn] (rhaen) adj. crooked ◇ Ety/382, X/RH

cross ◈ athrada- [ˈɑθrɑdɑ] v. to cross, traverse ◈ athrado [ˈɑθrɑdɔ] v. inf. of athrada-, to cross, traverse ◇ Ety/383

crossing ◈ athrad* [ˈɑθrɑd] pl. ethraid* [ˈɛθrɑjd] n. (river-)crossing, ford, way ◇ Ety/349, Ety/383, UT/437 ◈ iach* [jˈɑx] n ford, crossing ← Arossiach S/382, Brithiach S/286, Cirith Ninniach S/387

crow ◈ corch [kˈɔrx] n. crow ◇ Ety/362 ◈ craban* [krˈɑbɑn] pl. crebain* [krˈɛbɑjn] n. kind of crow of large size, raven ◇ LotR/II:III

crowd ◈ hoth* [hˈɔθ] n. Pej. host, crowd, horde (nearly always in a bad sense) ◇ Ety/364, S/432 ◈ ovras [ˈɔvrɑs] n. crowd, heap. ◇ Ety/396 ◈ rim* I [rˈim] (rhim, rhimb) n. crowd, host, great number ◇ Ety/383, S/436, Letters/178, Letters/382, X/RH

crown ◈ rî* [rˈiː] (rhî) n. crown, wreath, garland ◇ Ety/383, PM/347, X/RH

crowned ◈ rîn* I [rˈiːn] (rhîn, rhien) n. and adj. 1. crowned ○ 2. by ext. as a noun, crowned lady, queen ◇ Ety/393, Ety/389, X/RH

cruel ◈ balch [bˈɑlx] adj. cruel ◇ Ety/377 ◈ baug [bˈɑug] adj. tyrannous, cruel, oppressive ◇ Ety/372

cry ◈ can-* [kˈɑn] v. to cry out, shout, call ◇ PM/361-362 ◈ hûl [hˈuːl] n. cry of encouragement in battle ◇ Ety/386 ◈ nalla-* [nˈɑllɑ] v. to cry ← nallon LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278 ◈ nallon* [nˈɑllɔn] v. 1st of nalla-, I cry ◇ LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278

cunning ◈ coru* [kˈɔru] (corw) adj. cunning, wily ◇ Ety/366, X/W

curse ◈ rhach* [ɹ̥ˈɑx] n. curse ← e-'Rach MR/373

cushion ◈ nedhu* [nˈɛðu] (nedhw) n. bolster, cushion ◇ Ety/378, X/W

custody ◈ band* [bˈɑnd] (bann) n. duress, prison, custody, safe-keeping ◇ Ety/371, S/428, MR/350, X/ND1

custom ◈ haew [hˈɑɛw] n. custom, habit ◇ Ety/364 ◈ Written hæw (with ae-ligature) in the Etymologies

cut ◈ esgeri [ˈɛsgɛri] v. inf. of osgar-, to cut round, to amputate ◇ Ety/379 ◈ osgar- [ˈɔsgɑr] v. to cut round, to amputate ◈ rest* [rˈɛst] (rhest) n. cut ◇ Ety/384, X/RH ◈ rista-* [rˈistɑ] v. 1. to cut ○ 2. to rend, rip ◈ risto* [rˈistɔ] (rhisto) v. inf. of rista-, 1. to cut ○ 2. to rend, rip ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

cutlass ◈ lang* [lˈɑŋ] (lhang) n. cutlass, sword ◇ Ety/367, X/LH

cycle ◈ andrann* [ˈɑndrɑnn] (anrand) n. cycle, age (100 Valian Years) ◇ Ety/382, X/ND4 ◈ Helge Fauskanger notes: the element and "long" would normally be preserved before r-, but d is lost because there is another d in the word (VT/41:9); however, this second d later disappeared in the change from -nd to -nn, and it is unclear whether or not an- would then revert to and-

daddy ◈ ada [ˈɑdɑ] n. hypo. of adar, father, daddy ◇ Ety/349

dagger ◈ sigil I [sˈigil̡] n. dagger, knife ◇ Ety/385

daily ◈ ilaurui* [ilˈɑuruj] adj. daily ◇ VT/44:21,28

daisy ◈ eirien* [ˈɛjri.ɛn] n. Bot. daisy (flower) ◇ SD/129-31

damp ◈ nîd [nˈiːd] adj. damp, wet, tearful ◇ Ety/376

dangle ◈ gling [glˈiŋ] n. hang, dangle ◇ Ety/359, Ety/369

dare ◈ bertha- [bˈɛrθɑ] v. to dare ◈ bertho [bˈɛrθɔ] v. inf. of bertha-, to dare ◇ Ety/352

dark ◈ doll [dˈɔll] (dolt) adj. dark, dusky, obscure ◇ Ety/355, Ety/376, X/LD ◈ dûr* [dˈuːr] pl. duir* [dˈujr] adj. dark, sombre ◇ Ety/354, S/430, UT/434 ◈ môr* [mˈɔːr] n. darkness, dark, night ◇ Ety/373, Letters/382 ◈ morn* [mˈɔrn] pl. myrn* [mˈyrn] adj. black, dark ◇ Ety/373, Letters/382, Letters/427, WJ/368, WR/113, UT/65

darkness ◈ dúath* [dˈuːɑθ] (dúwath) n. coll. of dû, 1. darkness, shadow ○ 2. nightshade ◇ Ety/354, S/430 ◈ fuin* [fˈujn] n. night, dead of night, gloom, darkness ◇ Ety/354, Ety/382, S/431 ◈ môr* [mˈɔːr] n. darkness, dark, night ◇ Ety/373, Letters/382

dart ◈ hador* [hˈɑdr̩] n. thrower (of spears and darts) ◇ Ety/363, WJ/234 ◈ hadron [hˈɑdrɔn] n. m. thrower (of spears and darts) ◇ Ety/363

daughter ◈ iell [jˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid ◇ Ety/385, Ety/400 ◈ Stated to be an alteration of sell, remodelled after ion "son" (OS *jondo). It was "a change assisted by the loss of s in compounds and patronymics", hence the ending -iel in several feminine words ◈ sell [sˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid (child) ◇ Ety/385 ◈ sellath* [sˈɛl̡lɑθ] n. coll. of sell, all the daughters ◇ SD/129-31

dauntless ◈ thalion* [θˈɑli.ɔn] pl. thelyn [θˈɛlyn] n. hero, dauntless man (especially as surname of Húrin Thalion) ◇ Ety/388, S/438

dawn ◈ minuial* [minˈuj.ɑl] n. morrowdim', the time near dawn, when the star fade ◇ LotR/D

day ◈ arad [ˈɑrɑd] n. daytime, a day ◇ Ety/349 ◈ aur* [ˈɑur] n. day, sunlight, morning ◇ Ety/349, S/439 ◈ See also calan ◈ calan* [kˈɑlɑn] n. day, period of actual daylight ◇ aLotR/D ◈ Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted from the second. See also aur ◈ oraearon* [ɔrˈɑɛ.ɑrɔn] n. Cal. seventh day of the Númenórean week, Sea-day ◇ LotR/D ◈ oranor* [ˈɔrɑnɔr] n. Cal. second day of the week, day of the Sun ◇ LotR/D ◈ orbelain* [ˈɔrbɛlɑjn] n. Cal. sixth day of the week, day of the Powers or Valar ◇ LotR/D ◈ orgaladh* [ˈɔrgɑlɑð] n. Cal. fourth day of the Númenórean week, day of the White Tree ◇ LotR/D ◈ This day was formerly called orgaladhad in the Elvish calendar ◈ orgaladhad* [ɔrgˈɑlɑðɑd] n. Cal. fourth day of the Elvish week, day of the Two Trees ◇ LotR/D ◈ This day was renamed orgaladh in the Númenórean calendar ◈ orgilion* [ɔrgˈili.ɔn] n. Cal. first day of the week, day of the Stars ◇ LotR/D ◈ orithil* [ˈɔriθil̡] n. Cal. third day of the week, day of the Moon ◇ LotR/D ◈ ormenel* [ˈɔrmɛnɛl̡] n. Cal. fifth day of the week, Heavens' day ◇ LotR/D ◈ penninor [pˈɛnninɔr] (penninar) n. Cal. last day of the year ◇ Ety/400, X/Z

daylight ◈ calan* [kˈɑlɑn] n. day, period of actual daylight ◇ aLotR/D ◈ Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted from the second. See also aur

daytime ◈ arad [ˈɑrɑd] n. daytime, a day ◇ Ety/349

dead ◈ fern [fˈɛrn] pl. firn [fˈirn] n. and adj. 1. dead (of mortals) ○ 2. as a noun, dead person ◇ Ety/381 ◈ gwann [gwˈɑnn] adj. departed, dead ◇ Ety/397

deadly ◈ delu* [dˈɛlu] (delw) adj. hateful, deadly, fell ◇ Ety/355, X/W

dear ◈ mell [mˈɛl̡l] adj. dear ◇ Ety/372 ◈ muin [mˈujn] adj. dear ◇ Ety/374

death ◈ gûr II [gˈuːr] n. death ◇ Ety/377 ◈ gurth* [gˈurθ] n. death ◇ S/432, UT/39, UT/54 ◈ guruth [gˈuruθ] n. death ◇ Ety/377 ◈ guruthos* [gˈuruθɔs] n. the shadow of death, death-horror ← di-nguruthos LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278 ◈ gwanath [gwˈɑnɑθ] n. death (act of dying, not death as a state or abstract) ◇ Ety/397 ◈ gwanu* [gwˈɑnu] (gwanw) n. death (act of dying, not death as a state or abstract) ◇ Ety/397, X/W

debate ◈ athrabeth* [ˈɑθrɑbɛθ] n. debate, converse ◇ MR/329

december ◈ girithron* [girˈiθrɔn] n. Cal. december (month) ◇ LotR/D

declivity ◈ pend [pˈɛnd] (penn) n. declivity ◇ Ety/380, X/ND1

decripit ◈ gern [gˈɛrn] adj. worn, old, decripit (used of things only) ◇ Ety/360 ◈ ingem [ˈiŋgɛm] adj. old (of person, in mortal sense: decripit, suffering from old age) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, Ety/400 ◈ New word coined by the Elves after meeting with men

deed ◈ cardh II [kˈɑrð] n. deed, feat ◇ Ety/362 ◈ Dialectal carth

deep ◈ nûr I [nˈuːr] adj. deep ◇ Ety/378 ◈ tofn [tˈɔvn] adj. lowlying, deep, low ◇ Ety/394

deer ◈ aras* [ˈɑrɑs] n. Zool. deer ◇ WJ/156-157

defile ◈ aglonn* [ˈɑglɔnn] (aglond, aglon) n. defile, pass between high walls ◇ Ety/348, X/ND4

dell ◈ im* II [ˈim] (imm, imb) n. dell, deep vale ← imlad, imloth, imrath, VT/45:18

delving ◈ groth* [grˈɔθ] n. 1. large excavation ○ 2. delving, underground dwelling ◇ WJ/415, S/431

demon ◈ raug* [rˈɑug] (graug*, rhaug) n. a powerful, hostile and terrible creature, a demon ◇ Ety/384, S/436, WJ/415, X/RH

denial ◈ ubed [ˈubɛd] n. denial ◇ WR/132, WR/137-138

depart ◈ gwanna- [gwˈɑnnɑ] v. to depart, die ◈ gwanno [gwˈɑnnɔ] v. inf. of gwanna-, to depart, die ◇ Ety/397

departed ◈ gwann [gwˈɑnn] adj. departed, dead ◇ Ety/397

deprive ◈ neitha-* [nˈɛjθɑ] v. to wrong, to deprive ← Neithan UT/456

deprived ◈ neithan* [nˈɛjθɑn] adj. deprived, wronged ◇ UT/456

descendant ◈ ion* [jˈɔn] (iond*, ionn) n. m. 1. son ○ 2. by ext. scion, male descendant ◇ Ety/400, MR/373, X/ND1, X/ND2 ◈ For the second meaning, cf. Hadorion, a Húrin's epithet in WJ/294, Hurinionath referring to the house of Húrin the Steward in PM/202-3,218, and Gil-Galad's epithet Ereinion, cf. also the gloss of the old Qenya cognate yondo "descendant of" in PE/12:106, or the use of the same suffix in later Quenya names such as Isildurioni and Anárioni "Heirs of Isildur (resp. Anárion)" in PM/192,196

desert ◈ eru [ˈɛru] n. waste, desert ◇ Ety/356

desire ◈ aníra-* [ɑnˈiːrɑ] v. to desire ◇ SD/129-31

detestation ◈ delos [dˈɛlɔs] (deloth) n. abhorrence, detestation, loathing ◇ Ety/355

device ◈ gaud [gˈɑud] n. device, contrivance, machine ◇ Ety/358

dew ◈ mîdh (corr. mídh) [mˈiːð] n. dew ◇ Ety/373

diacritic ◈ gasdil [gˈɑsdil̡] n. Ling. "stopgap", name of a diacritic sign used to indicate that g had been lenited to zero ◇ Ety/354, Ety/357

die ◈ gwanna- [gwˈɑnnɑ] v. to depart, die ◈ gwanno [gwˈɑnnɔ] v. inf. of gwanna-, to depart, die ◇ Ety/397

dim ◈ gwathra-* [gwˈɑθrɑ] v. to overshadow, dim, veil, obscure ◇ VT/42:9 ◈ gwathren* [gwˈɑθrɛn] pl. gwethrin* [gwˈɛθrin] adj. shadowy, dim ← Ered Wethrin S/432, VT/42:9

dimness ◈ dû* [dˈuː] n. nightfall, late evening, night, dimness ◇ Ety/354, S/430, VT/45:9

din ◈ glam* [glˈɑm] (glamm*, glamb*) n. 1. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise ○ 2. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts ○ 3. by ext. as a coll. noun, any body of orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/377, WJ/390, WJ/416

dirty ◈ gwaur [gwˈɑur] n. soiled, dirty ◇ Ety/397

disgust ◈ del [ˈdɛl̡] n. fear, disgust, loathing, horror ◇ Ety/355 ◈ fuia- [fˈuj.ɑ] v. to feel disgust at, abhor ◈ fuio [fˈuj.ɔ] v. inf. of fuia-, to feel disgust at, abhor ◇ Ety/381

distance ◈ haered* [hˈɑɛrɛd] n. remote distance, the remote ← na-chaered LotR/II:I, RGEO/72

distant ◈ hae* [hˈɑɛ] adj. far, remote, distant ← Gwahaedir PM/186, VT/45:21 ◈ haeron* [hˈɑɛrɔn] adj. far, remote, distant ◇ PM/273

distinct ◈ minai* [mˈinɑj] (minei) adj. single, distinct, unique ◇ Ety/373, X/EI

district ◈ trann* [trˈɑnn] n. shire, administrative district, division of a realm ← i-Drann SD/129-31

disturb ◈ presta- [prˈɛstɑ] v. to affect, trouble, disturb ◈ presto [prˈɛstɔ] v. inf. of presta-, to affect, trouble, disturb ◇ Ety/380

divinity ◈ balan* [bˈɑlɑn] pl. belain* [bˈɛlɑjn] (belein, belen) n. Theo. Vala, divine power, divinity ◇ Ety/350, S/439, Letters/427, X/EI ◈ rodon* [rˈɔdɔn] pl. rodyn* [rˈɔdyn] n. Theo. Vala, divinity ◇ LotR/D

do ◈ car-* [kˈɑr] irreg. pa. t. agor* [ˈɑgɔr] v. to do ← avo garo WJ/371, WJ/415 ◈ caro* [kˈɑrɔ] v. imp. of car-, do! make! ◇ VT/44:21,25

doer ◈ ceredir [kˈɛrɛdˌir] n. doer, maker ◇ Ety/354

dog ◈ hû [hˈuː] n. Zool. dog ◇ Ety/364

doing ◈ cared [kˈɑrɛd] ger. of car-, making, doing ← ceredir Ety/354

dome ◈ telu [tˈɛlu] n. dome, high roof ◇ Ety/391

doom ◈ amarth* [ˈɑmɑrθ] (ammarth) n. fate, doom ◇ Ety/372, S/427, LotR/A(i), TC/183 ◈ bartha- [bˈɑrθɑ] v. to doom ◈ bartho [bˈɑrθɔ] v. inf. of bartha-, to doom ◇ Ety/372 ◈ manadh [mˈɑnɑð] n. 1. doom, final end, fate, fortune ○ 2. by ext. final bliss ◇ Ety/371

doomed ◈ barad I [bˈɑrɑd] adj. doomed ◇ Ety/372

door ◈ annon* [ˈɑnnɔn] pl. ennyn* [ˈɛnnyn] n. great door or gate ◇ Ety/348, S/428, LotR/II:IV, TAI/150 ◈ fen* [fˈɛn] (fend, fenn) n. door, threshold ◇ Ety/381, LotR/V:IV, WR/341, X/ND1

doorway ◈ fennas* [fˈɛnnɑs] n. doorway, gateway ◇ LotR/II:IV, RS/463, RGEO/75

dot ◈ peg [pˈɛg] n. small spot, dot ◇ Ety/382

double ◈ edaid* [ˈɛdɑjd] adj. double ◇ VT/42:26-27 ◈ tadol [tˈɑdɔl] adj. double ◇ Ety/391

dough ◈ moeas [mˈɔɛ.ɑs] n. dough ◇ Ety/371

dove ◈ cugu [kˈugu] n. dove ◇ Ety/365

down ◈ dad [dˈɑd] adv. down, downwards ◇ Ety/354

downhill ◈ dadbenn [dˈɑdbɛnn] (dadben) adv. downhill, inclined, prone ◇ Ety/354, Ety/380, X/ND4

downs ◈ tyrn* [tˈyrn] n. pl. downs ◇ LotR/A(iii), PM/194 ◈ Tyrn Gorthad "the Barrow-downs"

downwards ◈ dad [dˈɑd] adv. down, downwards ◇ Ety/354

dragon ◈ amlug [ˈɑmlug] n. dragon ◇ Ety/349, Ety/370 ◈ limlug* [lˈimlug] (lhimlug) n. fish-dragon, sea-serpent ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

drain ◈ sautha- [sˈɑuθɑ] v. to drain ◇ Ety/388

draught ◈ suith* [sˈujθ] (sûth) n. draught ◇ Ety/388, X/Z

dread ◈ achas* [ˈɑxɑs] n. dread, fear ← Daerachas WJ/187 ◈ This might also be *gachas, mutated in composition ◈ gae [gˈɑɛ] n. dread ◇ Ety/358 ◈ gost [gˈɔst] n. dread ◇ Ety/359

dreadful ◈ gaer I [gˈɑɛr] adj. dreadful ◇ Ety/358 ◈ goeol* [gˈɔɛ.ɔl] adj. dreadful, terrifying ◇ PM/363

dream ◈ ôl [ˈɔːl] pl. elei n. dream ◇ Ety/370, Ety/379 ◈ oltha- [ˈɔlθɑ] v. to dream ◇ Ety/370, Ety/379

drink ◈ soga- [sˈɔgɑ] pa. t. asogant [ˈɑsɔgɑnt] (sunc) v. to drink ◇ Ety/388 ◈ sogo [sˈɔgɔ] v. inf. of soga-, to drink ◇ Ety/388

drunk ◈ sogannen (corr. sogennen) [sɔgˈɑnnɛn] pp. of soga-, drunk ◇ Ety/388

dry ◈ parch [pˈɑrx] adj. dry ◇ Ety/380

dungeon ◈ gador [gˈɑdr̩] (gadr) n. prison, dungeon ◇ Ety/358

dunlendings ◈ gwathuirim* [gwɑθˈujrim] n. class pl. Pop. The Dunlendings or People of Dunland ◇ PM/330

duress ◈ band* [bˈɑnd] (bann) n. duress, prison, custody, safe-keeping ◇ Ety/371, S/428, MR/350, X/ND1 ◈ thang* [θˈɑŋ] n. compulsion, duress, need, oppression ◇ Ety/388, S/438

dusk ◈ tinnu [tˈinnu] (tindu) n. 1. dusk, twilight, early night (without moon) ○ 2. starry twilight ◇ Ety/355, Ety/393, X/ND2

dusky ◈ doll [dˈɔll] (dolt) adj. dark, dusky, obscure ◇ Ety/355, Ety/376, X/LD

dust ◈ ast [ˈɑst] n. dust ◇ Ety/349 ◈ lith* [lˈiθ] n. ash, sand, dust ◇ Ety/369, S/434, TC/178

dwarf ◈ anfang [ˈɑnfɑŋ] pl. enfeng* [ˈɛnfɛŋ] n. one of the Longbeards (a tribe of dwarves) ◇ Ety/348, Ety/387, WJ/322 ◈ anfangrim* [ɑnfˈɑŋgrim] n. class pl. of anfang, Longbeards (a tribe of dwarves) ◇ WJ/322 ◈ dornhoth* [dˈɔrn.hɔθ] n. class pl. "the thrawn folk", dwarves ◇ WJ/388 ◈ hadhod* [hˈɑðɔd] n. dwarf ◇ WJ/388, WJ/414 ◈ hadhodrim* [hɑðˈɔdrim] n. class pl. of hadhod, dwarves, as a race ◇ WJ/388 ◈ naug* [nˈɑug] n. and adj. 1. stunted, dwarf ○ 2. as a noun, a dwarf ◇ Ety/375, WJ/388 ◈ naugol [nˈɑugl̩] (naugl) n. dwarf ◇ Ety/375 ◈ Diminutive form of naug ◈ naugrim* [nˈɑugrim] n. class pl. of naug, dwarves ◇ WJ/388 ◈ nawag [nˈɑwɑg] pl. neweg (neweig) n. dwarf ◇ Ety/375 ◈ nogoth* [nˈɔgɔθ] pl. negyth* [nˈɛgyθ] (nœgyth*) n. dwarf, etym. "the stunted folk" ◇ S/435, WJ/338, WJ/388, WJ/408, WJ/413 ◈ nogothrim* [nɔgˈɔθrim] n. class pl. of nogoth, dwarf-folk ◇ RGEO/75, UT/318, WJ/388

dwarflet ◈ nogotheg* [nˈɔgɔθɛg] n. dimin. of nogoth, "dwarflet", a name of the petty-dwarves ◇ WJ/388

dwell ◈ dortha- [dˈɔrθɑ] v. to dwell, stay ◈ dortho [dˈɔrθɔ] v. inf. of dortha-, to dwell, stay ◇ Ety/376

dwelling ◈ bar* [bˈɑr] pl. bair* [bˈɑjr] n. 1. dwelling, home ○ 2. by ext. inhabited land ◇ S/428, WR/379-80, SD/129-31 ◈ groth* [grˈɔθ] n. 1. large excavation ○ 2. delving, underground dwelling ◇ WJ/415, S/431

eager ◈ bara [bˈɑrɑ] adj. 1. fiery ○ 2. eager ◇ Ety/351

eagle ◈ thôr* I [θˈɔːr] n. Orn. eagle ← Belecthor S/322,365, LotR/A(ii), Ety/392 ◈ thoron* [θˈɔrɔn] pl. theryn* [θˈɛryn] (therein) n. Orn. eagle ◇ Ety/392, S/438, X/Z ◈ thoronath* [θˈɔrɔnɑθ] n. coll. of thoron, eagles ◇ S/387, S/438

ear ◈ lhaw* [ɬˈɑw] n. pl. Biol. ears (referring to one person's pair of ears only) ◇ Ety/368, LotR/II:IX ◈ lhewig [ɬˈɛwig] n. sing. of lhaw, Biol. ear ◇ Ety/368, LotR/II:IX

earth ◈ amar [ˈɑmɑr] (ambar) n. earth ◇ Ety/372 ◈ cae* [kˈɑɛ] (coe) n. earth ◇ Ety/363, X/OE ◈ This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies ◈ ceven* [kˈɛvɛn] n. Earth ◇ VT/44:21,27 ◈ ennor* [ˈɛnnɔr] n. central land, middle-earth ◇ LotR/E, X/ND2 ◈ ennorath* [ˈɛnnɔrɑθ] n. coll. of ennor, central lands, middle-earth ◇ LotR/E, LotR/II:I, RGEO/72-75

earthen ◈ cefn [kˈɛvn] (cevn) adj. earthen ◇ Ety/363, X/Z

east ◈ amrûn* [ˈɑmruːn] n. east, orient ◇ Ety/348, Ety/384, S/437, LotR/E ◈ rhûn* [ɹ̥ˈuːn] n. east ◇ Ety/384, S/436, LotR/E ◈ rhuven* [ɹ̥ˈuvɛn] (rhufen) n. Arch., Poet. east ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

eastern ◈ rhúnen* [ɹ̥ˈuːnɛn] adj. eastern ← Talath Rhúnen S/420

eat ◈ mad- [mˈɑd] v. to eat ◈ medi [mˈɛdi] v. inf. of mad-, to eat ◇ Ety/371

eavesdrop ◈ lathra-* [lˈɑθrɑ] v. to listen in, eavesdrop ◈ lathrada-* [lˈɑθrɑdɑ] v. to listen in, eavesdrop ◈ lathrado* [lˈɑθrɑdɔ] (lhathrado) v. inf. of lathrada-, to listen in, eavesdrop ◇ Ety/368, X/LH ◈ lathro* [lˈɑθrɔ] (lhathro) v. inf. of lathra-, to listen in, eavesdrop ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

eavesdropper ◈ lathron* [lˈɑθrɔn] (lhathron) n. hearer, listener, eavesdropper ◇ Ety/368, X/LH ◈ lethril* [lˈɛθril] (lhethril) n. f. hearer, listener, eavesdropper ◇ VT/45:26, X/LH

echo ◈ glamor [glˈɑmr̩] (glambr) n. echo ◇ Ety/358

echoing ◈ glamren [glˈɑmrɛn] adj. echoing ◇ Ety/358

eddy ◈ hwinia-* [ʍˈini.ɑ] v. to twirl, whirl, eddy ◈ hwinio* [ʍˈini.ɔ] (chwinio) v. inf. of hwinia-, to twirl, whirl, eddy ◇ Ety/388

edge ◈ lanc* III [lˈɑŋk] n. sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end (as a cliff-edge, or the clean edge of things made by hand or built) ◇ VT/42:8 ◈ rîw* [rˈiːw] (rhîf) n. edge, hem, border ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

eight ◈ toloth [tˈɔlɔθ] (tolodh*) adj. num. eight ◇ Ety/394, VT/42:25, VT/42:31 ◈ Tolkien emended toloth to tolodh, cf. VT/42:31. If we are to follow him, a word such as tolothen would be incorrect, unless the two forms coexisted

eighth ◈ tollui* [tˈɔlluj] adj. num. eighth ◇ VT/42:25 ◈ See also tolothen ◈ tolothen* [tˈɔlɔθɛn] adj. num. eighth ← erin dolothen SD/129-31 ◈ See also tollui

elder ◈ einior* [ˈɛjni.ɔr] adj. elder ◇ PM/358

elephant ◈ annabon [ˈɑnnɑbɔn] (andabon) n. Zool. elephant ◇ Ety/372, X/ND2

elf ◈ calben* [kˈɑlbɛn] pl. celbin* [kˈɛl̡bin] n. 1. elf of the Great Journey (lit. "light person") ○ 2. by ext. all Elves but the Avari ◇ WJ/362, WJ/376-377, WJ/408-409 ◈ danwaith* [dˈɑnwɑjθ] n. Pop. the Nandor (a tribe of Elves) ◇ WJ/385 ◈ denwaith* [dˈɛnwɑjθ] n. the Nandor (a tribe of Elves), the people of Denwe ◇ WJ/385 ◈ dúnedhel* [dˈuːnɛðɛl̡] pl. dúnedhil* [dˈunːɛðil̡] n. elf of the West, elf of Beleriand (including Noldor and Sindar) ◇ WJ/378 ◈ edhel* [ˈɛðɛl̡] pl. edhil* [ˈɛðil̡] n. elf ◇ Ety/356, S/430, WJ/363-364 ◈ edhelharn* [ɛðˈɛl̡hɑrn] n. elf-stone ◇ SD/128-129 ◈ egladhrim* [ɛglˈɑðrim] n. class pl. of eglan, "The Forsaken", Elves of the Falathrim ◇ WJ/189, WJ/365, WJ/379 ◈ eglan* [ˈɛglɑn] pl. eglain* [ˈɛglɑjn] n. and adj. 1. forsaken ○ 2. as a noun, an elf of the Falathrim ◇ WJ/365, WJ/379-380 ◈ egol* [ˈɛgl̩] n. someone forsaken, an elf of the Falathrim ← Eglath WJ/189, WJ/344 ◈ elleth* [ˈɛl̡lɛθ] n. f. elf-maid ◇ WJ/148, WJ/256, WJ/363-364 ◈ ellon* [ˈɛl̡lɔn] n. m. elf ◇ WJ/363-364 ◈ elvellon* [ɛl̡vˈɛl̡lɔn] pl. elvellyn* [ɛl̡vˈɛl̡lyn] n. elf-friend ◇ WJ/412 ◈ evair* [ˈɛvɑjr] n. pl. the Avari, a tribe of Elves ◇ WJ/380 ◈ This plural name was known to the loremasters, but went out of daily use at the time of the Exile ◈ galadhrim* [gɑlˈɑðrim] n. class pl. Elves of Lothlórien ◇ LotR ◈ glinnel* [glˈinnɛl̡] pl. glinnil* [glˈinnil̡] n. elf, one of the Teleri ◇ WJ/378, WJ/385 ◈ gódhel* [gˈɔːðɛl̡] pl. gódhil* [ˈgɔːðil̡] n. "deep elf" or "gnome", one of the wise folk ◇ WJ/364, WJ/379 ◈ gódhellim* [gɔːðˈɛl̡lim] n. class pl. of gódhel, "deep Elves" or "gnomes", the wise folk ◇ WJ/364 ◈ golodh* [gˈɔlɔð] pl. gelydh* [gˈɛlyð] (gœlydh*, gœlœidh, geleidh) n. "deep elf" or "gnome", one of the wise folk ◇ Ety/377, S/431, WJ/364 ◈ golodhrim* [gɔlˈɔðrim] n. class pl. of golodh, deep Elves, gnomes ◇ Ety/377, WJ/323 ◈ iathrim* [jˈɑθrim] n. class pl. Elves of Doriath ◇ WJ/378 ◈ lachenn* [lˈɑxɛnn] (lachend*) pl. lechenn* [lˈɛxinn] (lechind*) n. deep elf (Sindarin name for the Ñoldor) ◇ WJ/384, X/ND4 ◈ laegel* [lˈɑɛgɛl̡] pl. laegil* [lˈɑɛgil̡] n. a green elf ◇ WJ/385 ◈ laegrim* [lˈɑɛgrim] (laegeldrim*) n. class pl. of laegel, the people of the green Elves ◇ WJ/385 ◈ miniel* [mˈini.ɛl̡] pl. mínil* [mˈiːnil̡] n. an elf, one of the Vanyar ◇ WJ/383 ◈ mornedhel* [mˈɔrnɛðɛl̡] n. dark-elf ◇ WJ/377, WJ/380 ◈ ódhel* [ˈɔːðɛl̡] pl. ódhil* [ˈɔːðil̡] n. deep elf or gnome, one of the wise folk ◇ WJ/364, WJ/366, WJ/378-379 ◈ ódhellim* [ɔːðˈɛl̡lim] n. class pl. of ódhel, deep Elves or gnomes, the wise folk ◇ WJ/364 ◈ tawarwaith* [tɑwˈɑrwɑjθ] n. class pl. silvan elves ◇ UT/256 ◈ teler* [tˈɛlɛr] pl. telir* [tˈɛlir] n. an elf, one of the Teleri ◇ PM/385 ◈ telerrim* [tɛlˈɛrrim] n. class pl. of teler, the Teleri, a tribe of Elves ◇ PM/385

elm ◈ lalf [lˈɑlv] pl. lelf [lˈɛl̡v] n. Bot. elm-tree ◇ Ety/348 ◈ lalorn* [lˈɑlɔrn] (lhalorn) n. Bot. elm-tree ◇ Ety/367, X/LH ◈ lalven [lˈɑlvɛn] pl. lelvin [lˈɛl̡vin] n. Bot. elm-tree ◇ Ety/348 ◈ lalwen* [lˈɑlwɛn] (lhalwen) pl. lelwin [lˈɛl̡win] n. Bot. elm-tree ◇ Ety/367, X/LH

elvish ◈ edhellen* [ɛðˈɛl̡lɛn] adj. elvish, of the Elves ◇ LotR/II:IV, RS/463

embers ◈ iûl [jˈuːl] n. embers ◇ Ety/400 ◈ The word is classed as Old Noldorin (ON) in the Etymologies, but rather seems to be Noldorin

eminent ◈ orchal* [ˈɔrxl̩] (orchall, orchel) adj. 1. superior, lofty, eminent ○ 2. tall ◇ Ety/363, Ety/379, WJ/305 ◈ In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may be have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

employ ◈ iuitha- [jˈujθɑ] v. to employ, to use ◈ iuitho [jˈujθɔ] v. inf. of iuitha-, to employ, to use ◇ Ety/400 ◈ The gloss was hardly legible. Christopher Tolkien reads 'to enjoy' but the meaning 'to employ' is much more probable (cf. iuith)

empty ◈ cofn [kˈɔvn] (caun) adj. empty, void ◇ Ety/366 ◈ lost* [lˈɔst] (lhost) adj. empty ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

encampment ◈ estolad* [ˈɛstɔlɑd] n. encampment ◇ UT/77, S/396

enchant ◈ lútha-* [lˈuːθɑ] (lhútha-) v. to enchant ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

encircling ◈ echor* [ˈɛxɔr] n. outer circle, encircling, outer ring ◇ LotR/V:I, LotR/Index, S/430

enclose ◈ gleina-* [glˈɛjnɑ] v. to bound, enclose, limit ◇ VT/42:8, VT/42:28 ◈ This entry should perhaps read gleinia-, cf. VT/42:28, note 13

enclosure ◈ cerin* [kˈɛrin] n. 1. circular enclosure ○ 2. by ext. mound ◇ Ety/365, S/429

encouragement ◈ hûl [hˈuːl] n. cry of encouragement in battle ◇ Ety/386

end ◈ meth [mˈɛθ] n. end ◇ Ety/373 ◈ methed* [mˈɛθɛd] n. end ◇ UT/452 ◈ methen [mˈɛθɛn] adj. end, final ◇ Ety/373, VT/45:34 ◈ tele [tˈɛlɛ] pl. telei [tˈɛlɛj] n. end, rear, hindmost part ◇ Ety/392

endless ◈ arnediad [ɑrnˈɛdi.ɑd] (arnœdiad*) adj. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless ◇ Ety/349, Ety/378, S/428 ◈ aronoded [ɑrˈɔnɔdɛd] adj. innumerable, countless, endless ◇ Ety/378 ◈ See also arnediad

endurance ◈ bronwe* [brˈɔnwɛ] n. endurance, lasting quality, faith ◇ Ety/353, SD/62

endure ◈ brenia- [brˈɛni.ɑ] v. to endure ◈ brenio (corr. bronio) [brˈɛni.ɔ] v. inf. of brenia-, to endure ◇ Ety/353, VT/45:7 ◈ dartha- [dˈɑrθɑ] v. to wait, stay, last, endure, remain ◇ Ety/353, VT/45:8

enduring ◈ bronadui [brˈɔnɑduj] adj. enduring, lasting ◇ Ety/353

enemy ◈ coth [kˈɔθ] n. 1. enmity ○ 2. enemy ◇ Ety/365

enlaced ◈ raen* II [rˈɑɛn] adj. nettled, enlaced ◇ VT/42:11

enlarge ◈ panna- I [pˈɑnnɑ] v. to open, to enlarge ◈ panno [pˈɑnnɔ] v. inf. of panna- I, to open, to enlarge ◇ Ety/380

enmesh ◈ gonathra- [gɔnˈɑθrɑ] v. to entangle, enmesh ◇ Ety/375

enmity ◈ coth [kˈɔθ] n. 1. enmity ○ 2. enemy ◇ Ety/365

enough ◈ far [fˈɑr] adj. or adv. sufficient, enough, quite ◇ Ety/381 ◈ farn [fˈɑrn] adj. or adv. enough ◇ Ety/381

ent ◈ onod* [ˈɔnɔd] pl. enyd* [ˈɛnyd] n. ent ◇ LotR/F, Letters/224 ◈ onodrim* [ɔnˈɔdrim] n. class pl. of onod, ents, as a race ◇ Letters/224, TC/165

entangle ◈ gonathra- [gɔnˈɑθrɑ] v. to entangle, enmesh ◇ Ety/375

entanglement ◈ gonathras [gɔnˈɑθrɑs] n. entanglement ◇ Ety/375

enter ◈ minna-* [mˈinnɑ] v. to enter ◈ minno* [mˈinnɔ] v. imp. of minna-, enter! (lit. to the inside!) ◇ LotR/II:IV ◈ neledhia- [nɛlˈɛði.ɑ] (neledhi) v. to enter ◇ TAI/150, HL/77 ◈ Hammond and Scull apparently understand this word as a derivative of neledh "three", hence their translation neledh neledhi "three by three". However, we have shown in Hiswelókë (third issue, pp. 74-78) that this word is conceivably a verb derived from LED "to go". The prefix ne- also occurs in nestegi "to insert, stick in"

envelope ◈ ui [ˈuj] n. envelope, especially of the Outer Sea or Air enfolding the world within the Ilurambar or world-walls ◇ Ety/397

errant ◈ raun* [rˈɑun] (rhaun) adj. errant ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

error ◈ mist [mˈist] n. error, wandering ◇ Ety/373 ◈ mistad* [mˈistɑd] (mistrad) n. straying, error ◇ Ety/373, X/Z

especial ◈ edregol* [ˈɛdrɛgl̩] adv. in especial ◇ SD/129-31

establish ◈ tangada- [tˈɑŋgɑdɑ] v. to make firm, confirm, establish ◈ tangado [tˈɑŋgɑdɔ] v. inf. of tangada-, to make firm, confirm, establish ◇ Ety/389

estuary ◈ ethir* I [ˈɛθir] n. mouth of river, estuary ◇ LotR/II:X, Ety/356

eternal ◈ uireb [ˈujrɛb] adj. eternal ◇ Ety/379

eternity ◈ uir [ˈujr] n. eternity ◇ Ety/379

evening ◈ aduial* [ɑdˈuj.ɑl] n. the evening, time of star-opening, "evendim" ◇ LotR/D ◈ dû* [dˈuː] n. nightfall, late evening, night, dimness ◇ Ety/354, S/430, VT/45:9 ◈ thin [θˈin] n. Poet. evening ◇ Ety/392 ◈ thinna- [θˈinnɑ] v. to fade, to grow towards evening ◇ Ety/392 ◈ The punctuation in The Etymologies is considered incorrect (the full dot after this word should conceivably be a comma)

ever ◈ ui-* [uj] pref. ever ← uidafnen, uilos (see these words)

evil ◈ um [ˈum] adj. bad, evil ◇ Ety/396

exalted ◈ arth* [ˈɑrθ] adj. (unknown meaning, perhaps noble, lofty, exalted) ← Arthedain LotR ◈ hall I [hˈɑll] adj. exalted, high ◇ Ety/363

excavate ◈ rosta- [rˈɔstɑ] v. to hollow out, excavate ◈ rosto [rˈɔstɔ] v. inf. of rosta-, to hollow out, excavate ◇ Ety/384

excavation ◈ groth* [grˈɔθ] n. 1. large excavation ○ 2. delving, underground dwelling ◇ WJ/415, S/431

exclamation ◈ elo* [ˈɛlɔ] interj. an exclamation of wonder, admiration, delight ◇ WJ/362

excluded ◈ said* [sˈɑjd] adj. private, separate, not common, excluded ◇ VT/42:20

exile ◈ edledhia-* [ɛdlˈɛði.ɑ] v. to go into exile ◈ edledhio* [ɛdlˈɛði.ɔ] (egledhio (corr. eglehio), egledhi) v. inf. of edledhia-, go into exile ◇ Ety/368, X/TL ◈ edledhron* [ɛdlˈɛðrɔn] (egledhron) n. exile (person who is exiled) ◇ Ety/368, X/TL

exiled ◈ edlenn* [ˈɛdlɛnn] (eglenn) adj. exiled ◇ Ety/368, X/TL

expression ◈ thîr* [θˈiːr] n. look, face, expression, countenance ◇ Ety/392, VT/41:10

eye ◈ hen* II [hˈɛn] (hend*, henn*, hên) pl. hin* [hˈin] (hîn) n. Biol. eye ◇ Ety/364, LotR/II:IX, WR/128, X/ND1 ◈ heneb* [hˈɛnɛb] adj. of eye, eyed, having eyes ← maecheneb "sharp-eyed", WJ/337 ◈ heneb* [hˈɛnɛb] adj. of eye, eyed, having eyes ← maecheneb "sharp-eyed", WJ/337

face ◈ nîf [nˈiːv] n. front, face ◇ Ety/378 ◈ thîr* [θˈiːr] n. look, face, expression, countenance ◇ Ety/392, VT/41:10

fade ◈ thinna- [θˈinnɑ] v. to fade, to grow towards evening ◇ Ety/392 ◈ The punctuation in The Etymologies is considered incorrect (the full dot after this word should conceivably be a comma)

fading ◈ peleth* [pˈɛlɛθ] n. fading, withering ← Narbeleth LotR/D ◈ pelin [pˈɛlin] n. fading, withering ← Lhasbelin Ety/366

faintness ◈ hwîn* [ʍˈiːn] (chwîn) n. giddiness, faintness ◇ Ety/388, X/HW

fair ◈ bain* [bˈɑjn] (bein) adj. beautiful, fair ◇ Ety/351, Ety/359, X/EI ◈ fael* I [fˈɑɛl] adj. fair minded, just, generous ◇ PM/352

faith ◈ bronwe* [brˈɔnwɛ] n. endurance, lasting quality, faith ◇ Ety/353, SD/62

faithful ◈ sador* [sˈɑdr̩] n. faithful one ← Sador (name) ◈ Sador was Túrin's faithful servant. The meaning of this noun is deduced from sadron, assuming that these words are in the same kind of relation as hador and hadron ◈ sadron* [sˈɑdrɔn] pl. sedryn* [sˈɛdryn] n. faithful one ◇ UT/431 ◈ See also sador

fall ◈ danna-* [dˈɑnnɑ] pa. t. dant* [dˈɑnt] v. to fall ◇ Ety/354, X/Z ◈ Written dant- in the Etymologies ◈ dant* I [dˈɑnt] n. fall ◇ MR/373 ◈ lant* II [lˈɑnt] n. fall ← Lanthir S/406, PM/349

fallen ◈ dannen [dˈɑnnɛn] pp. of danna-, fallen ◇ Ety/354

falling ◈ talt [tˈɑlt] adj. slipping, falling, insecure ◇ Ety/390

fallow ◈ maidh [mˈɑjð] (meidh) adj. pale, fallow, fawn ◇ Ety/371, X/EI ◈ malu* [mˈɑlu] (malw) adj. fallow, pale ◇ Ety/386, X/W

family ◈ noss* [nˈɔss] (nos) n. kindred, family, clan ◇ Ety/378, PM/320 ◈ nost* [nˈɔst] n. kindred, family, house ◇ PM/360 ◈ See also noss ◈ nothrim* [nˈɔθrim] n. class pl. kindred, family, house ← Nothrim [> Nost] Finarfin PM/360 ◈ The word was rejected in favor of nost, but it may be interpreted as a valid class plural "those of the house"

fane ◈ iaun [jˈɑun] n. holy place, fane, sanctuary ◇ Ety/400

fang ◈ carch* [kˈɑrx] n. tooth, fang ◇ Ety/362, S/429

fantastic ◈ hwiniol* [ʍˈini.ɔl] (chwiniol) part. of hwinia-, whirling, giddy, fantastic ◇ Ety/388

far ◈ hae* [hˈɑɛ] adj. far, remote, distant ← Gwahaedir PM/186, VT/45:21 ◈ haeron* [hˈɑɛrɔn] adj. far, remote, distant ◇ PM/273 ◈ palan-* [pˈɑlɑn] adv. afar, abroad, far and wide ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74

fashion ◈ echad- [ˈɛxɑd] pa. t. echant* [ˈɛxɑnt] v. to fashion, make ◈ echedi [ˈɛxɛdi] v. inf. of echad-, to fashion, make ◇ Ety/363, LotR/II:IV

fast ◈ avorn* [ˈɑvɔrn] adj. staying, fast ← Baravorn Hamfast, SD/129-31

fasten ◈ taetha- [tˈɑɛθɑ] v. to fasten, tie ◈ taetho [tˈɑɛθɔ] v. inf. of taetha-, to fasten, tie ◇ Ety/389

fat ◈ tûg [tˈuːg] adj. thick, fat ◇ Ety/394

fate ◈ amarth* [ˈɑmɑrθ] (ammarth) n. fate, doom ◇ Ety/372, S/427, LotR/A(i), TC/183 ◈ manadh [mˈɑnɑð] n. 1. doom, final end, fate, fortune ○ 2. by ext. final bliss ◇ Ety/371

father ◈ ada [ˈɑdɑ] n. hypo. of adar, father, daddy ◇ Ety/349 ◈ adar* [ˈɑdɑr] pl. edair* [ˈɛdɑjr] (eder, edeir) n. father ◇ Ety/349, PM/324, MR/373, LotR/II:II, VT/44:21-22, X/EI

fathom ◈ raew* [rˈɑɛw] (rhaew) n. fathom ◇ Ety/382, X/RH

fawn ◈ maidh [mˈɑjð] (meidh) adj. pale, fallow, fawn ◇ Ety/371, X/EI

fear ◈ achas* [ˈɑxɑs] n. dread, fear ← Daerachas WJ/187 ◈ This might also be *gachas, mutated in composition ◈ del [ˈdɛl̡] n. fear, disgust, loathing, horror ◇ Ety/355 ◈ goe* [gˈɔɛ] n. terror, great fear ◇ PM/363 ◈ gosta- [gˈɔstɑ] v. to fear exceedingly ◇ Ety/359 ◈ niphred* [nˈifrɛd] (nifred) n. pallor, fear ◇ Ety/378, S/435, X/PH

feast ◈ mereth* [mˈɛrɛθ] n. feast, festival ◇ Ety/372, S/434 ◈ The word was changed to bereth in the Etymologies, but was never changed in the texts (cf. Mereth Aderthad and the compound Merethrond)

feat ◈ cardh II [kˈɑrð] n. deed, feat ◇ Ety/362 ◈ Dialectal carth

february ◈ nínui* [nˈiːnuj] n. and adj. 1. watery ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of february ◇ LotR/D

fell ◈ delu* [dˈɛlu] (delw) adj. hateful, deadly, fell ◇ Ety/355, X/W

fellowship ◈ govannas† n. fellowship ◇ [PJ-Movie] ◈ Dialogs: Lórien Dialog II, FotR DVD extended version (source: Gwaith i Phethdain)

female ◈ inu* [ˈinu] (inw) adj. female ◇ Ety/361, X/W

fence ◈ cail* [kˈɑjl] n. fence or palisade of spikes and sharp stakes ◇ UT/282 ◈ ephel* [ˈɛffɛl̡] n. outer fence, encircling fence ◇ S/436, LotR/E ◈ iâth* [jˈɑːθ] n. fence ◇ S/433, WJ/369 ◈ thora- [θˈɔrɑ] v. to fence ◈ thoro- [θˈɔrɔ] v. inf. of thora-, to fence ◇ Ety/393

fenced ◈ thoren [θˈɔrɛn] pp. of thora-, fenced ◇ Ety/393

fenland ◈ lô* [lˈɔː] n. shallow lake, fenland ◇ UT/263

festival ◈ mereth* [mˈɛrɛθ] n. feast, festival ◇ Ety/372, S/434 ◈ The word was changed to bereth in the Etymologies, but was never changed in the texts (cf. Mereth Aderthad and the compound Merethrond)

festive ◈ meren [mˈɛrɛn] adj. festive, gay, joyous ◇ Ety/372 ◈ The word was changed to beren in the Etymologies, but meren would be restored together with mereth

fetch ◈ toltha- [tˈɔlθɑ] v. to fetch, to summon, make come ◈ toltho [tˈɔlθɔ] v. inf. of toltha-, to fetch, to summon, make come ◇ Ety/395

field ◈ parth* [pˈɑrθ] n. field, enclosed grassland ◇ UT/260, PM/330 ◈ pel [pˈɛl̡] pl. peli [pˈɛli] n. fenced field (Old English tún) ◇ Ety/380 ◈ sant* [sˈɑnt] n. garden, field, yard, or other place in private ownership whether enclosed or not ◇ VT/42:20 ◈ talf* II [tˈɑlv] n. flat field, flat land ← Nindalf TC/195, LotR/Map

fierce ◈ brêg (corr. brerg) [brˈɛːg] adj. wild, fierce ◇ Ety/373 ◈ bregol [brˈɛgɔl] adj. violent, sudden, fierce ◇ Ety/352, Ety/373

fierceness ◈ bregolas [brˈɛgɔlɑs] n. fierceness ◇ Ety/352

fiery ◈ bara [bˈɑrɑ] adj. 1. fiery ○ 2. eager ◇ Ety/351 ◈ nórui* [nˈɔːruj] n. and adj. 1. sunny, fiery ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of june ◇ LotR/D

fifth ◈ lefnui* [lˈɛvnuj] (lhefneg) adj. num. fifth ◇ WR/436, VT/42:25, TI/312

fight ◈ maeth [mˈɑɛθ] n. battle, fight (not of general host but of two or a few) ◇ Ety/371 ◈ maetha- [mˈɑɛθɑ] v. to fight ◇ Ety/371

filament ◈ lhê* [ɬˈɛː] (thlê) n. fine thread, spider filament ◇ Ety/386, X/LH

fill ◈ panna- II [pˈɑnnɑ] (pannod) v. to fill ◇ Ety/366, X/Z ◈ pathra- [pˈɑθrɑ] v. to fill ◈ pathro [pˈɑθrɔ] v. inf. of pathra-, to fill ◇ Ety/366

final ◈ methen [mˈɛθɛn] adj. end, final ◇ Ety/373, VT/45:34

fine ◈ brand [brˈɑnd] (brann) adj. 1. lofty, noble, fine ○ 2. high (in size) ◇ Ety/351, TAI/150, X/ND1 ◈ lhind* II [ɬˈind] (thlind, thlinn) adj. fine, slender ◇ Ety/386, X/LH, X/ND1 ◈ trîw [trˈiːw] adj. fine, slender ◇ Ety/392

finger ◈ lebed* [lˈɛbɛd] (lhebed) n. finger ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

fire ◈ naur* [nˈɑur] n. 1. flame ○ 2. fire ◇ Ety/374, S/435, LotR/II:IV ◈ ûr I [ˈuːr] n. fire, heat ◇ Ety/396

firm ◈ tanc [tˈɑŋk] adj. firm ◇ Ety/389 ◈ tangada- [tˈɑŋgɑdɑ] v. to make firm, confirm, establish ◈ tangado [tˈɑŋgɑdɔ] v. inf. of tangada-, to make firm, confirm, establish ◇ Ety/389 ◈ thala [θˈɑlɑ] adj. stalwart, steady, firm ◇ Ety/388 ◈ thenid [θˈɛnid] adj. firm, true, abiding ◇ Ety/388 ◈ thenin [θˈɛnin] adj. firm, true, abiding ◇ Ety/388

firmament ◈ menel* [mˈɛnɛl̡] n. sky, high heaven, firmament, the region of the stars ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, LB/354, RGEO/72, VT/44:21,23-24

first ◈ erui* [ˈɛruj] adj. 1. single, alone ○ 2. by ext. first (incorrect use by the Gondorians) ◇ TI/312, WR/436, VT/42:10 ◈ The proper word for first in Sindarin was minui ◈ main* [m'ɑjn] (mein) adj. num. first, (only in the sense of) prime, chief, pre-eminent ◇ VT/42:25 ◈ minui* [mˈinuj] adj. num. first ◇ VT/42:25

fish ◈ lim* III [lˈim] (lhim, lhimb) n. Zool. fish ◇ Ety/369, X/LH

fist ◈ drambor [drˈɑm.bɔr] n. 1. clenched fist ○ 2. by ext. blow with fist ◇ Ety/354 ◈ paur* [pˈɑur] n. fist (often used to mean "hand"; its chief use was in reference of the tighly closed hand, as in using an implement or a craft-tool, rather than to the fist used in punching) ◇ Ety/366, S/429, PM/179, PM/318

fit ◈ maer [mˈɑɛr] adj. useful, fit, good (of things) ◇ Ety/371

five ◈ leben* [lˈɛbɛn] (lheben) adj. num. five ◇ Ety/368, TAI/150, VT/42:24-25, X/LH

fix ◈ penia- [pˈɛni.ɑ] v. to fix, to set ◈ penio [pˈɛni.ɔ] v. inf. of penia-, to fix, to set ◇ Ety/380

flame ◈ lach* [lˈɑx] (lhach) n. leaping flame ◇ S/433, X/LH ◈ lacha-* [lˈɑxɑ] v. to flame ◈ lacho* [lˈɑxɔ] v. imp. of lacha-, flame! ◇ UT/65 ◈ naur* [nˈɑur] n. 1. flame ○ 2. fire ◇ Ety/374, S/435, LotR/II:IV

flap ◈ blab- [blˈɑb] v. to beat, batter, flap (wings, etc.) ◈ blebi [blˈɛbi] v. inf. of blab-, to beat, batter, flap (wings, etc.) ◇ Ety/380

flat ◈ talu* [tˈɑlu] (dalw) adj. flat ◇ Ety/353, X/W

flee ◈ drega-* [drˈɛgɑ] v. to flee ◈ Only the imperative drego is attested. Therefore, the verb may also be dreg- (inf. dregi) ◈ drego* [drˈɛgɔ] v. imp. of drega-, flee! ◇ UT/65

flesh ◈ rhaw* III [ɹ̥ˈɑw] n. flesh, body ◇ MR/350

float ◈ loda-* [lˈɔdɑ] (lhoda-) v. to float ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

floor ◈ pân I [pˈɑːn] pl. pain* [pˈɑjn] (pein) n. plank, fixed board, especially in floor ◇ Ety/380, X/EI ◈ panas [pˈɑnɑs] n. floor ◇ Ety/380 ◈ talaf [tˈɑlɑv] pl. telaif* [tˈɛlɑjv] (teleif) n. ground, floor ◇ Ety/390, X/EI

flow ◈ rib-* [rˈib] (rhib-) v. to flow like a (torrent ?) ◇ Ety/384, X/RH ◈ The reading of the gloss is uncertain ◈ siria- [sˈiri.ɑ] v. to flow ◈ sirio [sˈiri.ɔ] v. inf. of siria-, to flow ◇ Ety/385

flower ◈ alfirin* [ˈɑlfirin] n. and adj. 1. immortal ○ 2. Bot. as a noun, name of a flower, bell-like and running through many soft and gentle colours ○ 3. Bot. as a noun, also used for another small white flower ◇ LotR/V:IX, Letters/402, UT/55, UT/303, UT/316, UT/417 ◈ edlothia-* [ɛdlˈɔθi.ɑ] v. to blossom, flower ← edlothiand WR/293, X/TL ◈ The sentence from WR/293 is hardly legible and is not translated, but this word is however a plausible form ◈ eirien* [ˈɛjri.ɛn] n. Bot. daisy (flower) ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ elanor* [ˈɛlɑnɔr] n. Bot. a flower, a kind of enlarged pimpernel bearing golden and silver flowers ◇ LotR/VI:IX, UT/432, Letters/402 ◈ elloth* [ˈɛl̡lɔθ] n. Bot. (single) flower ◇ VT/42:18 ◈ goloth* [gˈɔlɔθ] n. Bot. inflorescence, a head of small flowers ◇ VT/42:18 ◈ gwaloth [gwˈɑlɔθ] n. Bot. blossom, collection of flowers ◇ Ety/370 ◈ loth* [lˈɔθ] (lhoth) n. Bot. flower, inflorescence, a head of small flowers ◇ Ety/370, LB/354, VT/42:18, X/LH ◈ The noun is collective, a single flower being lotheg ◈ lotheg* [lˈɔθɛg] n. sing. of loth, Bot. (single) flower ◇ VT/42:18 ◈ mallos* [mˈɑllɔs] n. Bot. a golden flower ◇ UT/451, Letters/248 ◈ meril* [mˈɛril̡] n. Bot. rose (flower) ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ ninglor* [nˈiŋglɔr] n. Bot. golden water-flower, gladden ◇ UT/280-81, UT/450 ◈ nínim [nˈiːnim] n. Bot. snowdrop (flower) ◇ Ety/367 ◈ niphredil* [nˈifrɛdil̡] (nifredil) n. Bot. a pale winter flower, snowdrop ◇ Ety/376, Ety/378, LotR/II:VI, Letters/402, X/PH ◈ seregon* [sˈɛrɛgɔn] n. Bot. "Blood of Stone", a plant of the kind called in English "stonecrop", with deep red flowers, that grew on Amon Rûdh ◇ S/437 ◈ uilos* [ˈujlɔs] n. and adj. 1. always white, ever white as snow ○ 2. Bot. as a noun, a small white everlasting flower also called simbelmynë, evermind, alfirin ◇ RGEO/74, Letters/278, UT/55 ◈ See also alfirin

flowering ◈ edlothiad* [ɛdlˈɔθi.ɑd] ger. of edlothia-, blossoming, flowering ← edlothiand WR/293 ◈ Actually, edlothiand might be a misreading, according to David Salo who checked the original manuscript at Marquette and reported that his reading was unmistakably edlothiad

flowing ◈ cell* [kˈɛl̡l] adj. 1. running ○ 2. by ext. flowing (of water) ← Celduin LotR/Map

fly ◈ revia-* [rˈɛvi.ɑ] v. 1. to fly, sail ○ 2. to wander ◈ revio* [rˈɛvi.ɔ] (rhevio (corr. rhenio)) v. inf. of revia-, 1. to fly, sail ○ 2. to wander ◇ Ety/382, X/RH

foam ◈ falf [fˈɑlv] n. foam, breaker ◇ Ety/381 ◈ faltha- [fˈɑlθɑ] v. to foam ◈ faltho [fˈɑlθɔ] v. inf. of faltha-, to foam ◇ Ety/381

foaming ◈ espalass [ˈɛspɑlɑss] n. foaming, (?)fall (reading of gloss uncertain) ◇ Ety/381

foe ◈ gûd† n. foe ◇ [PJ-Movie] ◈ Inscription on Aragorn's Hunting Knife and Glamdring, Official Movie Magazine #2 (source: Gwaith i Phethdain)

fog ◈ hîth* [hˈiːθ] (hith) n. mist, fog ◇ Ety/364, S/432 ◈ hithu* [hˈiθu] (hithw) n. fog ◇ Ety/364, X/W ◈ mith I [mˈiθ] n. white fog, wet mist ◇ Ety/373

foggy ◈ hethu* [hˈɛθu] (hethw) adj. foggy, obscure, vague ◇ Ety/364, X/W

follow ◈ aphad-* [ˈɑffɑd] v. to follow ◇ WJ/387 ◈ In WJ/387, the verbal stem is given as aphad-, and the etymology as *ap-pata. If we follow the latter, the verb should perhaps read aphada-

follower ◈ aphadon* [ˈɑffɑdɔn] pl. ephedyn* [ˈɛffɛdyn] n. 1. follower ○ 2. by ext. man (elvish name for men) ◇ WJ/387 ◈ aphadrim* [ɑffˈɑdrim] n. class pl. of aphadon, followers, men (elvish name for men) ◇ WJ/387 ◈ bŷr* I [bˈyːr] (bior, beor) n. follower, vassal ◇ Ety/352, X/IU ◈ echil* [ˈɛxil̡] n. 1. follower ○ 2. by ext. human being ◇ WJ/219

food ◈ aes [ˈɑɛs] n. cooked food, meat ◇ Ety/349

footprint ◈ rein* I [rˈɛjn] (rhein, rhœin) n. slot, spoor, track, footprint ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

footstool ◈ tharas [θˈɑrɑs] n. hassock, footstool ◇ Ety/388

for ◈ an* [ɑn] prep. to, towards, for ◇ LotR/II:IV, UT/39, SD/129-31 ◈ With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath

ford ◈ athrad* [ˈɑθrɑd] pl. ethraid* [ˈɛθrɑjd] n. (river-)crossing, ford, way ◇ Ety/349, Ety/383, UT/437 ◈ iach* [jˈɑx] n ford, crossing ← Arossiach S/382, Brithiach S/286, Cirith Ninniach S/387

forest ◈ taur* II [tˈɑur] n. great wood, forest ◇ Ety/391, S/420, S/438 ◈ tawar* [tˈɑwɑr] n. 1. wood (as a material) ○ 2. by ext. great wood, forest ← Tawar-in-Drúedain UT/467, Ety/391

forester ◈ tauron* [tˈɑurɔn] n. forester ◇ S/421, PM/258

forgive ◈ díhena-* [dˈiːhɛnɑ] v. to forgive (with matter forgiven as object?) ◇ VT/44:29 ◈ See also gohena- ◈ díheno* [dˈiːhɛnɔ] v. imp. of díhena-, forgive! ◇ VT/44:21,28 ◈ gohena-* [gˈɔhɛnɑ] v. to forgive (with person forgiven as object?) ◇ VT/44:29 ◈ See also díhena-

forked ◈ thanc* [θˈɑŋk] adj. cleft, split, forked ← Orthanc S/415, Ety/388

formation ◈ dírnaith* [dˈiːrnɑjθ] n. Mil. a military wedge-formation launched over a short distance against an enemy massing but not yet arrayed, or against a defensive formation on open ground ◇ UT/282

formed ◈ cadu* [kˈɑdu] (cadw) adj. shaped, formed ◇ Ety/362-363, X/W

former ◈ iaur* [jˈɑur] adj. 1. ancient, old, original ○ 2. older, former ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, S/433, UT/384

forsake ◈ awartha- [ɑwˈɑrθɑ] v. to forsake, abandon ◇ Ety/397

forsaken ◈ eglan* [ˈɛglɑn] pl. eglain* [ˈɛglɑjn] n. and adj. 1. forsaken ○ 2. as a noun, an elf of the Falathrim ◇ WJ/365, WJ/379-380 ◈ egol* [ˈɛgl̩] n. someone forsaken, an elf of the Falathrim ← Eglath WJ/189, WJ/344

fort ◈ garth [gˈɑrθ] n. fort, fortress ◇ Ety/360 ◈ minas* [mˈinɑs] (minnas) n. 1. tower ○ 2. by ext. fort, city with a citadel and central watch-tower ◇ Ety/373, S/434, VT/42:24

forth ◈ ed- [ɛd] pref. forth, out ◇ Ety/356

fortress ◈ barad* II [bˈɑrɑd] pl. beraid* [bˈɛrɑjd] n. tower, fortress ◇ Ety/351, S/428, LotR/B ◈ garth [gˈɑrθ] n. fort, fortress ◇ Ety/360 ◈ ost* [ˈɔst] n. 1. city, town with wall round ○ 2. fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art ◇ Ety/379, S/435, WJ/414 ◈ othronn* [ˈɔθrɔnn] (othrond*) n. fortress or city in underground caves, underground stronghold ◇ Ety/379, Ety/384, WJ/414, X/ND4

fortune ◈ galu* [gˈɑlu] (galw) n. (?) blessings, (?) blessedness, (?) good fortune(?) (meaning not entirely clear) ◇ Ety/357, X/W ◈ manadh [mˈɑnɑð] n. 1. doom, final end, fate, fortune ○ 2. by ext. final bliss ◇ Ety/371

four ◈ canad* [kˈɑnɑd] adj. num. four ◇ Ety/362, VT/42:24,25

fourth ◈ canthui* [kˈɑnθuj] adj. num. fourth ◇ VT/42:25,27

fox ◈ rusc* [rˈusk] n. Zool. fox ◇ VT/41:10

free ◈ lain* I [lˈɑjn] (lhein, lhain) adj. free, freed ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

freed ◈ lain* I [lˈɑjn] (lhein, lhain) adj. free, freed ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

freeing ◈ leithian* [lˈɛjθi.ɑn] (lheithian) n. release, freeing, release from bondage ◇ Ety/368, S/406, X/LH

frequent ◈ rem* II [rˈɛm] (rhem, rhemb) adj. frequent, numerous ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

fresh ◈ laeb* [lˈɑɛb] (lhoeb) adj. fresh ◇ Ety/368, X/OE, X/LH ◈ laeg* II [lˈɑɛg] adj. 'viridis' fresh and green ◇ Letters/282, Letters/382 ◈ Seldom used (replaced by calen)

friend ◈ elvellon* [ɛl̡vˈɛl̡lɔn] pl. elvellyn* [ɛl̡vˈɛl̡lyn] n. elf-friend ◇ WJ/412 ◈ meldir [mˈɛl̡dir] n. m. friend ◇ Ety/372 ◈ meldis [mˈɛl̡dis] n. f. friend ◇ Ety/372 ◈ mellon* [mˈɛl̡lɔn] pl. mellyn* [mˈɛl̡lyn] n. friend ◇ Ety/372, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-31, Letters/424

friendly ◈ milui [mˈiluj] adj. friendly, loving, kind ◇ Ety/372

friendship ◈ gwend II [gwˈɛnd] n. bond, friendship ◇ Ety/397-398, X/ND1

frog ◈ cabor [kˈɑbr̩] (cabr) n. Zool. frog ◇ Ety/362

from ◈ o* I [ɔ] (od*) prep. from, of; preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker ◇ Ety/360, WJ/366, WJ/369-70, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-31, RGEO/72 ◈ According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

front ◈ nîf [nˈiːv] n. front, face ◇ Ety/378

full ◈ pant* [pˈɑnt] adj. full ◇ Ety/366, SD/129-31

fullness ◈ pathred [pˈɑθrɛd] n. fullness ◇ Ety/366

fungus ◈ hwand [ʍˈɑnd] (chwand, chwann) n. sponge, fungus ◇ Ety/388, X/ND1, X/HW

fur ◈ heleth [hˈɛlɛθ] n. fur, fur-coat ◇ Ety/386 ◈ helf [hˈɛl̡v] n. fur ◇ Ety/386

gap ◈ dîn II [dˈiːn] n. opening, gap, pass in mountains ◇ Ety/354 ◈ gas [gˈɑs] n. hole, gap ◇ Ety/357

garden ◈ sant* [sˈɑnt] n. garden, field, yard, or other place in private ownership whether enclosed or not ◇ VT/42:20

garland ◈ rî* [rˈiː] (rhî) n. crown, wreath, garland ◇ Ety/383, PM/347, X/RH

garment ◈ hamp [hˈɑmp] n. garment ◇ Ety/363

gate ◈ annon* [ˈɑnnɔn] pl. ennyn* [ˈɛnnyn] n. great door or gate ◇ Ety/348, S/428, LotR/II:IV, TAI/150

gateway ◈ fennas* [fˈɛnnɑs] n. doorway, gateway ◇ LotR/II:IV, RS/463, RGEO/75

gay ◈ gelir* [gˈɛlir] n. merry, happy, gay person ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ meren [mˈɛrɛn] adj. festive, gay, joyous ◇ Ety/372 ◈ The word was changed to beren in the Etymologies, but meren would be restored together with mereth

gaze ◈ tir- [tˈir] v. to watch, to gaze, look at ◈ tiri [tˈiri] v. inf. of tir-, to watch, to gaze, look at ◇ Ety/394 ◈ tiria- [tˈiri.ɑ] pa. t. tiriant [tˈiri.ɑnt] v. to watch, to gaze, look at ◇ Ety/394 ◈ tirio [tˈiri.ɔ] v. inf. of tiria-, to watch, to gaze, look at ◇ Ety/394

gazed ◈ tíriel* [tˈiːri.ɛl̡] perf. of tiria-, having gazed ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74

gazing ◈ tiriel* [tˈiri.ɛl̡] part. of tiria-, gazing ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74

generous ◈ fael* I [fˈɑɛl] adj. fair minded, just, generous ◇ PM/352

germ ◈ eredh [ˈɛrɛð] n. seed, germ ◇ Ety/356

giddiness ◈ hwîn* [ʍˈiːn] (chwîn) n. giddiness, faintness ◇ Ety/388, X/HW

giddy ◈ hwiniol* [ʍˈini.ɔl] (chwiniol) part. of hwinia-, whirling, giddy, fantastic ◇ Ety/388

gift ◈ ant [ˈɑnt] n. gift ◇ Ety/348

girdle ◈ lest* [lˈɛst] n. girdle ◇ WJ/333, WJ/225, WJ/228

girl ◈ iell [jˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid ◇ Ety/385, Ety/400 ◈ Stated to be an alteration of sell, remodelled after ion "son" (OS *jondo). It was "a change assisted by the loss of s in compounds and patronymics", hence the ending -iel in several feminine words ◈ sell [sˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid (child) ◇ Ety/385

give ◈ anna- [ˈɑnnɑ] v. to give ◈ anno I [ˈɑnnɔ] v. inf. of anna-, to give ◇ Ety/348 ◈ anno* II [ˈɑnnɔ] v. imp. of anna-, give! ◇ VT/44:21,27

giver ◈ oneth* [ˈɔnɛθ] n. f. giver ← besoneth PM/404-05

gladden ◈ ninglor* [nˈiŋglɔr] n. Bot. golden water-flower, gladden ◇ UT/280-81, UT/450

glance ◈ glinna-* [glˈinnɑ] (glintha-*) n. to glance at ◇ WJ/337, X/Z ◈ The form glintha- is theorically impossible in Sindarin, and can only be regarded as an (earlier) Old Sindarin form: according to our current understanding of the Sindarin phonology, it should evolve into glinna-

glass ◈ cenedril [kɛnˈɛdril̡] n. looking-glass, mirror ◇ TI/184, RS/466 ◈ heledh* [hˈɛlɛd] n. glass ◇ S/433

gleam ◈ glîn* [glˈiːn] (glînn*) n. gleam, glint (usually of fine slender but bright shafts of light; particularly applied to light of eyes) ◇ WJ/337, S/431

glimmering ◈ gael [gˈɑɛl] adj. pale, glimmering ◇ Ety/358

glint ◈ glîn* [glˈiːn] (glînn*) n. gleam, glint (usually of fine slender but bright shafts of light; particularly applied to light of eyes) ◇ WJ/337, S/431 ◈ tinna- [tˈinnɑ] v. to glint ◈ tinno [tˈinnɔ] v. inf. of tinna-, to glint ◇ Ety/393

glister ◈ thilia- [θˈili.ɑ] v. to glister ◈ thilio [θˈili.ɔ] v. inf. of thilia-, to glister ◇ Ety/392 ◈ The Etymologies erroneously class this word as Quenya

glittering ◈ galad* [gˈɑlɑd] n. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished metal, or water) ◇ VT/45:13, PM/347, Letters/425 ◈ silivren* [silˈivrɛn] adj. (white) glittering ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/72

globe ◈ coron* [kˈɔrɔn] n. 1. globe, ball ○ 2. by ext. mound ◇ Ety/365, S/429

globed ◈ corn [kˈɔrn] adj. round, globed ◇ Ety/365

gloom ◈ daw [dˈɑw] n. night-time, gloom ◇ Ety/354 ◈ fuin* [fˈujn] n. night, dead of night, gloom, darkness ◇ Ety/354, Ety/382, S/431 ◈ maur [mˈɑur] n. gloom ◇ Ety/373

gloomy ◈ dem [dˈɛm] adj. sad, gloomy ◇ Ety/354 ◈ No language indication in the Etymologies, but Noldorin from context and phonological evidence ◈ dofn [dˈɔvn] adj. gloomy ◇ Ety/355

glorify ◈ egleria-* [ɛglˈɛri.ɑ] v. to glorify, to praise ◈ eglerio* [ɛglˈɛri.ɔ] v. imp. of egleria-, glorify! praise! ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308

glorious ◈ aglareb* [ˈɑglɑrɛb] adj. glorious ◇ Ety/348, S/427, WJ/412

glory ◈ aglar* [ˈɑglɑr] n. glory, brilliance ◇ Ety/348, S/427, LotR/II:I, LotR/VI:IV, RGEO/73 ◈ claur [klˈɑur] n. Poet. splendour, glory ◇ Ety/362

goblet ◈ sûl II [sˈuːl] n. goblet ◇ Ety/388

goblin ◈ orch* [ˈɔrx] pl. yrch* [ˈyrx] (eirch, erch) n. goblin, Orc ◇ Ety/379, LR/406, WJ/390, LotR/II:VI, LotR/F, Letters/178

gold ◈ côl [kˈɔːl] n. gold (metal) ◇ Ety/365 ◈ mall* [mˈɑlt] (malt) n. gold (as metal) ◇ Ety/386, X/LD ◈ mallen [mˈɑllɛn] adj. of gold ◇ Ety/386 ◈ malthen [mˈɑlθɛn] adj. of gold, golden ◇ Ety/386

golden ◈ malthen [mˈɑlθɛn] adj. of gold, golden ◇ Ety/386

good ◈ maer [mˈɑɛr] adj. useful, fit, good (of things) ◇ Ety/371

goose ◈ gwaun [gwˈɑun] pl. goen* [gˈɔɛn] (guin) n. Orn. goose ◇ Ety/397, X/Z

gore ◈ naith* [nˈɑjθ] pl. natsai [nˈɑtsɑj] n. any formation or projection tapering to a point: a spearhead, gore, wedge, narrow promontory, triangle ◇ Ety/387, UT/282

gorge ◈ cabed* [kˈɑbɛd] ger. of cab-, 1. leap ○ 2. by ext. deep gorge ◇ S/386, WJ/100 ◈ Emended by Tolkien from earlier cabad. This is our sole late example that basic verbs should perhaps form their gerund in -ed, whereas derived verbs are well attested to use -ad (cf. aderthad) ◈ cîl [kˈiːl] n. cleft, pass between hills, gorge ◇ Ety/365

grass ◈ thâr [θˈɑːr] n. stiff grass ◇ Ety/388

grassland ◈ nan* [nˈɑn] (nand*, nann) n. 1. wide grassland, land at foot of hills with many streams ○ 2. by ext. valley ◇ Ety/374, S/435, Letters/308, VT/45:36, X/ND1 ◈ parth* [pˈɑrθ] n. field, enclosed grassland ◇ UT/260, PM/330

grave ◈ haudh* [hˈɑuð] n. (burial) mound, grave, tomb ◇ Ety/363-364, S/432, LotR/A(iv) ◈ sarch* [sˈɑrx] n. grave ◇ UT/463

gravel ◈ brith [brˈiθ] n. gravel ◇ Ety/353

great ◈ beleg* [bˈɛlɛg] adj. great, mighty ◇ Ety/352, S/428 ◈ daer* I [dˈɑɛr] adj. great ◇ UT/450, WJ/187, WJ/335, VT/42:11

greedy ◈ melch [mˈɛl̡x] adj. greedy ◇ Ety/373

green ◈ calen* [kˈɑlɛn] pl. celin* [kˈɛlin] adj. green ◇ Ety/362, S/429, Letters/282 ◈ laeg* II [lˈɑɛg] adj. 'viridis' fresh and green ◇ Letters/282, Letters/382 ◈ Seldom used (replaced by calen)

greet ◈ suila-* [sˈujlɑ] v. to greet ← suilad SD/129-31 ◈ suilanna-* [sujlˈɑnnɑ] v. to greet, to give greetings ← suilannad SD/129-31

greeting ◈ suil* [sˈujl] n. greeting ← Arassuil LotR/A(ii) ◈ Deduced from Arassuil, conceivably aran+suil. For the meaning, see suilad ◈ suilad* [sˈujlɑd] ger. of suila-, greeting ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ suilannad* [sujlˈɑnnɑd] ger. of suilanna-, greeting, giving of greetings ◇ SD/129-31

grey ◈ mith* II [mˈiθ] adj. (pale) grey ◇ Ety/373, S/434, TC/187 ◈ mithren* [mˈiθrɛn] pl. mithrin* [mˈiθrin] adj. grey ◇ UT/436 ◈ thind* [θˈind] (thinn) adj. grey, pale ◇ Ety/392, S/438

gross ◈ host [hˈɔst] n. gross (144) ◇ Ety/364

ground ◈ talaf [tˈɑlɑv] pl. telaif* [tˈɛlɑjv] (teleif) n. ground, floor ◇ Ety/390, X/EI

grow ◈ gala- [gˈɑlɑ] v. to grow ◈ galo [gˈɑlɔ] v. inf. of gala-, to grow ◇ Ety/357

growth ◈ galas [gˈɑlɑs] n. growth, plant ◇ Ety/357

guard ◈ tirith* [tˈiriθ] n. watch, guard (abstract noun), vigilance ◇ Ety/394, S/437, Letters/158, VT/42:11

guarded ◈ tirnen* [tˈirnɛn] pp. of tir-, guarded ← Talath Dirnen UT/465, Ety/394, S/437

guess ◈ inc [ˈiŋk] n. guess, idea, notion ◇ Ety/361

gulf ◈ iâ* [jˈɑː] (ia) n. 1. gulf ○ 2. abyss, void ◇ Ety/400, S/432, Letters/383 ◈ iau II [jˈɑu] n. ravine, cleft, gulf ◇ Ety/400

gull ◈ gwael* [gwˈɑɛl] n. Orn. gull ◇ WJ/418 ◈ maew [mˈɑɛw] n. Orn. gull ◇ Ety/373 ◈ mŷl* [mˈyːl] n. Orn. gull ◇ WJ/379-380, WJ/418

habit ◈ haew [hˈɑɛw] n. custom, habit ◇ Ety/364 ◈ Written hæw (with ae-ligature) in the Etymologies

hack ◈ hasta- [hˈɑstɑ] v. to hack through ◈ hasto [hˈɑstɔ] v. inf. of hasta-, to hack through ◇ Ety/389

hair ◈ fast [fˈɑst] n. shaggy hair ◇ Ety/381 ◈ finnel [fˈinnɛl̡] (findel) n. (braided) hair ◇ Ety/387, X/ND2 ◈ laws* [lˈɑws] (lhaws) n. hair ringlet ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

half ◈ per- [pɛr] pref. half, divided in middle ◈ perin [pˈɛrin] adj. half, divided in middle ◇ Ety/380

halfling ◈ perian* [pˈɛri.ɑn] pl. periain* [pˈɛri.ɑjn] n. hobbit, halfling ◇ LotR/VI:IV, LotR/E, RGEO/75, Letters/308, X/ND4 ◈ periannath* [pˌɛri.ˈɑnnɑθ] n. coll. of perian, the hobbits, halflings ◇ LotR/VI:IV, LotR/E-F, RGEO/75, Letters/308

hall ◈ tham [θˈɑm] (thamb) n. hall ◇ Ety/387 ◈ thamas [θˈɑmɑs] (thambas) n. great hall ◇ Ety/387

halt ◈ daro* [dˈɑrɔ] v. imp. of dar-, halt! stop! ◇ Ety/353, LotR/II:VI ◈ post [pˈɔst] n. pause, halt, rest, cessation, respite ◇ Ety/382

hammer ◈ dam [dˈɑm] n. hammer ◇ Ety/375 ◈ damma- (corr. damna) [dˈɑmmɑ] pa. t. dammant (corr. dammint) [dˈɑmmant] v. to hammer ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37 ◈ It was long considered that damna-, dammint might have been a misreading. VT/45:37 confirms this, though the reading is actually uncertain ◈ dring* [drˈiŋ] n. hammer ← Glamdring H, Ety/355

hand ◈ cam* [kˈɑm] (camb, camm) n. hand ◇ Ety/361, Ety/371, S/429 ◈ camlann* [kˈɑmlɑnn] (camland) n. palm of hand ◇ Ety/367, X/ND4 ◈ crum [krˈum] n. left hand ◇ Ety/366 ◈ fair* II [fˈɑjr] (feir, fœir) n. right (hand) ◇ Ety/382 ◈ hair* [hˈɑjr] (heir) n. and adj. left (hand) ◇ Ety/365, X/EI ◈ paur* [pˈɑur] n. fist (often used to mean "hand"; its chief use was in reference of the tighly closed hand, as in using an implement or a craft-tool, rather than to the fist used in punching) ◇ Ety/366, S/429, PM/179, PM/318 ◈ talf* I [tˈɑlv] (dalf) n. palm of hand ◇ Ety/353

handed ◈ crumui [krˈumuj] adj. left-handed ◇ Ety/366 ◈ erchamion* [ɛrxˈɑmi.ɔn] adj. one-handed ◇ WJ/51, WJ/231, ◈ erchammui [ɛrxˈɑmmuj] (erchamui) adj. one-handed ◇ Ety/361, X/Z ◈ forgam [fˈɔrgɑm] adj. right-handed ◇ Ety/382 ◈ hargam [hˈɑrgɑm] n. left-handed ◇ Ety/365

handy ◈ maed* II [mˈɑɛd] (moed) adj. handy, skilled ◇ Ety/371, X/OE

hang ◈ gling [glˈiŋ] n. hang, dangle ◇ Ety/359, Ety/369

happy ◈ gelir* [gˈɛlir] n. merry, happy, gay person ◇ SD/129-31

harass ◈ trasta- [trˈɑstɑ] v. to harass, trouble ◇ Ety/391

harbour ◈ hûb [hˈuːb] n. haven, harbour, small landlocked bay ◇ Ety/364 ◈ lond* [lˈɔnd] (lonn*, lhonn) n. 1. narrow path or strait ○ 2. by ext. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven ◇ Ety/348, Ety/370, S/434, UT/450, VT/42:10, X/LH, X/ND1

harbourage ◈ hobas [hˈɔbɑs] n. harbourage ◇ Ety/364

hard ◈ norn [nˈɔrn] pl. nyrn* [nˈyrn] adj. 1. twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted ○ 2. hard ◇ Ety/387

harp ◈ ganna- [gˈɑnnɑ] v. to play a harp ◈ gannada- [gˈɑnnɑdɑ] v. to play a harp ◈ gannado [gˈɑnnɑdɔ] v. inf. of gannada-, to play a harp ◇ Ety/377 ◈ gannel [gˈɑnnɛl̡] (gandel) n. harp ◇ Ety/377, X/ND2 ◈ ganno [gˈɑnnɔ] v. inf. of ganna-, to play a harp ◇ Ety/377

harper ◈ talagan* [tˈɑlɑgɑn] (talagand) n. harper ◇ Ety/377, X/ND4

hasp ◈ taew [tˈɑɛw] n. holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple ◇ Ety/390

hassock ◈ tharas [θˈɑrɑs] n. hassock, footstool ◇ Ety/388

hasty ◈ celeg* [kˈɛlɛg] adj. swift, agile, hasty ◇ Ety/366, PM/353, VT/41:10

hat ◈ carab* [kˈɑrɑb] n. hat ◇ WJ/187

hateful ◈ delu* [dˈɛlu] (delw) adj. hateful, deadly, fell ◇ Ety/355, X/W

have ◈ gar- [gˈɑr] v. to hold, have ◈ garo [gˈɑrɔ] v. inf. of gar-, to hold, have ◇ Ety/360 ◈ gerin [gˈɛrin] v. 1st of gar-, I hold, I have ◇ Ety/360

haven ◈ círbann* [kˈiːrbɑnn] (cirban) n. haven ◇ Ety/380, X/ND4 ◈ hûb [hˈuːb] n. haven, harbour, small landlocked bay ◇ Ety/364 ◈ lond* [lˈɔnd] (lonn*, lhonn) n. 1. narrow path or strait ○ 2. by ext. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven ◇ Ety/348, Ety/370, S/434, UT/450, VT/42:10, X/LH, X/ND1

havens ◈ lonnath* [lˈɔnnɑθ] n. coll. of lond, havens ◇ WR/294, WR/370

hawthorn ◈ toss [tˈɔss] n. Bot. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.) ◇ Ety/379, Ety/395

he ◈ e* [ɛ] pron. he ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ The meaning "he" is deduced from the apparent function of this word in the so-called "King's Letter", but it also seems possible to interpret it as "indeed" (as in Q. e, LR/63, VT/45:11), used here in a way of formal address expressing the wishes of the King ◈ ho [hɔ] (hon, hono) pl. hyn* [hyn] (huin) pron. he ◇ Ety/385, X/Z

headland ◈ cast* [kˈɑst] n. cape, headland ← Angast VT/42:28

heal ◈ nesta- [nˈɛstɑ] v. to heal ← nestad WR/379-380

healing ◈ nestad [nˈɛstɑd] ger. of nesta-, healing ◇ WR/379-80 ◈ nestadren [nɛstˈɑdrɛn] pl. nestedrin (corr. nestedriu) [nɛstˈɛdrin] adj. healing ◇ WR/380

heap ◈ cum [kˈum] (cumb) n. mound, heap ◇ Ety/365 ◈ ovras [ˈɔvrɑs] n. crowd, heap. ◇ Ety/396

hearer ◈ lathron* [lˈɑθrɔn] (lhathron) n. hearer, listener, eavesdropper ◇ Ety/368, X/LH ◈ lethril* [lˈɛθril] (lhethril) n. f. hearer, listener, eavesdropper ◇ VT/45:26, X/LH

heart ◈ gûr* I [gˈuːr] n. heart (in the moral sense), counsel ◇ VT/41:11,15 ◈ hûn [hˈuːn] n. heart (physical) ◇ Ety/364 ◈ ind [ˈind] (inn) n. inner thought, meaning, heart ◇ Ety/361, X/ND1

heat ◈ brass [brˈɑss] n. white heat ◇ Ety/351 ◈ ûr I [ˈuːr] n. fire, heat ◇ Ety/396

heaven ◈ menel* [mˈɛnɛl̡] n. sky, high heaven, firmament, the region of the stars ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, LB/354, RGEO/72, VT/44:21,23-24

heavy ◈ long* [lˈɔŋ] (lhong) adj. heavy ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

hedge ◈ cai* [kˈɑj] n. hedge ◇ UT/282

height ◈ taen I [tˈɑɛn] n. height, summit of high mountain ◇ Ety/389

heir ◈ hîl* [hˈiːl] n. heir ← Eluchíl PM/369

helm ◈ thôl* [θˈɔːl] n. helm ◇ S/438

hem ◈ glân* II [glˈɑːn] n. hem, border (of textile and other hand-made things) ◇ VT/42:8 ◈ rîw* [rˈiːw] (rhîf) n. edge, hem, border ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

herb ◈ athelas* [ˈɑθɛlɑs] n. Bot. "kingsfoil", a healing herb brought to Middle-earth by the Númenóreans ◇ LotR/V:VIII ◈ salab [sˈɑlɑb] pl. selaib* [sˈɛlɑjb] (seleb) n. Bot. herb ◇ Ety/385, X/EI

here ◈ sí* [sˈiː] adv. here ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/72

hero ◈ callon [kˈɑllɔn] n. hero ◇ Ety/362 ◈ thalion* [θˈɑli.ɔn] pl. thelyn [θˈɛlyn] n. hero, dauntless man (especially as surname of Húrin Thalion) ◇ Ety/388, S/438

hew ◈ drava- [drˈɑvɑ] pa. t. drammen [drˈɑmmɛn] v. to hew ◇ Ety/354 ◈ dravo [drˈɑvɔ] v. inf. of drava-, to hew ◇ Ety/354

hewn ◈ drafn [drˈɑvn] adj. hewn ◇ Ety/354

hidden ◈ dolen [dˈɔlɛn] pp. of doltha-, concealed, hidden ◇ Ety/355 ◈ hall II [hˈɑll] adj. veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady ◇ Ety/386 ◈ thurin [θˈurin] adj. secret, hidden ◇ LB/304, Ety/394

hideous ◈ uanui [ˈu.ɑnuj] adj. monstrous, hideous ◇ Ety/351

high ◈ ara-* [ɑrɑ] (ar-*) pref. high, noble, royal ◇ S/428 ◈ brand [brˈɑnd] (brann) adj. 1. lofty, noble, fine ○ 2. high (in size) ◇ Ety/351, TAI/150, X/ND1 ◈ taur III [tˈɑur] adj. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime ◇ Ety/395

hill ◈ amon* [ˈɑmɔn] pl. emyn* [ˈɛmyn] (emuin) n. hill, steep-sided mount ◇ Ety/348, LotR/E ◈ dôl [dˈɔːl] (dol*) n. 1. head ○ 2. by ext. hill or mountain ◇ Ety/376, S/430 ◈ mindon [mˈindɔn] n. 1. isolated hill, especially a hill with a watch tower ○ 2. by ext. tower ◇ Ety/373, Ety/395 ◈ tund [tˈund] (tunn) n. hill, mound ◇ Ety/395, X/ND1

hindmost ◈ tele [tˈɛlɛ] pl. telei [tˈɛlɛj] n. end, rear, hindmost part ◇ Ety/392

his ◈ în* I [ˈiːn] adj. his (referring to the subject) ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ tîn* [tˈiːn] adj. his ← bess dîn SD/129-31

historical ◈ gobennathren [gˌɔbɛnnˈɑθrɛn] adj. historical ◇ Ety/366

history ◈ gobennas [gɔbˈɛnnɑs] n. history ◇ Ety/366 ◈ pennas [pˈɛnnɑs] n. history, historical account ◇ Ety/366, WJ/192, WJ/206

hobbit ◈ perian* [pˈɛri.ɑn] pl. periain* [pˈɛri.ɑjn] n. hobbit, halfling ◇ LotR/VI:IV, LotR/E, RGEO/75, Letters/308, X/ND4 ◈ periannath* [pˌɛri.ˈɑnnɑθ] n. coll. of perian, the hobbits, halflings ◇ LotR/VI:IV, LotR/E-F, RGEO/75, Letters/308

hold ◈ gar- [gˈɑr] v. to hold, have ◈ garo [gˈɑrɔ] v. inf. of gar-, to hold, have ◇ Ety/360 ◈ gerin [gˈɛrin] v. 1st of gar-, I hold, I have ◇ Ety/360

holder ◈ taew [tˈɑɛw] n. holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple ◇ Ety/390

hole ◈ dath [dˈɑθ] n. hole, pit ◇ Ety/354 ◈ gas [gˈɑs] n. hole, gap ◇ Ety/357 ◈ torech [tˈɔrɛx] n. lair, hole ◇ WR/202

hollow ◈ coll* II [kˈɔll] adj. hollow ◇ WJ/414 ◈ raudh* [rˈɑuð] (rhaudh) adj. hollow, cavernous ◇ Ety/384, X/RH ◈ rosta- [rˈɔstɑ] v. to hollow out, excavate ◈ rosto [rˈɔstɔ] v. inf. of rosta-, to hollow out, excavate ◇ Ety/384

holly ◈ ereg* [ˈɛrɛg] pl. erig [ˈɛrig] n. Bot. holly-tree, thorn ◇ Ety/356, S/431 ◈ eregdos [ɛrˈɛgdɔs] n. Bot. holly, holly-tree ◇ Ety/356, Ety/379, Ety/395 ◈ toss [tˈɔss] n. Bot. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.) ◇ Ety/379, Ety/395

holy ◈ aer* II [ˈɑɛr] adj. holy ◇ VT/44:21,24

home ◈ bar* [bˈɑr] pl. bair* [bˈɑjr] n. 1. dwelling, home ○ 2. by ext. inhabited land ◇ S/428, WR/379-80, SD/129-31

honey ◈ glî [glˈiː] n. honey ◇ Ety/369 ◈ medlin* [mˈɛdlin] (meglin) adj. honey-eater, bear-like ◇ Ety/369, X/DL

honeycomb ◈ nîdh [nˈiːð] n. honeycomb ◇ VT/45:38

hook ◈ gamp [gˈɑmp] n. hook, claw ◇ Ety/357

hop ◈ laba-* [lˈɑbɑ] v. to hop ← Labadal UT/60 ◈ This entry is interpolated from Sador's nickname, Labadal, which is rendered as "Hopafoot" in the text

hope ◈ amdir* [ˈɑmdir] n. hope based on reason ◇ MR/320 ◈ estel* [ˈɛstɛl̡] n. hope, trust, a temper of mind, steady fixed in purpose, and difficult to dissuade and unlikely to fall into despair or abandon its purpose ◇ WJ/318-319, LotR/A(v), MR/320 ◈ hartha-* [hˈɑrθɑ] v. to hope ← Harthad SD/62 ◈ harthad* [hˈɑrθɑd] ger. of hartha-, hope ◇ SD/62

horde ◈ hoth* [hˈɔθ] n. Pej. host, crowd, horde (nearly always in a bad sense) ◇ Ety/364, S/432

horn ◈ rafn* [rˈɑvn] (rhafn) n. wing (horn), extended point at side, etc. ◇ Ety/382, X/RH ◈ ras* [rˈɑs] (rhass (corr. rhaes)) pl. rais* [rˈɑjs] n. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains) ◇ Ety/383, LotR/E, S/436, X/RH ◈ rasg* [rˈɑsg] (rhasg) n. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains) ◇ Ety/383, X/RH ◈ rom* [rˈɔm] (rhom) n. horn, trumpet ◇ Ety/384, WJ/400, X/RH ◈ romru* [rˈɔmru] (rhomru) n. sound of horns ◇ Ety/384, X/RH ◈ tarag [tˈɑrɑg] n. 1. horn ○ 2. by ext. steep mountain path ◇ Ety/391 ◈ till [tˈil̡l] (tild) n. horn, point ◇ Ety/393

horrible ◈ deleb [dˈɛlɛb] adj. horrible, abominable, loathsome ◇ Ety/355 ◈ gortheb (corr. gorthob) * [gˈɔrθɛb] adj. horrible ◇ WJ/415

horror ◈ del [ˈdɛl̡] n. fear, disgust, loathing, horror ◇ Ety/355 ◈ girith* [gˈiriθ] n. shuddering, horror ◇ Ety/358, S/431 ◈ gorgor* [gˈɔrgɔr] n. extreme horror ◇ WJ/415 ◈ gorog* [gˈɔrɔg] n. horror ◇ WJ/415 ◈ goroth [gˈɔrɔθ] n. horror ◇ Ety/377 ◈ gorth* [gˈɔrθ] n. horror ◇ WJ/415

horse ◈ roch* [rˈɔx] n. Zool. horse, swift horse for riding ◇ Ety/384, S/436, Letters/178, Letters/282, Letters/382

host ◈ gweth [gwˈɛθ] n. 1. manhood ○ 2. by ext. man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment ◇ Ety/398 ◈ hoth* [hˈɔθ] n. Pej. host, crowd, horde (nearly always in a bad sense) ◇ Ety/364, S/432 ◈ rim* I [rˈim] (rhim, rhimb) n. crowd, host, great number ◇ Ety/383, S/436, Letters/178, Letters/382, X/RH

hot ◈ born* [bˈɔrn] adj. hot, red ◇ Letters/426-27 ◈ urui* [ˈuruj] n. and adj. 1. hot ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of august ◇ LotR/D

hound ◈ rŷn* [rˈyːn] (rhŷn) n. Zool. "chaser", hound of chase ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

house ◈ adab [ˈɑdɑb] pl. edaib* [ˈɛdɑjb] (edeb) n. building, house ◇ Ety/390, WR/379-80, X/EI ◈ car [kˈɑr] (cardh) n. house, building ◇ Ety/362 ◈ gobel [gˈɔbɛl̡] n. walled house or village, town ◇ Ety/380 ◈ nost* [nˈɔst] n. kindred, family, house ◇ PM/360 ◈ See also noss ◈ nothrim* [nˈɔθrim] n. class pl. kindred, family, house ← Nothrim [> Nost] Finarfin PM/360 ◈ The word was rejected in favor of nost, but it may be interpreted as a valid class plural "those of the house"

household ◈ herth [hˈɛrθ] n. Mil. household, troop under a "hîr" (master, lord) ◇ Ety/364

howl ◈ gaul [gˈɑul] n. wolf-howl ◇ Ety/377 ◈ gawa- [gˈɑwɑ] (gaw-) v. to howl ◇ Ety/377, X/Z

howling ◈ gawad [gˈɑwɑd] ger. of gawa-, howling ◇ Ety/377

huge ◈ taur III [tˈɑur] adj. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime ◇ Ety/395

human ◈ echil* [ˈɛxil̡] n. 1. follower ○ 2. by ext. human being ◇ WJ/219 ◈ firen [fˈirɛn] adj. human ◇ Ety/381

hummock ◈ gwastar [gwˈɑstɑr] n. hummock ◇ Ety/388, Ety/399

hump ◈ tump [tˈump] n. hump ◇ Ety/395

hunt ◈ fara- [fˈɑrɑ] v. to hunt ◈ faro [fˈɑrɔ] v. inf. of fara-, to hunt ◇ Ety/387 ◈ rui* [rˈuj] (rhui, rhuiw) n. hunt, hunting ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

hunter ◈ faradrim [fɑrˈɑdrim] n. class pl. of feredir, hunters ◇ Ety/387 ◈ faron [fˈɑrɔn] n. m. hunter ← Elfaron Ety/387 ◈ faroth* [fˈɑrɔθ] n. (?) hunter, (?) group of hunters ← Taur-en-Faroth S/431, Ety/387 ◈ feredir [fˈɛrɛdˌir] n. hunter ◇ Ety/387

hunting ◈ farad [fˈɑrɑd] ger. of fara-, hunting ← faradrim Ety/387 ◈ faras [fˈɑrɑs] n. hunting ◇ Ety/387 ◈ rui* [rˈuj] (rhui, rhuiw) n. hunt, hunting ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

hurl ◈ had- [hˈɑd] pa. t. hant [hˈɑnt] v. to hurl ◇ Ety/363 ◈ hedi [hˈɛdi] v. inf. of had-, to hurl ◇ Ety/363

husband ◈ hervenn [hˈɛrvɛn] (herven) n. m. husband ◇ Ety/352, Ety/364, X/ND4

i ◈ im* I [ˈim] pron. I ◇ LotR/II:IV, LB/354

ice ◈ heleg [hˈɛlɛg] n. ice ◇ Ety/364

icicle ◈ aeglos* [ˈɑɛglɔs] n. 1. Bot. snowthorn, a plant like furze (gorse), but larger and with white flowers ○ 2. Geol. icicle (a pendent spear of ice formed by the freezing of dripping water) ◇ UT/417, LotR/Index

icy ◈ helegnen† pl. helegnin† adj. icy ◇ [PJ-Movie] ◈ Inscription on Aeglos, Gil-galad's Spear, Official Movie Magazine #3 (source: Gwaith i Phethdain)

idea ◈ inc [ˈiŋk] n. guess, idea, notion ◇ Ety/361 ◈ naw [nˈɑw] pl. noe* [nˈɔɛ] (nui) n. idea ◇ Ety/378, X/Z

if ◈ ae† II conj. if ◇ [PJ-Movie] ◈ Dialogs: Bruinen Raid II (source: Gwaith i Phethdain). Conceivably reconstructed after Quenya ai-quen "if anybody, whoever" (WJ/372). Highly hypothetical, as it conflicts with ae I

ill ◈ lhaew* [ɬˈɑɛw] (thlaew, thloew, flaew) adj. sickly, sick, ill ◇ Ety/386, X/OE, X/LH

immortal ◈ alfirin* [ˈɑlfirin] n. and adj. 1. immortal ○ 2. Bot. as a noun, name of a flower, bell-like and running through many soft and gentle colours ○ 3. Bot. as a noun, also used for another small white flower ◇ LotR/V:IX, Letters/402, UT/55, UT/303, UT/316, UT/417

impelled ◈ horn [hˈɔrn] adj. driven under compulsion, impelled ◇ Ety/364

impetuous ◈ alag [ˈɑlɑg] adj. rushing, impetuous ◇ Ety/348, VT/45:5 ◈ asgar [ˈɑsgɑr] (ascar) adj. violent, rushing, impetuous ◇ Ety/386 ◈ gorn I [gˈɔrn] adj. impetuous ◇ Ety/359

impetus ◈ gorf [gˈɔrv] n. impetus, vigour ◇ Ety/359

in ◈ ned* [nɛd] prep. in, of (time, e.g. giving a date) ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ nedh- [nɛð] pref. in, inside, mid- ◇ Ety/376 ◈ See also the preposition ned, and the noun ened for a discussion of this form ◈ vi* [vi] prep. in ◇ VT/44:21,27

incline ◈ talad [tˈɑlɑd] n. an incline, slope ◇ Ety/390

inclined ◈ dadbenn [dˈɑdbɛnn] (dadben) adv. downhill, inclined, prone ◇ Ety/354, Ety/380, X/ND4

inflorescence ◈ goloth* [gˈɔlɔθ] n. Bot. inflorescence, a head of small flowers ◇ VT/42:18 ◈ loth* [lˈɔθ] (lhoth) n. Bot. flower, inflorescence, a head of small flowers ◇ Ety/370, LB/354, VT/42:18, X/LH ◈ The noun is collective, a single flower being lotheg

innumerable ◈ arnediad [ɑrnˈɛdi.ɑd] (arnœdiad*) adj. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless ◇ Ety/349, Ety/378, S/428 ◈ aronoded [ɑrˈɔnɔdɛd] adj. innumerable, countless, endless ◇ Ety/378 ◈ See also arnediad

insecure ◈ talt [tˈɑlt] adj. slipping, falling, insecure ◇ Ety/390

insert ◈ nestag- [nˈɛstɑg] pa. t. nestanc [nˈɛstɑŋk] v. to insert, stick in ◇ Ety/388 ◈ nestegi [nˈɛstɛgi] v. inf. of nestag-, to insert, stick in ◇ Ety/388

inside ◈ nedh- [nɛð] pref. in, inside, mid- ◇ Ety/376 ◈ See also the preposition ned, and the noun ened for a discussion of this form

instead ◈ sennui* [sˈɛnnuj] adj. rather, instead (used as an adverb?) ◇ SD/129-31

insult ◈ eitha-* [ˈɛjθɑ] v. 1. to prick with a sharp point, to stab ○ 2. by ext. to treat with scorn, insult ◇ WJ/365 ◈ eithad* [ˈɛjθɑd] ger. of eitha-, insult ◇ WJ/365

intelligence ◈ hannas [hˈɑnnɑs] n. understanding, intelligence ◇ Ety/363

intelligent ◈ hand [hˈɑnd] (hann) adj. intelligent ◇ Ety/363, X/ND1

intend ◈ thel-* [θˈɛl̡] v. to intend, mean, purpose, resolve, will ◇ WJ/318-319

iron ◈ ang* [ˈɑŋ] n. iron ◇ Ety/348, S/428, PM/347 ◈ angren* [ˈɑŋgrɛn] pl. engrin* [ˈɛŋgrin] adj. of iron ◇ Ety/348, S/428

island ◈ tol* [tˈɔl] (toll) pl. tyll [tˈyll] n. island, isle rising with sheer sides from the sea or from a river ◇ Ety/394, S/438

isle ◈ tol* [tˈɔl] (toll) pl. tyll [tˈyll] n. island, isle rising with sheer sides from the sea or from a river ◇ Ety/394, S/438

isolated ◈ ereb* [ˈɛrɛb] pl. erib* [ˈɛrib] adj. isolated, lonely ◇ Ety/356, S/431, UT/422, VT/42:10

it ◈ ha [hɑ] (hana) pl. hain* [hɑjn] (hein) pron. it ◇ Ety/385, LotR/II:IV, X/EI ◈ ten* [dɛn] pron. (?)it (as object) ← caro den VT/44:21,25-6

january ◈ narwain* [nˈɑrwɑjn] n. Cal. january (month) ◇ LotR/D

jaw ◈ anc [ˈɑŋk] n. jaw, row of teeth ◇ Ety/348, Ety/374 ◈ carach* [kˈɑrɑx] n. jaw ◇ S/429 ◈ naew [nˈɑɛw] n. jaw ◇ Ety/374

jerk ◈ rinc* [rˈiŋk] (rhinc) n. twitch, jerk, trick, sudden move ◇ Ety/383, X/RH ◈ ritha-* [rˈiθɑ] v. to jerk, twitch, snarch ◈ ritho* [rˈiθɔ] (rhitho) v. inf. of ritha-, to jerk, twitch, snarch ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

jewel ◈ mîr* [mˈiːr] n. jewel, precious thing, treasure ◇ Ety/373, LotR/E, S/434, PM/348, LB/354, RGEO/73 ◈ mírdan* [mˈiːrdɑn] pl. mírdain* [mˈiːrdɑjn] n. jewel-smith ◇ S/401

journey ◈ lend* I [lˈɛnd] (lenn-*) n. journey ← lenn-mbas PM/404, X/ND1

joy ◈ gell [gˈɛl̡l] n. joy, triumph ◇ Ety/359 ◈ glass [glˈɑss] (glas) n. joy ◇ Ety/357

joyous ◈ meren [mˈɛrɛn] adj. festive, gay, joyous ◇ Ety/372 ◈ The word was changed to beren in the Etymologies, but meren would be restored together with mereth

jubilation ◈ gellam [gˈɛl̡lɑm] n. jubilation ◇ Ety/359

judge ◈ badhor [bˈɑðr̩] n. judge ◇ Ety/350 ◈ badhron [bˈɑðrɔn] n. judge ◇ Ety/350

judgement ◈ baudh [bˈɑuð] n. judgement ◇ Ety/350

juice ◈ paich* [pˈɑjx] (peich) n. juice, syrup ◇ Ety/382, X/EI ◈ saw [sˈɑw] pl. soe* [sˈɔɛ] (sui) n. juice ◇ Ety/385, X/Z

juicy ◈ pihen [pˈihɛn] (pichen) adj. juicy ◇ Ety/382, X/Z

july ◈ cerveth* [kˈɛrvɛθ] n. Cal. july (month) ◇ LotR/D

june ◈ nórui* [nˈɔːruj] n. and adj. 1. sunny, fiery ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of june ◇ LotR/D

just ◈ fael* I [fˈɑɛl] adj. fair minded, just, generous ◇ PM/352

keen ◈ laeg* I [lˈɑɛg] (lhaeg) adj. keen, sharp, acute ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

keep ◈ heb-* [hˈɛb] v. to retain, keep, do not give away or release, keep hold of ← *khep VT/41:6 ◈ hebin* [hˈɛbin] v. 1st of heb-, I keep, I have kept ← ú-chebin LotR/A(v), VT/41:6 ◈ Because of the mutation triggered by the first person pronominal ending, it is impossible to guess whether the stem of this should be heb-, *hab- or *hob-. The root KHEP listed in VT/41:6 apparently implies that heb- is the correct form

kind ◈ milui [mˈiluj] adj. friendly, loving, kind ◇ Ety/372

kindle ◈ nartha- [nˈɑrθɑ] v. to kindle ◈ nartho [nˈɑrθɔ] v. inf. of nartha-, to kindle ◇ VT/45:37

kindler ◈ thoniel* [θˈɔni.ɛl̡] n. f. kindler ← Gilthoniel LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74

kindred ◈ noss* [nˈɔss] (nos) n. kindred, family, clan ◇ Ety/378, PM/320 ◈ nost* [nˈɔst] n. kindred, family, house ◇ PM/360 ◈ See also noss ◈ nothrim* [nˈɔθrim] n. class pl. kindred, family, house ← Nothrim [> Nost] Finarfin PM/360 ◈ The word was rejected in favor of nost, but it may be interpreted as a valid class plural "those of the house"

king ◈ âr [ˈɑːr] n. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region) ◇ Ety/389 ◈ See also taur I ◈ aran* [ˈɑrɑn] pl. erain* [ˈɛrɑjn] n. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region) ◇ Ety/360, S/428, LotR/II:IV, LotR/VI:VII, SD/129-31, Letters/426 ◈ taur I [tˈɑur] n. king (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes) ◇ Ety/389, Ety/395 ◈ See also aran. In LotR/IV:IV, Frodo is called Daur, which might be the mutated form of this word

kingdom ◈ aranarth* [ˈɑrɑnɑrθ] n. kingdom, "king-holding" ◇ VT/44:22,25 ◈ In Tolkien's manuscript, this form was rejected in favor of arnad ◈ arnad* [ˈɑrnɑd] n. kingdom ◇ VT:44:21,25

kingfisher ◈ heledir [hˈɛlɛdˌir] (heledirn) n. Orn. kingfisher (bird) ◇ Ety/363, Ety/386, Ety/394

kingsfoil ◈ athelas* [ˈɑθɛlɑs] n. Bot. "kingsfoil", a healing herb brought to Middle-earth by the Númenóreans ◇ LotR/V:VIII

kinsman ◈ gwanur [gwˈɑnur] n. 1. a pair of twins ○ 2. brother or kinsman, kinswoman ◇ Ety/378, Ety/392, LotR/A(iv)

kinswoman ◈ gwanur [gwˈɑnur] n. 1. a pair of twins ○ 2. brother or kinsman, kinswoman ◇ Ety/378, Ety/392, LotR/A(iv)

knife ◈ sigil I [sˈigil̡] n. dagger, knife ◇ Ety/385

knob ◈ dolt II [dˈɔlt] pl. dylt [dˈylt] n. round knob, boss ◇ Ety/376

knock ◈ tamma- [tˈɑmmɑ] v. to knock ◈ tammo (corr. tamno) [tˈɑmmɔ] v. inf. of tamma-, to knock ◇ Ety/390

knot ◈ nardh [nˈɑrð] n. knot ◇ Ety/387

knotted ◈ norn [nˈɔrn] pl. nyrn* [nˈyrn] adj. 1. twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted ○ 2. hard ◇ Ety/387

knowledge ◈ gûl* [gˈuːl] n. 1. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who made wonderful things) ○ 2. by ext. perverted or evil knowledge, sorcery, necromancy ◇ Ety/377, S/432, MR/350, WJ/383 ◈ ist [ˈist] n. lore, knowledge ◇ Ety/361 ◈ ista- [ˈistɑ] v. to have knowledge ◈ isto [ˈistɔ] v. inf. of ista-, to have knowledge ◇ Ety/361

labour ◈ muda- [mˈudɑ] v. to labour, toil ◈ mudas [mˈudɑs] n. labour, toil ◇ Ety/373 ◈ The Etymologies list this word as the past tense of the verb mudo, but actually it looks more like a noun ◈ mudo [mˈudɔ] v. inf. of muda-, to labour, toil ◇ Ety/373 ◈ The Etymologies list mudas as the past tense of this this verb, but actually this form looks more like a noun "labour, toil" ◈ tass [tˈɑss] (tars) n. labour, task ◇ Ety/391

lacking ◈ pen* I [pɛn] prep. without, lacking, -less ← Iarwain ben-adar LotR/II:II

lady ◈ brennil [brˈɛnnil̡] n. f. lady ◇ Ety/351 ◈ dî [dˈiː] n. f. Poet. woman, lady ◇ Ety/352, Ety/354 ◈ heryn* [hˈɛryn] n. f. lady ← Roheryn S/436 ◈ hiril [hˈiril̡] n. f. lady ◇ Ety/364 ◈ rîn* I [rˈiːn] (rhîn, rhien) n. and adj. 1. crowned ○ 2. by ext. as a noun, crowned lady, queen ◇ Ety/393, Ety/389, X/RH

lair ◈ caew [kˈɑɛw] n. lair, resting-place ◇ Ety/363 ◈ torech [tˈɔrɛx] n. lair, hole ◇ WR/202

lake ◈ ael* [ˈɑɛl] (oel) pl. aelin* [ˈɑɛlin] (oelin) n. lake, pool, mere ◇ Ety/349, S/427, X/OE ◈ lô* [lˈɔː] n. shallow lake, fenland ◇ UT/263 ◈ nen* [nˈɛn] pl. nîn* [nˈiːn] n. 1. water (used of a lake, pool or lesser river) ○ 2. by ext. waterland ◇ Ety/376, S/435, UT/457 ◈ rim* II [rˈim] (rhim, rhimb) n. cold pool or lake (in mountains) ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

lament ◈ naergon* [nˈɑɛrgɔn] n. woeful lament ◇ PM/362

lamentable ◈ naer* [nˈɑɛr] (noer) adj. sad, lamentable ◇ Ety/375, X/OE

lamentation ◈ conath* [kˈɔnɑθ] n. coll. of caun I, 1. many voices ○ 2. by ext. lamentation ◇ PM/361-362 ◈ nírnaeth [nˈiːrnɑɛθ] n. lamentation ◇ Ety/376

lamp ◈ calar* [kˈɑlɑr] n. lamp ← celerdain LotR/V:I, WR/287

lampwright ◈ calardan* [kɑlˈɑrdɑn] pl. celerdain* [kɛlˈɛrdɑjn] n. lampwright ◇ LotR/V:I, WR/287

land ◈ dôr* [dˈɔːr] (dor*) n. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live ◇ Ety/376, S/430, WJ/413, Letters/417, VT/45:38 ◈ The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor ◈ talath* [tˈɑlɑθ] (dalath) n. 1. flat surface, plane ○ 2. flat land, plain, (wide) valley ← Talath Dirnen UT/465, Ety/353, S/437 ◈ talf* II [tˈɑlv] n. flat field, flat land ← Nindalf TC/195, LotR/Map

language ◈ annúnaid* [ɑnnˈuːnɑjd] n. Ling. the "Westron" language (one of the names for Common Speech) ◇ PM/316 ◈ falathren* [fɑlˈɑθrɛn] n. and adj. 1. of the shore ○ 2. Ling. as a noun, Shore-language (one of the names for Common Speech) ◇ Ety/381, PM/32, PM/55 ◈ lam* II [lˈɑm] n. Ling. language ◇ WJ/394

last ◈ brona- [brˈɔnɔ] v. to last, to survive ◈ brono [brˈɔnɔ] v. inf. of brona-, to last, to survive ◇ Ety/353 ◈ dartha- [dˈɑrθɑ] v. to wait, stay, last, endure, remain ◇ Ety/353, VT/45:8 ◈ medui* [mˈɛduj] adj. last ← na vedui, Arvedui LotR/I:XII, LotR/A(iv)

lasting ◈ bronadui [brˈɔnɑduj] adj. enduring, lasting ◇ Ety/353 ◈ bronwe* [brˈɔnwɛ] n. endurance, lasting quality, faith ◇ Ety/353, SD/62

later ◈ ab-* [ɑb] pref. after, later ← Abonnen WJ/387

laugh ◈ gladha-* [glˈɑðɑ] v. to laugh ← gladh- PM/359

laughter ◈ lalaith* [lˈɑlɑjθ] n. laughter ◇ S/406

lay ◈ glaer [glˈɑɛr] n. long lay, narrative poem ◇ Ety/359 ◈ Written glær (with ae-ligature) in the Etymologies ◈ glîr [glˈiːr] n. song, poem, lay ◇ Ety/359

lead ◈ tegi [tˈɛgi] v. inf. of tog-, to lead, bring ◇ Ety/395 ◈ tog- [tˈɔg] v. to lead, bring

leaf ◈ galenas* [gˈɑlɛnɑs] n. Bot. pipe-weed (leaf) or "westmansweed", a variety of Nicotiana ◇ LotR/V:VIII ◈ lass* [lˈɑss] (lhass) n. leaf ◇ Ety/367, Letters/282, TC/169, X/LH

league ◈ daur* [dˈɑur] n. 1. pause, stop ○ 2. by ext. league (about 3 miles) ◇ UT/279, UT/285

lean ◈ lhain* II [ɬˈɑjn] (thlein) pl. lhîn* [ɬˈiːn] (thlîn) adj. lean, thin, meagre ◇ Ety/386, X/LH

leap ◈ cab-* [kˈɑb] v. to leap ← cabed S/386, WJ/100 ◈ cabed* [kˈɑbɛd] ger. of cab-, 1. leap ○ 2. by ext. deep gorge ◇ S/386, WJ/100 ◈ Emended by Tolkien from earlier cabad. This is our sole late example that basic verbs should perhaps form their gerund in -ed, whereas derived verbs are well attested to use -ad (cf. aderthad)

learned ◈ golwen [gˈɔlwɛn] adj. wise, learned in deep arts ◇ Ety/377 ◈ istui [ˈistuj] adj. learned ◇ Ety/361

leather ◈ lath* [lˈɑθ] (lhath) n. (?) thong of leather ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

left ◈ crom [krˈɔm] n. left ◇ Ety/366 ◈ crum [krˈum] n. left hand ◇ Ety/366 ◈ crumui [krˈumuj] adj. left-handed ◇ Ety/366 ◈ hair* [hˈɑjr] (heir) n. and adj. left (hand) ◇ Ety/365, X/EI ◈ hargam [hˈɑrgɑm] n. left-handed ◇ Ety/365

letter ◈ têw* [tˈɛːw] pl. tîw* [tˈiːw] n. letter, written sign ◇ Ety/391, WJ/396, LotR/II:IV, LotR/E, Letters/427

level ◈ land* I [lˈɑnd] (lhand) adj. open space, level ◇ Ety/368, X/LH, X/ND1 ◈ pathu* [pˈɑθu] (pathw) n. level space, sward ◇ Ety/380, X/W

lick ◈ lav-* [lˈɑv] v. to lick ◈ levi* [lˈɛvi] (lhefi) v. inf. of lav-, to lick ◇ Ety/367, X/LH

life ◈ cuil [kˈujl] n. life ◇ Ety/366

light ◈ calad* [kˈɑlɑd] ger. light ◇ Ety/362, UT/65 ◈ gail I [gˈɑjl] n. bright light ◇ Ety/362 ◈ gal- [gɑl] pref. light ← galvorn, etc. ◈ galad* [gˈɑlɑd] n. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished metal, or water) ◇ VT/45:13, PM/347, Letters/425 ◈ glaur [glˈɑur] (glor-) n. Theo. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/368 ◈ lim* II [lˈim] adj. clear, sparkling, light ◇ WJ/337

like ◈ sui* II [sˈuj] prep. as, like ◇ VT/44:21,27

limit ◈ gleina-* [glˈɛjnɑ] v. to bound, enclose, limit ◇ VT/42:8, VT/42:28 ◈ This entry should perhaps read gleinia-, cf. VT/42:28, note 13 ◈ taeg* [tˈɑɛg] n. boundary, limit, boundary line ◇ WJ/309

line ◈ taeg* [tˈɑɛg] n. boundary, limit, boundary line ◇ WJ/309 ◈ tê [tˈɛː] n. line, way ◇ Ety/391 ◈ tî [tˈiː] n. line, row ◇ Ety/392

lion ◈ raw* II [rˈɑw] (rhaw) pl. roe* [rˈɔɛ] (rhui) n. lion ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

listen ◈ lasta-* [lˈɑstɑ] v. to listen ◈ lasto* [lˈɑstɔ] v. imp. of lasta-, listen! ◇ LotR/II:IV, RS/463, LB/354 ◈ lathra-* [lˈɑθrɑ] v. to listen in, eavesdrop ◈ lathrada-* [lˈɑθrɑdɑ] v. to listen in, eavesdrop ◈ lathrado* [lˈɑθrɑdɔ] (lhathrado) v. inf. of lathrada-, to listen in, eavesdrop ◇ Ety/368, X/LH ◈ lathro* [lˈɑθrɔ] (lhathro) v. inf. of lathra-, to listen in, eavesdrop ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

listener ◈ lathron* [lˈɑθrɔn] (lhathron) n. hearer, listener, eavesdropper ◇ Ety/368, X/LH ◈ lethril* [lˈɛθril] (lhethril) n. f. hearer, listener, eavesdropper ◇ VT/45:26, X/LH

little ◈ tithen [tˈiθɛn] pl. tithin [tˈiθin] adj. little, tiny ◇ Ety/394

live ◈ cuinar* [kˈujnɑr] v. 3rd pl. of cuina-, (they) live ← i-chuinar Letters/417

loaf ◈ basgorn [bˈɑsgɔrn] n. loaf (of bread) ◇ Ety/372, Ety/365

loathing ◈ del [ˈdɛl̡] n. fear, disgust, loathing, horror ◇ Ety/355 ◈ delos [dˈɛlɔs] (deloth) n. abhorrence, detestation, loathing ◇ Ety/355

loathsome ◈ deleb [dˈɛlɛb] adj. horrible, abominable, loathsome ◇ Ety/355

lode ◈ rant* [rˈɑnt] n. 1. lode, vein ○ 2. course, riverbed ◇ Ety/383, S/436

lofty ◈ arth* [ˈɑrθ] adj. (unknown meaning, perhaps noble, lofty, exalted) ← Arthedain LotR ◈ brand [brˈɑnd] (brann) adj. 1. lofty, noble, fine ○ 2. high (in size) ◇ Ety/351, TAI/150, X/ND1 ◈ orchal* [ˈɔrxl̩] (orchall, orchel) adj. 1. superior, lofty, eminent ○ 2. tall ◇ Ety/363, Ety/379, WJ/305 ◈ In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may be have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

lonely ◈ ereb* [ˈɛrɛb] pl. erib* [ˈɛrib] adj. isolated, lonely ◇ Ety/356, S/431, UT/422, VT/42:10

long ◈ anann* [ˈɑnɑnn] adv. long, for a long time ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308 ◈ and* [ˈɑnd] (ann) adj. long ◇ Ety/348, S/427, X/ND1 ◈ taen II [tˈɑɛn] adj. long (and thin) ◇ Ety/391

look ◈ thîr* [θˈiːr] n. look, face, expression, countenance ◇ Ety/392, VT/41:10 ◈ tir- [tˈir] v. to watch, to gaze, look at ◈ tiri [tˈiri] v. inf. of tir-, to watch, to gaze, look at ◇ Ety/394 ◈ tiria- [tˈiri.ɑ] pa. t. tiriant [tˈiri.ɑnt] v. to watch, to gaze, look at ◇ Ety/394 ◈ tirio [tˈiri.ɔ] v. inf. of tiria-, to watch, to gaze, look at ◇ Ety/394 ◈ tiro* [tˈirɔ] v. imp. of tir-, look! ◇ LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278-79, Letters/427

lord ◈ brannon [brˈɑnnɔn] n. m. lord ◇ Ety/351 ◈ hîr* [hˈiːr] n. m. master, lord ◇ Ety/364, S/432, SD/129-31, Letters/382, LB/354, VT/45:22

lore ◈ angol II [ˈɑŋgɔl] n. Arch., Poet. deep lore, magic ◇ Ety/377 ◈ ist [ˈist] n. lore, knowledge ◇ Ety/361

loud ◈ brui* [brˈuj] adj. loud, noisy ← Bruinen LotR/Index

love ◈ mela- [mˈɛlɑ] pa. t. melant [mˈɛlɑnt] v. to love ◇ VT/45:34 ◈ meleth [mˈɛlɛθ] n. love ◇ Ety/372 ◈ melo [mˈɛlɔ] v. inf. of mela-, to love ◇ VT/45:34 ◈ mîl [mˈiːl] n. love, affection ◇ Ety/372

lover ◈ melethril [mɛlˈɛθril̡] n. f. lover ◇ Ety/372 ◈ melethron [mɛlˈɛθrɔn] n. m. lover ◇ Ety/372 ◈ seron* [sˈɛrɔn] n. lover ◇ PM/348

loving ◈ milui [mˈiluj] adj. friendly, loving, kind ◇ Ety/372

low ◈ tofn [tˈɔvn] adj. lowlying, deep, low ◇ Ety/394

lowlying ◈ tofn [tˈɔvn] adj. lowlying, deep, low ◇ Ety/394

lust ◈ mael* II [mˈɑɛl] (moel) n. lust ◇ Ety/373, X/OE

lustful ◈ maelui* [mˈɑɛluj] (moelui) adj. lustful ◇ Ety/373, X/OE

machine ◈ gaud [gˈɑud] n. device, contrivance, machine ◇ Ety/358

magic ◈ angol II [ˈɑŋgɔl] n. Arch., Poet. deep lore, magic ◇ Ety/377 ◈ gûl* [gˈuːl] n. 1. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who made wonderful things) ○ 2. by ext. perverted or evil knowledge, sorcery, necromancy ◇ Ety/377, S/432, MR/350, WJ/383

magician ◈ gollor [gˈɔllɔr] n. magician ◇ Ety/377

maid ◈ elleth* [ˈɛl̡lɛθ] n. f. elf-maid ◇ WJ/148, WJ/256, WJ/363-364 ◈ iell [jˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid ◇ Ety/385, Ety/400 ◈ Stated to be an alteration of sell, remodelled after ion "son" (OS *jondo). It was "a change assisted by the loss of s in compounds and patronymics", hence the ending -iel in several feminine words ◈ sell [sˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid (child) ◇ Ety/385

make ◈ caro* [kˈɑrɔ] v. imp. of car-, do! make! ◇ VT/44:21,25 ◈ echad- [ˈɛxɑd] pa. t. echant* [ˈɛxɑnt] v. to fashion, make ◈ echedi [ˈɛxɛdi] v. inf. of echad-, to fashion, make ◇ Ety/363, LotR/II:IV

maker ◈ ceredir [kˈɛrɛdˌir] n. doer, maker ◇ Ety/354

making ◈ cared [kˈɑrɛd] ger. of car-, making, doing ← ceredir Ety/354

male ◈ anu* [ˈɑnu] (anw) adj. male ◇ Ety/360, X/W ◈ A literal interpretation of the Etymologies would class this word as a noun, but David Salo notes that the punctuation in The Etymologies is not always reliable. Noldorin anw cannot be cognate to the Quenya noun hanu (*3anû) because the final -u would drop. It must rather be cognate to the Quenya adjective hanwa (*3anwâ) attested under the stem INI, where it is also stated that inw, corresponding to Quenya inya "female", has been remodelled after anw. The combination of these two entries, along with the phonological evidences, clearly indicates that anw is actually an adjective ◈ benn [bˈɛnn] n. m. man, male ◇ Ety/352, VT/45:9

man ◈ abonnen* [ɑbˈɔnnɛn] pl. ebœnnin* [ɛbˈɛnnin] n. and adj. 1. born later, born after ○ 2. as a noun, man, one born later than the Elves, a human being (elvish name for men) ◇ WJ/387 ◈ adan* [ˈɑdɑn] pl. edain* [ˈɛdɑjn] n. man, one of the Second People (elvish name for men) ◇ LotR/A(v), S/427, PM/324, WJ/387, Letters/282 ◈ adanadar* [ɑdˈɑnɑdɑr] pl. edenedair* [ɛdˈɛnɛdɑjr] n. man, one of the Fathers of Men ◇ MR/373 ◈ adanath* [ˈɑdɑnɑθ] n. coll. of adan, men ◇ MR/373 ◈ aphadon* [ˈɑffɑdɔn] pl. ephedyn* [ˈɛffɛdyn] n. 1. follower ○ 2. by ext. man (elvish name for men) ◇ WJ/387 ◈ aphadrim* [ɑffˈɑdrim] n. class pl. of aphadon, followers, men (elvish name for men) ◇ WJ/387 ◈ benn [bˈɛnn] n. m. man, male ◇ Ety/352, VT/45:9 ◈ dîr [dˈiːr] n. m. Arch. man, referring to an adult male (elf, mortal, or of any other speaking race) ◇ Ety/354, Ety/352 ◈ drû* [drˈuː] pl. drúin* [drˈuː.in] n. wild man, wose, púkel-man ◇ UT/385 ◈ In PE/11:31, an older Gnomish word drû, drui meant "wood, forest", and in PE/13:142, the early Noldorin word drú was assigned the meaning "dark". Drû pl. Drúin later came to be used for the name of the Woses, with other derivatives (Drúadan, etc.). "Wose" is actually the modernization of an Anglo-Saxon word wasa only found in the compound wudu-wasa "wild man of the woods", cf. UT/385 sq. In the drafts of the "Ride of the Rohirrim" in WR/343-346, the Woses first appear as "the dark men of Eilenach". Though internally said to derive from drughu in their own tongue, Tolkien's choice for the Sindarin name of the Woses was apparently influenced by earlier meanings assigned to this word ◈ drúadan* [drˈuːɑdɑn] pl. drúedain* [drˈuːɛdɑjn] n. Pop. wild man, one of the Woses ◇ UT/385 ◈ dúnadan* [dˈuːnɑdɑn] pl. dúnedain* [dˈuːnɛdɑjn] n. man of the west, Númenórean ◇ LotR/I:XII, WJ/378, S/390

manhood ◈ gweth [gwˈɛθ] n. 1. manhood ○ 2. by ext. man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment ◇ Ety/398

mantle ◈ coll* III [kˈɔll] n. cloak, mantle ← Thingol S/421, MR/385

maple ◈ toss [tˈɔss] n. Bot. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.) ◇ Ety/379, Ety/395

march ◈ gwaeron* [gwˈɑɛrɔn] n. Cal. march (month) ◇ LotR/D

mark ◈ andaith* [ˈɑndɑjθ] (andeith) n. long-mark, sign used in writing alphabetic tengwar over a vowel, to indicate that it is lengthened. ◇ LotR/E, Ety/391, X/EI ◈ glandagol* [glˈɑndɑgɔl] n. boundary mark ◇ VT/42:8 ◈ tagol* [tˈɑgl̩] n. post, mark ← glandagol VT/42:8, VT/42:28 ◈ taith* [tˈɑjθ] (teith) n. mark ◇ Ety/391, X/EI

master ◈ herdir* [hˈɛrdir] n. m. master ← i-Cherdir SD/129-31 ◈ heron [hˈɛrɔn] n. m. master ◇ VT/45:22 ◈ hîr* [hˈiːr] n. m. master, lord ◇ Ety/364, S/432, SD/129-31, Letters/382, LB/354, VT/45:22 ◈ ortheri [ˈɔrθɛri] v. inf. of orthor-, to master, conquer ◇ Ety/395 ◈ orthor- [ˈɔrθɔr] v. to master, conquer

mastery ◈ tûr [tˈuːr] n. mastery, victory ◇ Ety/395

maxim ◈ linnod* [lˈinnɔd] n. 1. (?) a single verse used as a maxim ○ 2. (?) a chant of a certain metrical type, where each (half-)verse is composed of seven syllables ◇ LotR/A(iv) ◈ The word is not translated by Tolkien. The first meaning assumes that -od is a singulative affix (cf. filigod). The second meaning is proposed by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne in Tolkien's Legendarium p. 132, based on the metrical characteristics of Gilraen's linnod

may ◈ lothron* [lˈɔθrɔn] n. Cal. may (month) ◇ LotR/D

mayor ◈ condir* [kˈɔndir] n. m. mayor ◇ SD/129-31

me ◈ enni* [ˈɛnni] pron. to me ◇ VT/41:11 ◈ See also anim ◈ nin* [nin] pron. me ◇ LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72

meagre ◈ lhain* II [ɬˈɑjn] (thlein) pl. lhîn* [ɬˈiːn] (thlîn) adj. lean, thin, meagre ◇ Ety/386, X/LH

mean ◈ faeg* [fˈɑɛg] (foeg) adj. mean, poor, bad ◇ Ety/387, X/OE ◈ thel-* [θˈɛl̡] v. to intend, mean, purpose, resolve, will ◇ WJ/318-319

meaning ◈ ind [ˈind] (inn) n. inner thought, meaning, heart ◇ Ety/361, X/ND1

meat ◈ aes [ˈɑɛs] n. cooked food, meat ◇ Ety/349

meet ◈ govad-* [gˈɔvɑd] v. to meet ← mae govannen LotR/I:XII, Letters/308

mere ◈ ael* [ˈɑɛl] (oel) pl. aelin* [ˈɑɛlin] (oelin) n. lake, pool, mere ◇ Ety/349, S/427, X/OE

merry ◈ gelir* [gˈɛlir] n. merry, happy, gay person ◇ SD/129-31

mesh ◈ rem* I [rˈɛm] n. mesh, net (esp. for catching, hunter's or fisher's net) ◇ LotR/E, VT/42:29

met ◈ govannen* [gɔvˈɑnnɛn] pp. of govad-, met ◇ LotR/I:XII, Letters/308

metal ◈ côl [kˈɔːl] n. gold (metal) ◇ Ety/365 ◈ raud* [rˈɑud] (rhaud) n. metal ◇ Ety/383, X/RH ◈ tinc [tˈiŋk] n. metal ◇ Ety/394

middle ◈ ened* [ˈɛnɛd] (enedh) n. core, centre, middle ◇ Ety/356, Ety/376, UT/450, Letters/224, VT/41:12,16 ◈ While the word is written enedh in the Etymologies, it seems that Tolkien considered and reconsidered its form throughout his life. Late rough jottings (c. 1968), as well as the text of letter no. 168 and the fact that the toponym Enedwaith was never changed on the LotR map, seems to imply that ened is the (most) definitive form. See also the possibly related preposition ned, which has been suggested to mean "in" (while again a prefix nedh- is seen in the Etymologies) ◈ per- [pɛr] pref. half, divided in middle ◈ perin [pˈɛrin] adj. half, divided in middle ◇ Ety/380

mighty ◈ beleg* [bˈɛlɛg] adj. great, mighty ◇ Ety/352, S/428 ◈ taur III [tˈɑur] adj. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime ◇ Ety/395

military ◈ dírnaith* [dˈiːrnɑjθ] n. Mil. a military wedge-formation launched over a short distance against an enemy massing but not yet arrayed, or against a defensive formation on open ground ◇ UT/282

mine ◈ sabar* [sˈɑbɑr] n. delved mine ← Nornhabar, Anghabar WJ/209, WJ/419, S/380 ◈ The unmutated form is reconstructed from the place name Nornhabar, assuming that the second word is mutated in composition. Though habar as the regular form might be possible as well, in the Qenyaqetsa we find the root SAPA 'dig, excavate' (PE/12:82), so it seems most likely that Tolkien reused this old base, and that the underlying form in those names would indeed be sabar

mirror ◈ cenedril [kɛnˈɛdril̡] n. looking-glass, mirror ◇ TI/184, RS/466

mist ◈ hîth* [hˈiːθ] (hith) n. mist, fog ◇ Ety/364, S/432 ◈ hithlain* [hˈiθlɑjn] n. mist-thread, a substance used by the Elves of Lothlórien to make strong ropes ◇ LotR/II:VIII, LotR/Index ◈ mith I [mˈiθ] n. white fog, wet mist ◇ Ety/373

mocking ◈ iaew [jˈɑɛw] n. mocking, scorn ◇ Ety/400

moisten ◈ limmida-* [lˈimmidɑ] (lhimmid) pa. t. limmint* [lˈimmint] (lhimmint) v. to moisten ◇ Ety/369, X/LH

money ◈ mirian* [mˈiri.ɑn] n. piece of money, coin used in Gondor → canath ◇ PM/45

monster ◈ úan [ˈuː.ɑn] n. monster ◇ Ety/351 ◈ ulunn* [ˈulunn] (ulund, ulun) n. monster, deformed and hideous creature ◇ Ety/396, X/ND4

monstrous ◈ uanui [ˈu.ɑnuj] adj. monstrous, hideous ◇ Ety/351

month ◈ cerveth* [kˈɛrvɛθ] n. Cal. july (month) ◇ LotR/D ◈ girithron* [girˈiθrɔn] n. Cal. december (month) ◇ LotR/D ◈ gwaeron* [gwˈɑɛrɔn] n. Cal. march (month) ◇ LotR/D ◈ gwirith* [gwˈiriθ] n. Cal. april (month) ◇ LotR/D, SD/129-31 ◈ hithui* [hˈiθuj] n. and adj. 1. foggy, misty ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of november ◇ LotR/D ◈ ivanneth* [ivˈɑnnɛθ] n. Cal. september (month) ◇ LotR/D ◈ lothron* [lˈɔθrɔn] n. Cal. may (month) ◇ LotR/D ◈ narbeleth* [nˈɑrbɛlɛθ] n. Cal. october (month) ◇ LotR/D ◈ narwain* [nˈɑrwɑjn] n. Cal. january (month) ◇ LotR/D ◈ nínui* [nˈiːnuj] n. and adj. 1. watery ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of february ◇ LotR/D ◈ nórui* [nˈɔːruj] n. and adj. 1. sunny, fiery ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of june ◇ LotR/D ◈ urui* [ˈuruj] n. and adj. 1. hot ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of august ◇ LotR/D

moon ◈ cúron* [kˈuːrɑn] (cúran) n. the crescent moon ◇ Ety/365, X/Z ◈ ithil* [ˈiθil̡] n. the moon, lit. 'The Sheen' ◇ Ety/361, Ety/385, Ety/392, LotR/E, LB/354

morning ◈ aur* [ˈɑur] n. day, sunlight, morning ◇ Ety/349, S/439 ◈ See also calan

mortal ◈ fair* I [fˈɑjr] (feir*) pl. fîr* [fˈiːr] n. mortal ◇ Ety/381, WJ/387, X/EI ◈ fíreb* [fˈiːrɛb] pl. fírib* [fˈiːrib] adj. mortal ◇ WJ/387 ◈ firiath* [fˈiri.ɑθ] n. coll. of fair I, mortals, human beings ◇ WJ/219, WJ/387 ◈ fíriel* [fˈiri.ɛl̡] (firiel) n. f. mortal maid ◇ Ety/382, PM/195, PM/232 ◈ firieth* [fˈiri.ɛθ] n. f. mortal woman ◇ WJ/387 ◈ firion* [fˈiri.ɔn] n. m. mortal man ◇ WJ/387

mother ◈ nana [nˈɑnɑ] n. hypo. mother, mummy ◇ Ety/348, Ety/374 ◈ naneth [nˈɑnɛθ] n. mother ◇ Ety/348, Ety/374

mound ◈ cerin* [kˈɛrin] n. 1. circular enclosure ○ 2. by ext. mound ◇ Ety/365, S/429 ◈ coron* [kˈɔrɔn] n. 1. globe, ball ○ 2. by ext. mound ◇ Ety/365, S/429 ◈ cum [kˈum] (cumb) n. mound, heap ◇ Ety/365 ◈ haudh* [hˈɑuð] n. (burial) mound, grave, tomb ◇ Ety/363-364, S/432, LotR/A(iv) ◈ tund [tˈund] (tunn) n. hill, mound ◇ Ety/395, X/ND1

mount ◈ amon* [ˈɑmɔn] pl. emyn* [ˈɛmyn] (emuin) n. hill, steep-sided mount ◇ Ety/348, LotR/E

mountain ◈ aegas* [ˈɑɛgɑs] (oegas) pl. aegais* [ˈɑɛgɑjs] (oeges) n. mountain peak ◇ Ety/349, X/OE ◈ aeglir* [ˈɑɛglir] (oeglir) n. range of mountain peaks ← Hithaeglir LotR, Ety/349, X/OE ◈ dôl [dˈɔːl] (dol*) n. 1. head ○ 2. by ext. hill or mountain ◇ Ety/376, S/430 ◈ orod* [ˈɔrɔd] pl. ered* [ˈɛrɛd] (eryd*, ereid) n. mountain ◇ Ety/379, S/435, Letters/263, TC/178 ◈ orodrim [ɔrˈɔdrim] n. range of mountains ◇ Ety/379 ◈ taen I [tˈɑɛn] n. height, summit of high mountain ◇ Ety/389 ◈ tarag [tˈɑrɑg] n. 1. horn ○ 2. by ext. steep mountain path ◇ Ety/391

mountaineer ◈ orodben* [ɔrˈɔdbɛn] pl. œrydbin* [ɛrˈydbin] n. mountaineer, one living in the mountains ◇ WJ/376

mouth ◈ ethir* I [ˈɛθir] n. mouth of river, estuary ◇ LotR/II:X, Ety/356

move ◈ rinc* [rˈiŋk] (rhinc) n. twitch, jerk, trick, sudden move ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

mummy ◈ nana [nˈɑnɑ] n. hypo. mother, mummy ◇ Ety/348, Ety/374

muscle ◈ tû [tˈuː] n. muscle, sinew, vigour, physical strength ◇ Ety/394

mutated ◈ prestannen [prɛstˈɑnnɛn] pp. of presta-, 1. affected ○ 2. Ling. mutated (of a mutated vowel) ◇ Ety/380

mutation ◈ prestanneth [prɛstˈɑnnɛθ] n. Ling. affection of vowels, mutation ◇ Ety/380

my ◈ nín* [nˈiːn] adj. my ◇ UT/40, VT/44:22 ◈ The acute accent in nín has sometimes been regarded as an error for a slanted macron in the manuscript, since all the other attested personal adjectives from Sauron defeated all have a circumflex accent. It was noted though that if the acute accent is confirmed, then this word is probably an enclitic, see HL/73. The acute accent is now confirmed by VT/44

myself ◈ anim* [ˈɑnim] pron. for myself ◇ LotR/A(v) ◈ See also enni

nail ◈ taes [tˈɑɛs] n. nail ◇ Ety/390

naked ◈ hell [hˈɛl̡l] adj. naked ◇ Ety/386 ◈ lanc* I [lˈɑŋk] n. naked ◇ UT/418

name ◈ eneth* [ˈɛnɛθ] n. name ◇ VT/44:21,24 ◈ ess† n. name ◇ [PJ-Movie] ◈ Inscription on Aeglos, Gil-galad's Spear, Official Movie Magazine #3 (source: Gwaith i Phethdain). Updated from Quenya essë. The correct Sindarin word, eneth, has been published since ◈ esta-* [ˈɛstɑ] v. to name ← estathar SD/129-31

narrator ◈ pethron [pˈɛθrɔn] n. narrator ◇ Ety/366

narrow ◈ agor I [ˈɑgr̩] (agr) adj. narrow ◇ Ety/348

neat ◈ puig [pˈujg] adj. clean, tidy, neat ◇ Ety/382

neck ◈ iaeth [jˈɑɛθ] n. neck ◇ Ety/400

necklace ◈ sigil II [sˈigil̡] n. necklace ← Sigil Elu-naeth WJ/258

necromancy ◈ gûl* [gˈuːl] n. 1. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who made wonderful things) ○ 2. by ext. perverted or evil knowledge, sorcery, necromancy ◇ Ety/377, S/432, MR/350, WJ/383 ◈ morgul* [mˈɔrgul] n. black arts, sorcery, necromancy ◇ Ety/377, S/432, WJ/383, MR/350

need ◈ baur [bˈɑur] n. need ◇ Ety/372 ◈ boe* [bˈɔɛ] (bui) v. impers. to need ◇ Ety/372, X/Z ◈ thang* [θˈɑŋ] n. compulsion, duress, need, oppression ◇ Ety/388, S/438

net ◈ gwî [gwˈiː] n. net, web ◇ Ety/398 ◈ raef* [rˈɑɛv] n. net ◇ VT/42:12 ◈ rem* I [rˈɛm] n. mesh, net (esp. for catching, hunter's or fisher's net) ◇ LotR/E, VT/42:29

netted ◈ remmen* [rˈɛmmɛn] pl. remmin* [rˈɛmmin] pp. woven, netted, tangled ← galadhremmin LotR/E, LotR/II:I, RGEO/72

nettled ◈ raen* II [rˈɑɛn] adj. nettled, enlaced ◇ VT/42:11

new ◈ eden [ˈɛdɛn] adj. new, begun again ◇ Ety/349 ◈ gwain* [gwˈɑjn] pl. gwîn* [gwˈiːn] adj. new ← Narwain (Narvinyë) LotR/D, Cf. Ety/399 ◈ sain* [sˈɑjn] (sein) pl. sîn [sˈiːn] adj. new ◇ Ety/385, X/EI

news ◈ siniath [sˈini.ɑθ] n. coll. news, tidings ◇ Ety/385

night ◈ daw [dˈɑw] n. night-time, gloom ◇ Ety/354 ◈ dû* [dˈuː] n. nightfall, late evening, night, dimness ◇ Ety/354, S/430, VT/45:9 ◈ fuin* [fˈujn] n. night, dead of night, gloom, darkness ◇ Ety/354, Ety/382, S/431 ◈ môr* [mˈɔːr] n. darkness, dark, night ◇ Ety/373, Letters/382 ◈ tinnu [tˈinnu] (tindu) n. 1. dusk, twilight, early night (without moon) ○ 2. starry twilight ◇ Ety/355, Ety/393, X/ND2

nightfall ◈ dû* [dˈuː] n. nightfall, late evening, night, dimness ◇ Ety/354, S/430, VT/45:9

nightingale ◈ dúlinn [dˈuːlinn] (dúlind, dúlin*) n. Orn. nightingale ◇ Ety/354, Ety/369, S/430, X/ND4 ◈ merilin [mˈɛrilˌin] (mœrilind) n. Orn. nightingale (bird) ◇ Ety/394, X/ND4

nine ◈ neder* [nˈɛdɛr] adj. num. nine ◇ Ety/376, VT/42:25

ninth ◈ nedrui* [nˈɛdruj] adj. num. ninth ◇ VT/42:10

no ◈ al- [ɑl] pref. no, not ◇ Ety/367 ◈ ú* [ˈuː] pref. no, not (negative prefix or particle) ◇ WJ/369, LotR/A(v)

noble ◈ ara-* [ɑrɑ] (ar-*) pref. high, noble, royal ◇ S/428 ◈ arod* [ˈɑrɔd] adj. noble ◇ PM/363, VT/41:9 ◈ arphen* [ˈɑrfɛn] pl. erphin* [ˈɛrfin] n. a noble ◇ WJ/376 ◈ arth* [ˈɑrθ] adj. (unknown meaning, perhaps noble, lofty, exalted) ← Arthedain LotR ◈ brand [brˈɑnd] (brann) adj. 1. lofty, noble, fine ○ 2. high (in size) ◇ Ety/351, TAI/150, X/ND1 ◈ rodwen* [rˈɔdwɛn] n. high virgin noble ◇ WJ/317

noise ◈ glam* [glˈɑm] (glamm*, glamb*) n. 1. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise ○ 2. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts ○ 3. by ext. as a coll. noun, any body of orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/377, WJ/390, WJ/416

noisy ◈ brui* [brˈuj] adj. loud, noisy ← Bruinen LotR/Index

noose ◈ nŷw* [nˈyːw] (hniof) n. noose ◇ Ety/387, X/IU

north ◈ forn* [fˈɔrn] n. right, north ◇ Ety/382, UT/426, S/431 ◈ forod* [fˈɔrɔd] n. north ◇ Ety/382, S/431, LotR/E ◈ forven [fˈɔrvɛn] n. north ◇ Ety/382 ◈ fuir* [fˈujr] adj. north ◇ VT/42:20

northern ◈ forodren [fɔrˈɔdrɛn] adj. northern ◇ Ety/382

northmen ◈ forodrim [fɔrˈɔdrim] n. class pl. northmen ◇ Ety/392 ◈ forodwaith [fɔrˈɔdwɑjθ] (forodweith) n. pl. 1. northmen ○ 2. by ext. lands of the north ◇ Ety/382, Ety/398, X/EI

nose ◈ bund [bˈund] (bunn) n. 1. snout, nose ○ 2. by ext. cape (of land) ◇ Ety/372, X/ND2 ◈ nem [nˈɛm] (nemb) n. Biol. nose ◇ Ety/376

not ◈ al- [ɑl] pref. no, not ◇ Ety/367 ◈ ú* [ˈuː] pref. no, not (negative prefix or particle) ◇ WJ/369, LotR/A(v)

notion ◈ inc [ˈiŋk] n. guess, idea, notion ◇ Ety/361

novel ◈ sinnarn [sˈinnɑrn] n. novel tale ◇ Ety/385

november ◈ hithui* [hˈiθuj] n. and adj. 1. foggy, misty ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of november ◇ LotR/D

now ◈ si* [si] adv. now ◇ LotR/IV:X, LB/354

number ◈ gwanod [gwˈɑnɔd] n. tale, number ◇ Ety/378

numberless ◈ arnediad [ɑrnˈɛdi.ɑd] (arnœdiad*) adj. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless ◇ Ety/349, Ety/378, S/428

numerous ◈ rem* II [rˈɛm] (rhem, rhemb) adj. frequent, numerous ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

oak ◈ doron [dˈɔrɔn] pl. deren (dœrœn) n. Bot. oak ◇ Ety/355, VT/45:11

oath ◈ gwaedh [gwˈɑɛð] n. bond, troth, compact, oath ◇ Ety/397 ◈ gwest [gwˈɛst] n. oath ◇ Ety/397

oblique ◈ adlant* [ˈɑdlɑnt] (atlant) adj. oblique, slanting ◇ Ety/390, X/TL

obscure ◈ doll [dˈɔll] (dolt) adj. dark, dusky, obscure ◇ Ety/355, Ety/376, X/LD ◈ gwathra-* [gwˈɑθrɑ] v. to overshadow, dim, veil, obscure ◇ VT/42:9 ◈ hethu* [hˈɛθu] (hethw) adj. foggy, obscure, vague ◇ Ety/364, X/W

obstinate ◈ tarlanc [tˈɑrlɑŋk] adj. stiff-necked, obstinate ◇ Ety/390

occasion ◈ lû* [lˈuː] (lhû) n. a time, occasion ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

ocean ◈ gaearon* [gˈɑɛ.ɑrɔn] (gaeron*) n. great sea, ocean ◇ PM/363, PM/348, RGEO/72-73

october ◈ narbeleth* [nˈɑrbɛlɛθ] n. Cal. october (month) ◇ LotR/D

odour ◈ ûl [ˈuːl] n. odour ◇ Ety/378

of ◈ ned* [nɛd] prep. in, of (time, e.g. giving a date) ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ o* I [ɔ] (od*) prep. from, of; preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker ◇ Ety/360, WJ/366, WJ/369-70, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-31, RGEO/72 ◈ According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin ◈ uin* [ujn] prep. of the ◇ SD/129-31

off ◈ ego* [ˈɛgɔ] interj. be off! ◇ WJ/365

old ◈ brûn [brˈuːn] adj. old, that has long endured, or been established, or in use ◇ Ety/353 ◈ gern [gˈɛrn] adj. worn, old, decripit (used of things only) ◇ Ety/360 ◈ iaur* [jˈɑur] adj. 1. ancient, old, original ○ 2. older, former ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, S/433, UT/384 ◈ ingem [ˈiŋgɛm] adj. old (of person, in mortal sense: decripit, suffering from old age) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, Ety/400 ◈ New word coined by the Elves after meeting with men ◈ iphant* [ˈiffɑnt] (ifant) adj. aged, long-lived, old (with no connotation of weakness) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, X/PH

older ◈ iaur* [jˈɑur] adj. 1. ancient, old, original ○ 2. older, former ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, S/433, UT/384

oldest ◈ iarwain* [jˈɑrwɑjn] adj. oldest ◇ LotR/II:II

on ◈ bo* [bɔ] prep. on ◇ VT/44:21,26 ◈ erin* [ɛrin] prep. on the ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ lim* I [lˈim] adv. (?) on ← noro lim LotR/I:XII, RS/196 ◈ See noro for discussion

one ◈ er- [ɛr] pref. alone, one ◇ VT/42:19 ◈ min I [mˈin] adj. num. one ◇ Ety/373 ◈ pen* II [pɛn] pron. one, somebody, anybody ◇ WJ/376 ◈ Usually enclitic; mutated as ben

open ◈ edra-* [ˈɛdrɑ] v. to open ◈ edro* [ˈɛdrɔ] v. imp. of edra-, open! ◇ Ety/357, LotR/II:IV ◈ laden* [lˈɑdɛn] (lhaden) pl. ledin* [lˈɛdin] (lhedin) adj. open, cleared ◇ Ety/368, X/LH ◈ panna- I [pˈɑnnɑ] v. to open, to enlarge ◈ panno [pˈɑnnɔ] v. inf. of panna- I, to open, to enlarge ◇ Ety/380

opening ◈ dîn II [dˈiːn] n. opening, gap, pass in mountains ◇ Ety/354

oppress ◈ baugla- [bˈɑuglɑ] v. to oppress ◈ bauglo [bˈɑuglɔ] v. inf. of baugla-, to oppress ◇ Ety/372

oppression ◈ thang* [θˈɑŋ] n. compulsion, duress, need, oppression ◇ Ety/388, S/438

oppressive ◈ baug [bˈɑug] adj. tyrannous, cruel, oppressive ◇ Ety/372

oppressor ◈ bauglir [bˈɑuglir] n. tyrant, oppressor ◇ Ety/372

or ◈ egor* [ˈɛgɔr] conj. or ◇ SD/129-31

orc ◈ glam* [glˈɑm] (glamm*, glamb*) n. 1. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise ○ 2. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts ○ 3. by ext. as a coll. noun, any body of orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/377, WJ/390, WJ/416 ◈ glamhoth* [glˈɑm.hɔθ] n. class pl. barbaric host of Orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/364, Ety/377, UT/39, UT/54, WJ/390 ◈ glamog* [glˈɑmɔg] n. sing. of glam, an Orc, "a yelling one" ◇ WJ/390 ◈ orch* [ˈɔrx] pl. yrch* [ˈyrx] (eirch, erch) n. goblin, Orc ◇ Ety/379, LR/406, WJ/390, LotR/II:VI, LotR/F, Letters/178 ◈ orchoth* [ˈɔrxɔθ] n. class pl. of orch, orcs, as a race ◇ WJ/390 ◈ urug* [ˈurug] n. orc (rarely used) ◇ WJ/390 ◈ See also orch

orient ◈ amrûn* [ˈɑmruːn] n. east, orient ◇ Ety/348, Ety/384, S/437, LotR/E

our ◈ mín* II [mˈiːn] (min*) adj. our ◇ VT/44:21,22,28

out ◈ ed- [ɛd] pref. forth, out ◇ Ety/356

outcry ◈ caun* I [kˈɑun] n. outcry, clamor ◇ PM/361-362

outline ◈ cant [kˈɑnt] pl. caint* [kˈɑjnt] n. outline, shape ← morchaint S/432, Ety/362, VT/42:28

over ◈ or- [ɔr] pref. above, over ◇ Ety/379 ◈ or [ɔr] prep. above, over ◇ Ety/379 ◈ thar-* [θɑr] pref. across, athwart, over, beyond ◇ Ety/388, S/438

overshadow ◈ gwathra-* [gwˈɑθrɑ] v. to overshadow, dim, veil, obscure ◇ VT/42:9

overwhelming ◈ taur III [tˈɑur] adj. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime ◇ Ety/395

own ◈ garn [gˈɑrn] n. own, property ◇ Ety/360

pain ◈ naeg [nˈɑɛg] n. pain ◇ Ety/375 ◈ naegra-* [nˈɑɛgrɑ] v. to pain ◈ naegro* [nˈɑɛgrɔ] (negro) v. inf. of naegra-, to pain ◇ Ety/375, X/Z

pale ◈ gael [gˈɑɛl] adj. pale, glimmering ◇ Ety/358 ◈ maidh [mˈɑjð] (meidh) adj. pale, fallow, fawn ◇ Ety/371, X/EI ◈ malu* [mˈɑlu] (malw) adj. fallow, pale ◇ Ety/386, X/W ◈ nimp [nˈimp] (nim-) adj. pale, white ◇ Ety/378 ◈ thind* [θˈind] (thinn) adj. grey, pale ◇ Ety/392, S/438

palisade ◈ cail* [kˈɑjl] n. fence or palisade of spikes and sharp stakes ◇ UT/282

pallor ◈ niphred* [nˈifrɛd] (nifred) n. pallor, fear ◇ Ety/378, S/435, X/PH

palm ◈ camlann* [kˈɑmlɑnn] (camland) n. palm of hand ◇ Ety/367, X/ND4 ◈ talf* I [tˈɑlv] (dalf) n. palm of hand ◇ Ety/353

parent ◈ odhril [ˈɔðril̡] n. f. parent ◇ Ety/379 ◈ odhron [ˈɔðrɔn] n. m. parent ◇ Ety/379

pass ◈ aglonn* [ˈɑglɔnn] (aglond, aglon) n. defile, pass between high walls ◇ Ety/348, X/ND4 ◈ cîl [kˈiːl] n. cleft, pass between hills, gorge ◇ Ety/365 ◈ cirith* [kˈiriθ] n. cleft, high climbing pass, narrow passage cut through earth or rock ◇ S/387, UT/426, TC/181 ◈ dîn II [dˈiːn] n. opening, gap, pass in mountains ◇ Ety/354

passage ◈ pendrath [pˈɛndrɑθ] (pendrad) n. passage up or down slope, stairway ◇ Ety/380, X/ND3

pasture ◈ nadhor [nˈɑðr̩] n. pasture ◇ Ety/374 ◈ nadhras [nˈɑðrɑs] n. pasture ◇ Ety/374

path ◈ lond* [lˈɔnd] (lonn*, lhonn) n. 1. narrow path or strait ○ 2. by ext. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven ◇ Ety/348, Ety/370, S/434, UT/450, VT/42:10, X/LH, X/ND1 ◈ râd [rˈɑːd] n. path, track ◇ Ety/383 ◈ tarag [tˈɑrɑg] n. 1. horn ○ 2. by ext. steep mountain path ◇ Ety/391

pathway ◈ bâd [bˈɑːd] n. beaten track, pathway ◇ Ety/351

pause ◈ daur* [dˈɑur] n. 1. pause, stop ○ 2. by ext. league (about 3 miles) ◇ UT/279, UT/285 ◈ post [pˈɔst] n. pause, halt, rest, cessation, respite ◇ Ety/382

peace ◈ sîdh [sˈiːð] n. peace ◇ Ety/385

peak ◈ aegas* [ˈɑɛgɑs] (oegas) pl. aegais* [ˈɑɛgɑjs] (oeges) n. mountain peak ◇ Ety/349, X/OE ◈ aeglir* [ˈɑɛglir] (oeglir) n. range of mountain peaks ← Hithaeglir LotR, Ety/349, X/OE ◈ egnas [ˈɛgnɑs] n. 1. sharp point ○ 2. by ext. peak ◇ VT/45:12

pedlar ◈ bachor [bˈɑxr̩] n. pedlar ◇ Ety/372

pen ◈ tegil* [tˈɛgil̡] n. pen ◇ PM/318 ◈ Sindarized form of Quenya tekil, not known to the Sindar until the coming of the Ñoldor (but see however tegol for a possible dialectal variant) ◈ tegol [tˈɛgl̩] (tegl) n. pen ◇ Ety/391 ◈ It is stated in PM/318 that "tegil was a Sindarized form of Quenya tekil "pen", not known to the Sindar until the coming of the Ñoldor". It must be assumed therefore that tegol was either rejected by Tolkien, or that it may perhaps have been considered as a dialectal variant. For a similar case where both a true Sindarin/Noldorin word and a Sindarized form conceivably coexist, see magol and megil "sword" (it is unlikely that weapons were not known to the Sindar)

penetrating ◈ maeg* [mˈɑɛg] adj. sharp, piercing, penetrating, going deep in something ◇ S/434, WJ/337

people ◈ gwaith* [gwˈɑjθ] n. 1. troop of able-bodied men, people ○ 2. by ext. region, wilderness ◇ Ety/398

permission ◈ dâf [dˈɑːv] n. permission ◇ Ety/353

petty ◈ niben* [nˈibɛn] pl. nibin* [nˈibin] adj. small, petty ◇ S/435, WJ/388, WJ/408

piercing ◈ maeg* [mˈɑɛg] adj. sharp, piercing, penetrating, going deep in something ◇ S/434, WJ/337

pilgrim ◈ randír* [rˈɑndiːr] (rhandir) n. m. wanderer, pilgrim ◇ Ety/383, VT/42:13, X/RH

pillar ◈ thafn [θˈɑvn] n. post, wooden pillar ◇ Ety/387

pillow ◈ pesseg [pˈɛssɛg] n. pillow ◇ Ety/366

pimpernel ◈ elanor* [ˈɛlɑnɔr] n. Bot. a flower, a kind of enlarged pimpernel bearing golden and silver flowers ◇ LotR/VI:IX, UT/432, Letters/402

pin ◈ tachol [tˈɑxl̩] (tachl) n. pin, brooch ◇ Ety/389

pine ◈ thôn* [θˈɔːn] (thaun) n. Bot. pine-tree ◇ Ety/392, S/438

pinion ◈ roval* [rˈɔvɑl] (rhofal) pl. rovail* [rˈɔvɑjl] (rhofel) n. pinion, great wing (of eagle) ← Landroval LotR/VI:IV, Ety/382, X/RH

pipe ◈ galenas* [gˈɑlɛnɑs] n. Bot. pipe-weed (leaf) or "westmansweed", a variety of Nicotiana ◇ LotR/V:VIII

pippin ◈ cordof* [kˈɔrdɔv] n. Bot. pippin (seed of certain fruits, or more probably small red apple) ◇ SD/129-31

pit ◈ dath [dˈɑθ] n. hole, pit ◇ Ety/354

pivot ◈ pelthaes [pˈɛl̡θɑɛs] n. pivot ◇ Ety/380, Ety/390

place ◈ dôr* [dˈɔːr] (dor*) n. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live ◇ Ety/376, S/430, WJ/413, Letters/417, VT/45:38 ◈ The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

plain ◈ lad* [lˈɑd] n. plain, valley ◇ S/433 ◈ talath* [tˈɑlɑθ] (dalath) n. 1. flat surface, plane ○ 2. flat land, plain, (wide) valley ← Talath Dirnen UT/465, Ety/353, S/437

plane ◈ talath* [tˈɑlɑθ] (dalath) n. 1. flat surface, plane ○ 2. flat land, plain, (wide) valley ← Talath Dirnen UT/465, Ety/353, S/437

plank ◈ pân I [pˈɑːn] pl. pain* [pˈɑjn] (pein) n. plank, fixed board, especially in floor ◇ Ety/380, X/EI

plant ◈ aeglos* [ˈɑɛglɔs] n. 1. Bot. snowthorn, a plant like furze (gorse), but larger and with white flowers ○ 2. Geol. icicle (a pendent spear of ice formed by the freezing of dripping water) ◇ UT/417, LotR/Index ◈ galas [gˈɑlɑs] n. growth, plant ◇ Ety/357 ◈ seregon* [sˈɛrɛgɔn] n. Bot. "Blood of Stone", a plant of the kind called in English "stonecrop", with deep red flowers, that grew on Amon Rûdh ◇ S/437

platform ◈ talan* [tˈɑlɑn] pl. telain* [tˈɛlɑjn] n. wooden platform (in the trees of Lothlórien where the Galadhrim dwelt) ◇ UT/465, LotR/II:VI

play ◈ ganna- [gˈɑnnɑ] v. to play a harp ◈ gannada- [gˈɑnnɑdɑ] v. to play a harp ◈ gannado [gˈɑnnɑdɔ] v. inf. of gannada-, to play a harp ◇ Ety/377 ◈ ganno [gˈɑnnɔ] v. inf. of ganna-, to play a harp ◇ Ety/377 ◈ telia- [tˈɛli.ɑ] (teilia-) v. to play ◈ telien [tˈɛli.ɛn] (teilien) n. sport, play ◇ Ety/395 ◈ telio [tˈɛli.ɔ] (teilio) v. inf. of telia-, to play ◇ Ety/395

poem ◈ glaer [glˈɑɛr] n. long lay, narrative poem ◇ Ety/359 ◈ Written glær (with ae-ligature) in the Etymologies ◈ glîr [glˈiːr] n. song, poem, lay ◇ Ety/359

point ◈ aeg* [ˈɑɛg] n. point ← aeglir, aeglos, etc. ◈ The adjective oeg "sharp, pointed, piercing" from Ety/349 is perhaps rejected: Tolkien later decided that no cognate of Quenya aica "fell, terrible, dire" was used in Sindarin, "though aeg would have been its form if it had occurred" (PM/347). On the other hand, we have words such as aeglos and aeglir, so there must be a noun aeg "point" ◈ ecthel [ˈɛkθɛl̡] (egthel) n. point (of spear) ◇ Ety/388 ◈ egnas [ˈɛgnɑs] n. 1. sharp point ○ 2. by ext. peak ◇ VT/45:12 ◈ ment [mˈɛnt] n. point ◇ Ety/373 ◈ nass [nˈɑss] n. 1. point, (sharp) end ○ 2. angle or corner ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37 ◈ nasta- [nˈɑstɑ] v. to prick, point, stick, thrust ◇ Ety/375, VT45:37 ◈ thela [θˈɛlɑ] n. point (of spear) ◇ Ety/388 ◈ till [tˈil̡l] (tild) n. horn, point ◇ Ety/393

pointed ◈ megor* [mˈɛgr̩] adj. sharp-pointed ← *megr WJ/337

poison ◈ saew [sˈɑɛw] n. poison ◇ Ety/385

pollen ◈ mâl [mˈɑːl] pl. mail* [mˈɑjl] (meil, mely) n. pollen, yellow powder ◇ Ety/386, X/EI

pondering ◈ idhren [ˈiðrɛn] adj. pondering, wise, thoughtful ◇ Ety/361

pool ◈ ael* [ˈɑɛl] (oel) pl. aelin* [ˈɑɛlin] (oelin) n. lake, pool, mere ◇ Ety/349, S/427, X/OE ◈ both [bˈɔθ] n. puddle, small pool ◇ Ety/372 ◈ lîn* [lˈiːn] (lhîn) n. pool ◇ Ety/369, X/LH ◈ liniath [lˈini.ɑθ] n. coll. of lîn, pools ← Hithliniath WJ/194 ◈ loeg* [lˈɔɛg] n. pool ◇ S/407 ◈ nen* [nˈɛn] pl. nîn* [nˈiːn] n. 1. water (used of a lake, pool or lesser river) ○ 2. by ext. waterland ◇ Ety/376, S/435, UT/457 ◈ rim* II [rˈim] (rhim, rhimb) n. cold pool or lake (in mountains) ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

poor ◈ faeg* [fˈɑɛg] (foeg) adj. mean, poor, bad ◇ Ety/387, X/OE

poplar ◈ tulus [tˈulus] pl. tylys [ˈtylys] n. Bot. poplar-tree ◇ Ety/395

post ◈ tagol* [tˈɑgl̩] n. post, mark ← glandagol VT/42:8, VT/42:28 ◈ thafn [θˈɑvn] n. post, wooden pillar ◇ Ety/387

potter ◈ cennan [kˈɛnnɑn] n. potter ◇ Ety/390

powder ◈ mâl [mˈɑːl] pl. mail* [mˈɑjl] (meil, mely) n. pollen, yellow powder ◇ Ety/386, X/EI

power ◈ balan* [bˈɑlɑn] pl. belain* [bˈɛlɑjn] (belein, belen) n. Theo. Vala, divine power, divinity ◇ Ety/350, S/439, Letters/427, X/EI

praise ◈ egleria-* [ɛglˈɛri.ɑ] v. to glorify, to praise ◈ eglerio* [ɛglˈɛri.ɔ] v. imp. of egleria-, glorify! praise! ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308

precipice ◈ rhass II [ɹ̥ˈɑss] n. precipice ◇ Ety/363

prick ◈ eitha-* [ˈɛjθɑ] v. 1. to prick with a sharp point, to stab ○ 2. by ext. to treat with scorn, insult ◇ WJ/365 ◈ ercha- [ˈɛrxɑ] v. to prick ◈ ercho [ˈɛrxɔ] v. inf. of ercha-, to prick ◇ Ety/356 ◈ nasta- [nˈɑstɑ] v. to prick, point, stick, thrust ◇ Ety/375, VT45:37

prickle ◈ erch I [ˈɛrx] n. prickle ◇ Ety/356

prince ◈ caun* IV [kˈɑun] pl. conin* [kˈɔnin] n. prince, ruler ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308 ◈ cund* [kˈund] (cunn) n. Arch. prince ◇ Ety/366, VT/45:24, X/ND1 ◈ ernil* I [ˈɛrnil̡] pl. ernil* n. prince ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308, UT/428, RGEO/75

prison ◈ band* [bˈɑnd] (bann) n. duress, prison, custody, safe-keeping ◇ Ety/371, S/428, MR/350, X/ND1 ◈ gador [gˈɑdr̩] (gadr) n. prison, dungeon ◇ Ety/358

private ◈ said* [sˈɑjd] adj. private, separate, not common, excluded ◇ VT/42:20

promontory ◈ naith* [nˈɑjθ] pl. natsai [nˈɑtsɑj] n. any formation or projection tapering to a point: a spearhead, gore, wedge, narrow promontory, triangle ◇ Ety/387, UT/282

prone ◈ dadbenn [dˈɑdbɛnn] (dadben) adv. downhill, inclined, prone ◇ Ety/354, Ety/380, X/ND4

prop ◈ tulu [tˈulu] n. support, prop ◇ Ety/395

property ◈ garn [gˈɑrn] n. own, property ◇ Ety/360

protect ◈ beria- [bˈɛri.ɑ] v. to protect ◈ berio [bˈɛri.ɔ] v. inf. of beria-, to protect ◇ Ety/351

province ◈ ardhon* [ˈɑrðɔn] n. 1. great region, province ○ 2. by ext. world ← Calenardhon S/386, PM/348

puddle ◈ both [bˈɔθ] n. puddle, small pool ◇ Ety/372

puff ◈ hwest* [ʍˈɛst] (chwest) n. puff, breath, breeze ◇ Ety/388, X/HW

purpose ◈ thel-* [θˈɛl̡] v. to intend, mean, purpose, resolve, will ◇ WJ/318-319

quarrel ◈ cost [kˈɔst] n. quarrel ◇ Ety/365

quarter ◈ canath* [kˈɑnɑθ] n. 'quarter', silver coin used in Gondor, the fourth part of a 'mirian' → mirian ◇ PM/45

queen ◈ bereth* [bˈɛrɛθ] n. queen, spouse ◇ Ety/351, RGEO/74 ◈ rîn* I [rˈiːn] (rhîn, rhien) n. and adj. 1. crowned ○ 2. by ext. as a noun, crowned lady, queen ◇ Ety/393, Ety/389, X/RH ◈ rîs* [rˈiːs] (rhîs) n. queen ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

quench ◈ luithia-* [lˈujθi.ɑ] v. to quench ← uluithiad SD/62

quenching ◈ luithiad* [lˈujθi.ɑd] ger. of luithia-, quenching ← uluithiad SD/62 ◈ uluithiad* [ulˈujθi.ɑd] adj. unquenchable, without quenching ◇ SD/62

quite ◈ far [fˈɑr] adj. or adv. sufficient, enough, quite ◇ Ety/381

race ◈ nûr II [nˈuːr] n. race ◇ Ety/378

radiance ◈ galad* [gˈɑlɑd] n. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished metal, or water) ◇ VT/45:13, PM/347, Letters/425 ◈ glaw [glˈɑw] n. radiance ◇ Ety/362 ◈ glawar [glˈɑwɑr] n. Theo. sunlight, radiance (of the golden tree Laurelin) ◇ Ety/368, VT/45:15

radiant ◈ faen* [fˈɑɛn] (foen) adj. radiant, white ◇ Ety/381, X/OE

rain ◈ ross* I [rˈɔss] (rhoss) n. rain ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

rainbow ◈ eiliant [ˈɛjli.ɑnt] (eilianw, eilian) n. rainbow ◇ Ety/360, Ety/400 ◈ See ianu and iant for a discussion ◈ ninniach* [nˈinni.ɑx] n. rainbow ◇ S/387

raise ◈ ortha- [ˈɔrθɑ] pa. t. orthant [ˈɔrθɑnt] v. to raise ◇ Ety/379 ◈ ortho [ˈɔrθɔ] v. inf. of ortha-, to raise ◇ Ety/379

range ◈ lîr* [lˈiːr] (lhîr) n. row, range ◇ Ety/369, X/LH

ransom ◈ danwedh* [dˈɑnwɛð] n. ransom ◇ S/384

rapid ◈ lagor* [lˈɑgr̩] (lhagr) adj. swift, rapid ◇ Ety/367, X/LH

rat ◈ nâr [nˈɑːr] n. rat ◇ Ety/379

rather ◈ sennui* [sˈɛnnuj] adj. rather, instead (used as an adverb?) ◇ SD/129-31

raven ◈ craban* [krˈɑbɑn] pl. crebain* [krˈɛbɑjn] n. kind of crow of large size, raven ◇ LotR/II:III

ravine ◈ falch* [fˈɑlx] n. deep cleft, ravine ← Orfalch Echor UT/468 ◈ iau II [jˈɑu] n. ravine, cleft, gulf ◇ Ety/400 ◈ riss* [rˈiss] (rhis, rhess) n. ravine ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

readiness ◈ hûr [hˈuːr] n. readiness for action, vigour, fiery spirit ◇ Ety/364

realm ◈ ardh [ˈɑrð] n. realm, region ◇ Ety/360

reap ◈ critha- [krˈiθɑ] v. to reap ◈ critho [krˈiθɔ] v. inf. of critha-, to reap ◇ Ety/365

rear ◈ adel [ɑdɛl̡] prep. behind, in rear (of) ◇ Ety/392 ◈ tele [tˈɛlɛ] pl. telei [tˈɛlɛj] n. end, rear, hindmost part ◇ Ety/392

recite ◈ glir- [glˈir] v. to sing, trill, to recite a poem ◈ gliri (corr. glin) [glˈiri] v. inf. of glir-, to sing, trill, to recite a poem ◇ Ety/359, Ety/369

reckon ◈ genedia-* [gɛnˈɛdi.ɑ] v. to reckon ← genediad SD/129-31 ◈ gonod- [gˈɔnɔd] v. to count, count up, reckon, sum up ◇ Ety/378, Ety/399

reckoning ◈ genediad* [gɛnˈɛdi.ɑd] ger. of genedia-, 1. reckoning ○ 2. by ext. calendar ◇ SD/129-31

recount ◈ trenar- [trˈɛnɑr] pa. t. trenor [trˈɛnɔr] (trener) v. to recount, to tell to end ◇ Ety/374 ◈ treneri [trˈɛnɛri] v. inf. of trenar-, to recount, to tell to end ◇ Ety/374

red ◈ born* [bˈɔrn] adj. hot, red ◇ Letters/426-27 ◈ caran* [kˈɑrɑn] adj. red ◇ Ety/362, S/429, LotR/E ◈ coll I [kˈɔll] adj. (golden) red ◇ Ety/365, X/LD ◈ gaer* II [gˈɑɛr] (goer) adj. red, copper-coloured, ruddy ◇ Ety/358, X/OE ◈ naru [nˈɑru] (narw) adj. red ◇ Ety/374, X/W ◈ ruin* [rˈujn] adj. (fiery) red ◇ PM/366

reek ◈ osp [ˈɔsp] n. reek, smoke ◇ Ety/396

reflection ◈ galad* [gˈɑlɑd] n. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished metal, or water) ◇ VT/45:13, PM/347, Letters/425

refusal ◈ avad* [ˈɑvɑd] ger. of ava-, refusal, reluctance ◇ WJ/371

regiment ◈ gweth [gwˈɛθ] n. 1. manhood ○ 2. by ext. man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment ◇ Ety/398

region ◈ ardh [ˈɑrð] n. realm, region ◇ Ety/360 ◈ ardhon* [ˈɑrðɔn] n. 1. great region, province ○ 2. by ext. world ← Calenardhon S/386, PM/348 ◈ dôr* [dˈɔːr] (dor*) n. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live ◇ Ety/376, S/430, WJ/413, Letters/417, VT/45:38 ◈ The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor ◈ gardh* [gˈɑrð] n. 1. bounded or defined region ○ 2. by ext. world ◇ WJ/402 ◈ gwaith* [gwˈɑjθ] n. 1. troop of able-bodied men, people ○ 2. by ext. region, wilderness ◇ Ety/398

release ◈ leithia- [lˈɛjθi.ɑ] (lheitho) v. to release ◇ Ety/368, X/LH ◈ leithian* [lˈɛjθi.ɑn] (lheithian) n. release, freeing, release from bondage ◇ Ety/368, S/406, X/LH

reluctance ◈ avad* [ˈɑvɑd] ger. of ava-, refusal, reluctance ◇ WJ/371

remain ◈ dar- [dˈɑr] v. to stay, wait, stop, remain ◈ dartha- [dˈɑrθɑ] v. to wait, stay, last, endure, remain ◇ Ety/353, VT/45:8 ◈ deri [dˈɛri] v. inf. of dar-, to stay, wait, stop, remain ◇ Ety/353

remembrance ◈ rîn* II [rˈiːn] n. remembrance ◇ PM/372

remote ◈ hae* [hˈɑɛ] adj. far, remote, distant ← Gwahaedir PM/186, VT/45:21 ◈ haered* [hˈɑɛrɛd] n. remote distance, the remote ← na-chaered LotR/II:I, RGEO/72 ◈ haeron* [hˈɑɛrɔn] adj. far, remote, distant ◇ PM/273

rend ◈ narcha- [nˈɑrxɑ] v. to rend ◇ Ety/374 ◈ rista-* [rˈistɑ] v. 1. to cut ○ 2. to rend, rip ◈ risto* [rˈistɔ] (rhisto) v. inf. of rista-, 1. to cut ○ 2. to rend, rip ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

reply ◈ dangweth* [dˈɑŋgwɛθ] n. answer, reply giving new information ◇ PM/395

repose ◈ îdh* [ˈiːð] n. rest, repose ◇ WJ/403

resolve ◈ thel-* [θˈɛl̡] v. to intend, mean, purpose, resolve, will ◇ WJ/318-319

resonant ◈ tong [tˈɔŋ] adj. taut, tight (of strings), resonant ◇ Ety/395

respite ◈ post [pˈɔst] n. pause, halt, rest, cessation, respite ◇ Ety/382

response ◈ dambeth* [dˈɑmbɛθ] n. answer, response ◇ PM/395 ◈ In Tolkien's manuscript, this form was rejected in favor of dangweth, with a slightly different meaning. However, it must be assumed that the word is valid per se

rest ◈ îdh* [ˈiːð] n. rest, repose ◇ WJ/403 ◈ post [pˈɔst] n. pause, halt, rest, cessation, respite ◇ Ety/382

retain ◈ heb-* [hˈɛb] v. to retain, keep, do not give away or release, keep hold of ← *khep VT/41:6

reunion ◈ aderthad* [ɑdˈɛrθɑd] ger. of adertha-, reuniting, reunion ◇ S/409

reunite ◈ adertha-* [ɑdˈɛrθɑ] v. to reunite ← Aderthad S/409

reuniting ◈ aderthad* [ɑdˈɛrθɑd] ger. of adertha-, reuniting, reunion ◇ S/409

ride ◈ nor-* [nˈɔr] v. 1. to run ○ 2. by ext. to ride ◈ noro* [nˈɔrɔ] v. imp. of nor-, ride! ← noro lim LotR/I:XII, RS/196 ◈ Untranslated in LotR, but written nora-lim and rendered as "ride on" in RS/196 (though it might not be a literal translation). A verb nor- is attested in the old Gnomish lexicon, PE/11:61, with the meaning "to run, roll"

rider ◈ rochon* [rˈɔxɔn] n. (horse) rider ◇ UT/463

ridge ◈ ceber* [kˈɛbɛr] pl. cebir* [kˈɛbir] n. stake, spike, stone ridge ◇ Ety/363, LotR/II:VIII, S/437 ◈ pinnath* [pˈinnɑθ] n. coll. ridges ◇ LotR/Index

rigid ◈ tharn [θˈɑrn] adj. sapless, stiff, rigid, withered ◇ Ety/388

ringlet ◈ laws* [lˈɑws] (lhaws) n. hair ringlet ◇ Ety/370, X/LH ◈ loch* [lˈɔx] (lhoch) n. ringlet ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

rip ◈ rista-* [rˈistɑ] v. 1. to cut ○ 2. to rend, rip ◈ risto* [rˈistɔ] (rhisto) v. inf. of rista-, 1. to cut ○ 2. to rend, rip ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

rise ◈ eria- [ˈɛri.ɑ] v. to rise ◈ erio [ˈɛri.ɔ] v. inf. of eria-, to rise ◇ Ety/379

rising ◈ orthad* [ˈɔrθɑd] ger. of ortha-, rising ◇ MR/373

river ◈ celon [kˈɛlɔn] n. river ← Celon (name) Ety/363 ◈ duin* [dˈujn] n. (long and large) river ◇ S/430, LotR/F, TC/179 ◈ ethir* I [ˈɛθir] n. mouth of river, estuary ◇ LotR/II:X, Ety/356 ◈ nen* [nˈɛn] pl. nîn* [nˈiːn] n. 1. water (used of a lake, pool or lesser river) ○ 2. by ext. waterland ◇ Ety/376, S/435, UT/457 ◈ sîr* [sˈiːr] n. river ◇ Ety/385, S/437 ◈ sirion [sˈiri.ɔn] n. great river ← Sirion Ety/385

riverbed ◈ rant* [rˈɑnt] n. 1. lode, vein ○ 2. course, riverbed ◇ Ety/383, S/436 ◈ rath* [rˈɑθ] n. 1. course, riverbed ○ 2. street ◇ Ety/383, LotR/Index

road ◈ men* II [mˈɛn] n. way, road ◇ UT/281

rock ◈ gond* [gˈɔnd] (gonn) n. great stone, rock ◇ Ety/359, S/431, X/ND1

roof ◈ ortheli [ˈɔrθɛli] v. inf. to roof, screen above ◇ Ety/391 ◈ rond* [rˈɔnd] (rhond, rhonn) n. 1. cave ○ 2. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed ◇ Ety/384, S/437, WJ/414, X/RH, X/ND1 ◈ telu [tˈɛlu] n. dome, high roof ◇ Ety/391 ◈ toba- [tˈɔbɑ] v. to cover, roof over ◈ tobo [tˈɔbɔ] v. inf. of toba-, to cover, roof over ◇ Ety/394

roofing ◈ tobas [tˈɔbɑs] n. roofing ◇ Ety/394

root ◈ solch [sˈɔlx] n. Bot. root (especially as edible) ◇ Ety/388 ◈ thond* [θˈɔnd] n. root ◇ LotR/E, Letters/178

rope ◈ hithlain* [hˈiθlɑjn] n. mist-thread, a substance used by the Elves of Lothlórien to make strong ropes ◇ LotR/II:VIII, LotR/Index ◈ raph* [rˈɑf] n. rope ← Udalraph UT/424

rose ◈ meril* [mˈɛril̡] n. Bot. rose (flower) ◇ SD/129-31

rotten ◈ thaw [θˈɑw] adj. corrupt, rotten ◇ Ety/393

round ◈ corn [kˈɔrn] adj. round, globed ◇ Ety/365

row ◈ lîr* [lˈiːr] (lhîr) n. row, range ◇ Ety/369, X/LH ◈ tî [tˈiː] n. line, row ◇ Ety/392

royal ◈ ara-* [ɑrɑ] (ar-*) pref. high, noble, royal ◇ S/428 ◈ arn* [ˈɑrn] adj. royal ← arn(a)gon-ath Letters/427 ◈ See also arnen

ruddy ◈ crann [krˈɑnn] adj. ruddy (of face) ◇ Ety/362 ◈ gaer* II [gˈɑɛr] (goer) adj. red, copper-coloured, ruddy ◇ Ety/358, X/OE ◈ gruin [grˈujn] adj. ruddy ◇ Ety/384

ruler ◈ caun* IV [kˈɑun] pl. conin* [kˈɔnin] n. prince, ruler ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308

ruling ◈ conui* [kˈɔnuj] adj. commanding, ruling (?) ← Argonui LotR/A(ii)

run ◈ nor-* [nˈɔr] v. 1. to run ○ 2. by ext. to ride

rune ◈ angerthas* [ɑŋgˈɛrθɑs] n. Ling. runic alphabet, long rune-rows (extended version of the Cirth) ◇ S/427, LotR/E ◈ certh* [kˈɛrθ] pl. cirth* [kˈirθ] n. rune ◇ WJ/396, LotR/E ◈ certhas* [kˈɛrθɑs] n. Ling. runic alphabet, rune-rows ◇ LotR/E

running ◈ cell* [kˈɛl̡l] adj. 1. running ○ 2. by ext. flowing (of water) ← Celduin LotR/Map

rushing ◈ alag [ˈɑlɑg] adj. rushing, impetuous ◇ Ety/348, VT/45:5 ◈ asgar [ˈɑsgɑr] (ascar) adj. violent, rushing, impetuous ◇ Ety/386

rustling ◈ lhoss* [ɬɔˈss] (floss, thloss) n. whisper or rustling sound ◇ Ety/386, X/LH ◈ rhoss* II [ɹ̥ˈɔss] (thross) n. whisper or rustling sound ◇ Ety/386, X/RH

sad ◈ dem [dˈɛm] adj. sad, gloomy ◇ Ety/354 ◈ No language indication in the Etymologies, but Noldorin from context and phonological evidence ◈ naer* [nˈɑɛr] (noer) adj. sad, lamentable ◇ Ety/375, X/OE ◈ nûr* III [nˈuːr] adj. sad ← Núrnen UT/458 ◈ This word is interpolated from Christopher Tolkien's index to UT. But for a complete discussion, see ETdM/IV:160 §147. The meaning of Núrnen remains highly hypothetical

safe ◈ band* [bˈɑnd] (bann) n. duress, prison, custody, safe-keeping ◇ Ety/371, S/428, MR/350, X/ND1

saga ◈ narn* [nˈɑrn] pl. nern* [nˈɛrn] n. a tale or a saga, that is told in verse to be spoken and not sung ◇ Ety/374, WJ/313, MR/373, S/412

sail ◈ revia-* [rˈɛvi.ɑ] v. 1. to fly, sail ○ 2. to wander ◈ revio* [rˈɛvi.ɔ] (rhevio (corr. rhenio)) v. inf. of revia-, 1. to fly, sail ○ 2. to wander ◇ Ety/382, X/RH

sailor ◈ cirion* [kˈiri.ɔn] n. m. shipman, sailor ← Cirion (name)

salve ◈ glaew [glˈɑɛw] n. salve ◇ Ety/369

sanctuary ◈ iaun [jˈɑun] n. holy place, fane, sanctuary ◇ Ety/400

sand ◈ lith* [lˈiθ] n. ash, sand, dust ◇ Ety/369, S/434, TC/178

sapless ◈ tharn [θˈɑrn] adj. sapless, stiff, rigid, withered ◇ Ety/388

saving ◈ edraith* [ˈɛdrɑjθ] n. saving ◇ LotR/II:IV, TI/175

say ◈ ped-* [pˈɛd] pa. t. pent* [pˈɛnt] v. to speak, to say ← pedo, arphent LotR/II:IV, TL/21:09 ◈ pedo* [pˈɛdɔ] v. imp. of ped-, speak! say! ◇ LotR/II:IV, Letters/424

scion ◈ ion* [jˈɔn] (iond*, ionn) n. m. 1. son ○ 2. by ext. scion, male descendant ◇ Ety/400, MR/373, X/ND1, X/ND2 ◈ For the second meaning, cf. Hadorion, a Húrin's epithet in WJ/294, Hurinionath referring to the house of Húrin the Steward in PM/202-3,218, and Gil-Galad's epithet Ereinion, cf. also the gloss of the old Qenya cognate yondo "descendant of" in PE/12:106, or the use of the same suffix in later Quenya names such as Isildurioni and Anárioni "Heirs of Isildur (resp. Anárion)" in PM/192,196

scorn ◈ eitha-* [ˈɛjθɑ] v. 1. to prick with a sharp point, to stab ○ 2. by ext. to treat with scorn, insult ◇ WJ/365 ◈ iaew [jˈɑɛw] n. mocking, scorn ◇ Ety/400

scratch ◈ rhib-* II [ɹ̥ib-] v. to scratch ◈ rhibi* [ɹ̥ˈibi] (thribi) v. inf. of rhib- II, to scratch ◇ Ety/387, X/RH

screen ◈ esgal* [ˈɛsgɑl] n. veil, screen, cover that hides ◇ S/431 ◈ haltha- [hˈɑlθɑ] v. to screen ◇ Ety/386 ◈ ortheli [ˈɔrθɛli] v. inf. to roof, screen above ◇ Ety/391

sea ◈ aear* [ˈɑɛ.ɑr] n. sea ◈ Tolkien changed this word several times, see gaear ◈ aearon* [ˈɑɛ.ɑrɔn] n. great sea, ocean ◈ Tolkien changed this word several times, see gaearon ◈ aer* I [ˈɑɛr] n. sea ◈ Tolkien changed this word several times, see aear, gaear ◈ gaear* [gˈɑɛ.ɑr] (oear) n. sea ◇ Ety/349, PM/363, RGEO/73 ◈ gaearon* [gˈɑɛ.ɑrɔn] (gaeron*) n. great sea, ocean ◇ PM/363, PM/348, RGEO/72-73 ◈ gaer* III [gˈɑɛr] (oer) n. sea ◇ Ety/349, S/431, PM/363

seashell ◈ half [hˈɑlv] n. seashell ◇ Ety/389

season ◈ echuir* [ˈɛxujr] n. Cal. a season, the beginning of spring ◇ LotR/D, SD/129-31 ◈ ethuil* [ˈɛθujl] n. Cal. season of spring ◇ LotR/D, SD/129-31 ◈ firith* [fˈiriθ] n. Cal. season of fading ◇ LotR/D ◈ iavas* [jˈɑvɑs] n. Cal. season of autumn ◇ LotR/D ◈ laer* I [lˈɑɛr] n. Cal. season of summer ◇ LotR/D ◈ lasbelin* [lˈɑsbɛlin] (lhasbelin) n. Cal. season of autumn ◇ Ety/366-367, X/LH ◈ rhîw* [ɹ̥ˈiːw] n. Cal. winter season ◇ LotR/D

seaweed ◈ gaeruil* [gˈɑɛrujl] (oeruil) n. Bot. seaweed ← gaer PM/363, Ety/396 ◈ uil [ˈujl] n. Bot. seaweed ◇ Ety/396 ◈ See also gaeruil

second ◈ edwen* [ˈɛdwɛn] adj. num. second ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ tadui* [tˈɑduj] adj. num. second ◇ VT/42:10 ◈ taid* [tˈɑjd] adj. second (in the sense of supporting, second in command) ◇ VT/42:25

secret ◈ thurin [θˈurin] adj. secret, hidden ◇ LB/304, Ety/394

see ◈ cen- [kˈɛn] v. to see ← cenedril TI/184 ◈ tíra-* [tˈiːrɑ] v. to see ← tírad SD/129-31 ◈ tírad* [tˈiːrɑd] ger. of tíra-, to see, for the seing ◇ SD/129-31

seed ◈ cordof* [kˈɔrdɔv] n. Bot. pippin (seed of certain fruits, or more probably small red apple) ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ eredh [ˈɛrɛð] n. seed, germ ◇ Ety/356

seeing ◈ cened [kˈɛnɛd] ger. of cen-, seeing, sight ← cenedril TI/184

seem ◈ thia- [θˈi.ɑ] v. to appear, seem ◈ thio [θˈi.ɔ] v. inf. of thia-, to seem ◇ Ety/392

seing ◈ tírad* [tˈiːrɑd] ger. of tíra-, to see, for the seing ◇ SD/129-31

separate ◈ said* [sˈɑjd] adj. private, separate, not common, excluded ◇ VT/42:20

september ◈ ivanneth* [ivˈɑnnɛθ] n. Cal. september (month) ◇ LotR/D

serpent ◈ lhûg* [ɬˈuːg] n. Zool. snake, serpent ◇ Ety/370, S/434 ◈ limlug* [lˈimlug] (lhimlug) n. fish-dragon, sea-serpent ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

serve ◈ buia- [bˈuj.ɑ] v. to serve, to hold allegiance to ◈ buio [bˈuj.ɔ] v. inf. of buia-, to serve, to hold allegiance to ◇ Ety/353

set ◈ penia- [pˈɛni.ɑ] v. to fix, to set ◈ penio [pˈɛni.ɔ] v. inf. of penia-, to fix, to set ◇ Ety/380

seven ◈ odog* [ˈɔdɔg] adj. num. seven ◇ Ety/379, VT/42:25

seventh ◈ odothui* [ˈɔdɔθuj] adj. num. seventh ◇ TI/312, WR/436, VT:42:25 ◈ See also othui ◈ othui* [ˈɔθuj] adj. num. seventh ◇ VT/42:10,25

shade ◈ gwath* [gwˈɑθ] n. 1. shade, shadow, dim light ○ 2. stain ◇ Ety/397, S/432 ◈ lum* [lˈum] (lhum) n. shade ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

shadow ◈ dae* [dˈɑɛ] n. shadow ◇ Ety/354, S/430 ◈ dúath* [dˈuːɑθ] (dúwath) n. coll. of dû, 1. darkness, shadow ○ 2. nightshade ◇ Ety/354, S/430 ◈ guruthos* [gˈuruθɔs] n. the shadow of death, death-horror ← di-nguruthos LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278 ◈ gwath* [gwˈɑθ] n. 1. shade, shadow, dim light ○ 2. stain ◇ Ety/397, S/432 ◈ morchant* [mˈɔrxɑnt] pl. morchaint* [mˈɔrxɑjnt] n. shadow (of objects, cast by light), dark shape ◇ S/432, VT/42:9

shadowed ◈ hall II [hˈɑll] adj. veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady ◇ Ety/386

shadowy ◈ gwathren* [gwˈɑθrɛn] pl. gwethrin* [gwˈɛθrin] adj. shadowy, dim ← Ered Wethrin S/432, VT/42:9 ◈ gwathui* [gwˈɑθuj] adj. shadowy ← Gwathuirim PM/330

shady ◈ hall II [hˈɑll] adj. veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady ◇ Ety/386 ◈ lumren* [lˈumrɛn] (lhumren) adj. shady ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

shape ◈ auth* II [ˈɑuθ] n. a dim shape, spectral or vague apparition ◇ VT/42:9 ◈ cant [kˈɑnt] pl. caint* [kˈɑjnt] n. outline, shape ← morchaint S/432, Ety/362, VT/42:28

shaped ◈ cadu* [kˈɑdu] (cadw) adj. shaped, formed ◇ Ety/362-363, X/W

shapely ◈ cadwor [kˈɑdwr̩] (cadwar) adj. shapely ◇ Ety/363 ◈ maed* I [mˈɑɛd] adj. shapely ◇ PM/366, VT/41:10

shaping ◈ cannas [kˈɑnnɑs] n. shaping ← Dorgannas WJ/192, WJ/206

sharp ◈ laeg* I [lˈɑɛg] (lhaeg) adj. keen, sharp, acute ◇ Ety/368, X/LH ◈ maeg* [mˈɑɛg] adj. sharp, piercing, penetrating, going deep in something ◇ S/434, WJ/337 ◈ megor* [mˈɛgr̩] adj. sharp-pointed ← *megr WJ/337

she ◈ he [hɛ] (hen, hene) pl. hîn [hiːn] pron. she ◇ Ety/385

shield ◈ thand* [θˈɑnd] n. shield ← thangail UT/281-282 ◈ thangail* [θˈɑŋgɑjl] n. shield-fence, a battle formation of the Dúnedain ◇ UT/281-282

shine ◈ síla- [sˈiːlɑ] v. to shine white

ship ◈ cair* [kˈɑjr] (ceir) n. ship ◇ Ety/365, LotR/A(iv), X/EI

shipbuilder ◈ círdan* [kˈirdɑn] (cirdan, ceirdan) n. shipbuilder ◇ Ety/365, Ety/390, LotR/VI:IX

shipman ◈ cirion* [kˈiri.ɔn] n. m. shipman, sailor ← Cirion (name)

shire ◈ trann* [trˈɑnn] n. shire, administrative district, division of a realm ← i-Drann SD/129-31 ◈ trannail* [trˈɑnnɑjl] adj. of a shire ← genediad Drannail SD/129-31

shore ◈ falas* [fˈɑlɑs] pl. felais* [fˈɛlɑjs] (feles) n. 1. beach, shore, line of surf ○ 2. as a proper noun, the western coast of Beleriand ◇ Ety/381, S/431, X/EI ◈ falathren* [fɑlˈɑθrɛn] n. and adj. 1. of the shore ○ 2. Ling. as a noun, Shore-language (one of the names for Common Speech) ◇ Ety/381, PM/32, PM/55 ◈ habad [hˈɑbɑd] pl. hebaid* [hˈɛbɑjd] (hebeid) n. shore ◇ Ety/386, X/EI

short ◈ estent* [ˈɛstɛnt] adj. (very?) short ◇ UT/146, WJ/311, WJ/315 ◈ See also then and thent. The slash sign in minlamad thent/estent might indicate either variant forms of an adjective, or a sequence of two short verse units, possibly of alliterating half-lines, see Tolkien's Legendarium p. 122 ◈ then* [θˈɛn] adj. short ◇ VT/42:29 ◈ See also thent and estent ◈ thent* [θˈɛnt] adj. short ◇ Ety/388, UT/146, WJ/311, WJ/315 ◈ See also then and estent

shortness ◈ thinnas [θˈinnɑs] n. Ling. "shortness" (name of a mark indicating short quality of vowel) ◇ Ety/388

shout ◈ can-* [kˈɑn] v. to cry out, shout, call ◇ PM/361-362

shouting ◈ glam* [glˈɑm] (glamm*, glamb*) n. 1. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise ○ 2. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts ○ 3. by ext. as a coll. noun, any body of orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/377, WJ/390, WJ/416

shudder ◈ gir- [gˈir] v. to shudder ◈ giri [gˈiri] v. inf. of gir-, to shudder ◇ Ety/358

shuddering ◈ girith* [gˈiriθ] n. shuddering, horror ◇ Ety/358, S/431

sick ◈ caeleb [kˈɑɛlɛb] adj. bedridden, sick ◇ Ety/363 ◈ lhaew* [ɬˈɑɛw] (thlaew, thloew, flaew) adj. sickly, sick, ill ◇ Ety/386, X/OE, X/LH

sickle ◈ cerch [kˈɛrx] n. sickle ◇ Ety/365

sickly ◈ gem [gˈɛm] (gemb) adj. sickly ◇ Ety/358 ◈ lhaew* [ɬˈɑɛw] (thlaew, thloew, flaew) adj. sickly, sick, ill ◇ Ety/386, X/OE, X/LH

sickness ◈ cael [kˈɑɛl] n. lying in bed, sickness ◇ Ety/363 ◈ lhîw* [ɬˈiːw] (fliw, thliw) n. sickness ◇ Ety/386, X/LH ◈ paw [pˈɑw] n. sickness ◇ Ety/366

side ◈ nef* [nɛv] prep. on this side of ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/72

sight ◈ cened [kˈɛnɛd] ger. of cen-, seeing, sight ← cenedril TI/184

sign ◈ andaith* [ˈɑndɑjθ] (andeith) n. long-mark, sign used in writing alphabetic tengwar over a vowel, to indicate that it is lengthened. ◇ LotR/E, Ety/391, X/EI ◈ gammas [gˈɑmmɑs] n. Ling. s-sign (special sign used to mark a final -s in Tengwar) ◇ VT/45:14 ◈ gasdil [gˈɑsdil̡] n. Ling. "stopgap", name of a diacritic sign used to indicate that g had been lenited to zero ◇ Ety/354, Ety/357 ◈ têw* [tˈɛːw] pl. tîw* [tˈiːw] n. letter, written sign ◇ Ety/391, WJ/396, LotR/II:IV, LotR/E, Letters/427

silence ◈ dîn* I [dˈiːn] n. silence ◇ S/430, LB/354 ◈ Adjectival use seems to be attested in several place names (Amon Dín "Silent Hill", etc.), though an adjective dínen is also attested

silent ◈ dínen* [dˈiːnɛn] adj. silent ◇ S/430, WJ/194

silver ◈ celeb* [kˈɛlɛb] n. silver ◇ Ety/367, S/429, LotR/E, Letters/426 ◈ celebren [kɛlˈɛbrɛn] pl. celebrin* [kɛlˈɛbrin] adj. like silver (in hue or worth) ◇ Ety/367, S/429 ◈ celevon [kˈɛlɛvn̩] (celefn) adj. of silver ◇ Ety/367 ◈ ithildin* [iθˈil̡din] n. a silver-colored substance, which mirrors only starlight and moonlight ◇ LotR/II:IV ◈ mithril* [mˈiθril̡] n. true-silver, a silver-like metal ◇ LotR

simbelmynë ◈ uilos* [ˈujlɔs] n. and adj. 1. always white, ever white as snow ○ 2. Bot. as a noun, a small white everlasting flower also called simbelmynë, evermind, alfirin ◇ RGEO/74, Letters/278, UT/55 ◈ See also alfirin

sin ◈ úgarth* [ˈuːgɑrθ] pl. úgerth* [ˈuːgɛrθ] n. bad deed, sin, trespass ◇ VT/44:21,28

sinew ◈ tû [tˈuː] n. muscle, sinew, vigour, physical strength ◇ Ety/394

sing ◈ glir- [glˈir] v. to sing, trill, to recite a poem ◈ gliri (corr. glin) [glˈiri] v. inf. of glir-, to sing, trill, to recite a poem ◇ Ety/359, Ety/369 ◈ linna-* [lˈinnɑ] v. to sing ← linnathon LotR/II:I ◈ linnathon* [lˈinnɑθɔn] v. 1st of linna-, I will sing, I will chant ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/72 ◈ linnon* [lˈinnɔn] v. 1st of linna-, I sing ◇ LB/354

single ◈ erui* [ˈɛruj] adj. 1. single, alone ○ 2. by ext. first (incorrect use by the Gondorians) ◇ TI/312, WR/436, VT/42:10 ◈ The proper word for first in Sindarin was minui ◈ minai* [mˈinɑj] (minei) adj. single, distinct, unique ◇ Ety/373, X/EI

sister ◈ gwathel [gwˈɑθɛl̡] pl. gwethil [gwˈɛθil̡] n. f. sister, associate ◇ Ety/392 ◈ muinthel [mˈujnθɛl̡] pl. muinthil [mˈujnθil̡] n. f. sister ◇ Ety/392 ◈ thêl [θˈɛːl] pl. thelei n. f. sister ◇ Ety/392

sit ◈ havo† v. imp. sit! ◇ [PJ-Movie] ◈ Dialogs: Council of Elrond (source: Gwaith i Phethdain). Derived from Ety/363 (KHAM), where Christopher Tolkien only lists Q. ham- ("the other derivatives are too chaotic and unclear to present"). Other scholars rather proposed *har- for this verb, on the model of Q. hárar "they sit" (UT/305,317)

six ◈ eneg* [ˈɛnɛg] adj. num. six ◇ Ety/356, VT/42:25

sixth ◈ enchui* [ˈɛnxuj] adj. num. sixth ◇ VT/42:25,27

skill ◈ curu [kˈuru] (curw) n. craft, skill ◇ Ety/366, X/W

skilled ◈ maed* II [mˈɑɛd] (moed) adj. handy, skilled ◇ Ety/371, X/OE ◈ maen [mˈɑɛn] adj. skilled, clever ◇ Ety/371

skin ◈ flâd* [flˈɑːd] n. skin ← Fladrif LotR/E, TC/169, TC/173

sky ◈ menel* [mˈɛnɛl̡] n. sky, high heaven, firmament, the region of the stars ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, LB/354, RGEO/72, VT/44:21,23-24

slain ◈ dangen [dˈɑŋgɛn] pp. of dag-, slain ◇ Ety/375

slant ◈ adlanna-* [ɑdlˈɑnnɑ] v. to slope, slant ◈ adlanno* [ɑdlˈɑnnɔ] (atlanno) v. inf. of adlanna-, to slope, slant ◇ Ety/390, X/TL ◈ penna-* [pˈɛnnɑ] v. to slant down ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/72

slanting ◈ adlant* [ˈɑdlɑnt] (atlant) adj. oblique, slanting ◇ Ety/390, X/TL

slave ◈ mûl [mˈuːl] n. slave, thrall ◇ Ety/373

slay ◈ dag- [dˈɑg] v. to slay ◈ degi [dˈɛgi] v. inf. of dag-, to slay ◇ Ety/375

slayer ◈ dagnir* [dˈɑgnir] n. 1. slayer ○ 2. by ext. bane ◇ S/430

slender ◈ fim* [fˈim] adj. slim, slender ← Fimbrethil LotR/Index ◈ lhind* II [ɬˈind] (thlind, thlinn) adj. fine, slender ◇ Ety/386, X/LH, X/ND1 ◈ nind* [nˈind] (ninn) adj. slender ◇ Ety/378, X/ND1 ◈ trîw [trˈiːw] adj. fine, slender ◇ Ety/392

slim ◈ fim* [fˈim] adj. slim, slender ← Fimbrethil LotR/Index

sling ◈ hadlath [hˈɑdlɑθ] (haglath) n. sling ◇ Ety/363, Ety/368, X/TL

slipping ◈ talt [tˈɑlt] adj. slipping, falling, insecure ◇ Ety/390

slope ◈ adlanna-* [ɑdlˈɑnnɑ] v. to slope, slant ◈ adlanno* [ɑdlˈɑnnɔ] (atlanno) v. inf. of adlanna-, to slope, slant ◇ Ety/390, X/TL ◈ talad [tˈɑlɑd] n. an incline, slope ◇ Ety/390

sloping ◈ adlann* [ˈɑdlɑnn] (atland) adj. sloping, tilted ◇ Ety/390, X/TL, X/ND4

slot ◈ rein* I [rˈɛjn] (rhein, rhœin) n. slot, spoor, track, footprint ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

small ◈ niben* [nˈibɛn] pl. nibin* [nˈibin] adj. small, petty ◇ S/435, WJ/388, WJ/408

smith ◈ mírdan* [mˈiːrdɑn] pl. mírdain* [mˈiːrdɑjn] n. jewel-smith ◇ S/401

smoke ◈ osp [ˈɔsp] n. reek, smoke ◇ Ety/396

smooth ◈ path [pˈɑθ] adj. smooth ◇ Ety/380

snake ◈ lhûg* [ɬˈuːg] n. Zool. snake, serpent ◇ Ety/370, S/434 ◈ lŷg (corr. lyg) * [lˈyːg] n. Zool. snake ◇ LotR/E

snarch ◈ ritha-* [rˈiθɑ] v. to jerk, twitch, snarch ◈ ritho* [rˈiθɔ] (rhitho) v. inf. of ritha-, to jerk, twitch, snarch ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

snout ◈ bund [bˈund] (bunn) n. 1. snout, nose ○ 2. by ext. cape (of land) ◇ Ety/372, X/ND2

snow ◈ gloss* [glˈɔss] adj. snow-white, dazzling-white ◇ Ety/359, RGEO/70, VT/42:18 ◈ loss* [lˈɔss] n. snow (especially fallen or long-lying snow) ◇ S/434, VT/42:18, RGEO/70

snowdrop ◈ nínim [nˈiːnim] n. Bot. snowdrop (flower) ◇ Ety/367 ◈ niphredil* [nˈifrɛdil̡] (nifredil) n. Bot. a pale winter flower, snowdrop ◇ Ety/376, Ety/378, LotR/II:VI, Letters/402, X/PH

snowthorn ◈ aeglos* [ˈɑɛglɔs] n. 1. Bot. snowthorn, a plant like furze (gorse), but larger and with white flowers ○ 2. Geol. icicle (a pendent spear of ice formed by the freezing of dripping water) ◇ UT/417, LotR/Index

snowy ◈ lossen* [lˈɔssɛn] adj. snowy ◇ RGEO/70

soap ◈ glûdh (corr. glúdh) [glˈuːð] n. soap ◇ Ety/369

socket ◈ taew [tˈɑɛw] n. holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple ◇ Ety/390

soft ◈ moe [mˈɔɛ] adj. soft ◇ Ety/371

soil ◈ cef [kˈɛv] pl. ceif [kˈɛjv] n. soil ◇ Ety/363 ◈ gwatha- [gwˈɑθɑ] v. to soil, stain ◈ gwatho [gwˈɑθɔ] v. inf. of gwatha-, to soil, stain ◇ Ety/397 ◈ maw [mˈɑw] (hmaes) n. soil, stain ◇ Ety/386

soiled ◈ gwaur [gwˈɑur] n. soiled, dirty ◇ Ety/397

soldier ◈ daug [dˈɑug] n. warrior, soldier (chiefly used of orcs) ◇ Ety/375

sole ◈ tellen [tˈɛl̡lɛn] (tellein, tellœin) n. sole of foot ◇ Ety/384, Ety/390

sombre ◈ dûr* [dˈuːr] pl. duir* [dˈujr] adj. dark, sombre ◇ Ety/354, S/430, UT/434

somebody ◈ pen* II [pɛn] pron. one, somebody, anybody ◇ WJ/376 ◈ Usually enclitic; mutated as ben

son ◈ ion* [jˈɔn] (iond*, ionn) n. m. 1. son ○ 2. by ext. scion, male descendant ◇ Ety/400, MR/373, X/ND1, X/ND2 ◈ For the second meaning, cf. Hadorion, a Húrin's epithet in WJ/294, Hurinionath referring to the house of Húrin the Steward in PM/202-3,218, and Gil-Galad's epithet Ereinion, cf. also the gloss of the old Qenya cognate yondo "descendant of" in PE/12:106, or the use of the same suffix in later Quenya names such as Isildurioni and Anárioni "Heirs of Isildur (resp. Anárion)" in PM/192,196 ◈ iôn* [jˈɔːn] n. son ◇ WJ/337 ◈ ionnath* [jˈɔnnɑθ] n. coll. of ion, all the sons ◇ SD/129-31

song ◈ aerlinn* [ˈɑɛrlinn] n. (unknown meaning, perhaps a song about the sea, or possibly holy song) ◇ RGEO/70, X/ND4 ◈ glîr [glˈiːr] n. song, poem, lay ◇ Ety/359 ◈ laer* II [lˈɑɛr] n. song ← Laer Cú Beleg S/406

sorcery ◈ gûl* [gˈuːl] n. 1. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who made wonderful things) ○ 2. by ext. perverted or evil knowledge, sorcery, necromancy ◇ Ety/377, S/432, MR/350, WJ/383 ◈ guldur* [gˈuldur] n. (dark) sorcery ◈ morgul* [mˈɔrgul] n. black arts, sorcery, necromancy ◇ Ety/377, S/432, WJ/383, MR/350

sound ◈ nella- [nˈɛl̡lɑ] v. to sound bells ◇ Ety/379 ◈ romru* [rˈɔmru] (rhomru) n. sound of horns ◇ Ety/384, X/RH ◈ rû* [rˈuː] (rhû) n. Arch., Poet. loud-sound, trumpet-sound ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

soup ◈ salph* [sˈɑlf] (salf) n. broth, liquid food, soup ◇ Ety/385, X/PH

source ◈ celu* [kˈɛlu] (celw) n. spring, source ◇ Ety/363, X/W

south ◈ harad* [hˈɑrɑd] n. south ◇ Ety/365, S/432, LotR/E

southern ◈ dúven [dˈuːvɛn] pl. dúvin [dˈuːvin] adj. southern(?) ◇ Ety/376, VT/45:38 ◈ haradren [hɑrˈɑdrɛn] adj. southern ◇ Ety/365 ◈ harn I [hˈɑrn] adj. southern ◇ Ety/365

southerners ◈ haradrim* [hɑrˈɑdrim] n. class pl. southerners, "southrons" ◇ LotR

southrons ◈ haradrim* [hɑrˈɑdrim] n. class pl. southerners, "southrons" ◇ LotR

sow ◈ redhi* [rˈɛði] (rhedhi) v. inf. to sow ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

space ◈ land* I [lˈɑnd] (lhand) adj. open space, level ◇ Ety/368, X/LH, X/ND1 ◈ pathu* [pˈɑθu] (pathw) n. level space, sward ◇ Ety/380, X/W

spark ◈ gîl (corr. geil) [gˈiːl] (gil*) pl. geil (corr. gîl) (gail*) n. star, bright spark ◇ Ety/358, LotR/E, S/431, RGEO/73, X/EI ◈ gildin [gˈil̡din] n. silver spark ◇ Ety/393 ◈ tint [tˈint] n. spark ◇ Ety/393 ◈ tinu* [tˈinu] (tinw) n. spark, small star ◇ Ety/393, X/W

sparkling ◈ lim* II [lˈim] adj. clear, sparkling, light ◇ WJ/337 ◈ míriel* [mˈiːri.ɛl̡] part. sparkling like a jewel ◇ RGEO/64, LotR/II:I

speak ◈ ped-* [pˈɛd] pa. t. pent* [pˈɛnt] v. to speak, to say ← pedo, arphent LotR/II:IV, TL/21:09 ◈ pedo* [pˈɛdɔ] v. imp. of ped-, speak! say! ◇ LotR/II:IV, Letters/424

spear ◈ ecthel [ˈɛkθɛl̡] (egthel) n. point (of spear) ◇ Ety/388 ◈ hador* [hˈɑdr̩] n. thrower (of spears and darts) ◇ Ety/363, WJ/234 ◈ hadron [hˈɑdrɔn] n. m. thrower (of spears and darts) ◇ Ety/363 ◈ thela [θˈɛlɑ] n. point (of spear) ◇ Ety/388

spearhead ◈ naith* [nˈɑjθ] pl. natsai [nˈɑtsɑj] n. any formation or projection tapering to a point: a spearhead, gore, wedge, narrow promontory, triangle ◇ Ety/387, UT/282

spearpoint ◈ aith [ˈɑjθ] n. spearpoint ◇ Ety/355

speech ◈ glam* [glˈɑm] (glamm*, glamb*) n. 1. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise ○ 2. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts ○ 3. by ext. as a coll. noun, any body of orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/377, WJ/390, WJ/416

speed ◈ hortha- [hˈɔrθɑ] v. to urge on, speed ◇ Ety/364

spell ◈ lûth* [lˈuːθ] (lhûth) n. spell, charm ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

spider ◈ lhing* [ɬˈiŋ] (thling) n. spider, spider's web, cobweb ◇ Ety/386, X/LH ◈ lhingril* [ɬˈiŋgril̡] (thlingril) n. spider ◇ Ety/386, X/LH ◈ ungol* [ˈuŋgl̩] n. spider ◇ Ety/366, WR/202, LotR

spike ◈ caraes [kˈɑrɑɛs] n. jagged hedge of spikes ← Helcharaes Ety/362 ◈ carag [kˈɑrɑg] n. spike, tooth of rock ◇ Ety/362 ◈ ceber* [kˈɛbɛr] pl. cebir* [kˈɛbir] n. stake, spike, stone ridge ◇ Ety/363, LotR/II:VIII, S/437

spindrift ◈ gwing* [gwˈiŋ] n. 1. spindrift, flying spray ○ 2. foam (properly a flying spume or spindrift blown off wavetops) ◇ Ety/398, PM/392

spine ◈ ech [ˈɛx] n. spine ◇ Ety/355, VT/45:12 ◈ The Etymologies as published gloss this word as "spear", but the correct reading is provided in VT/45. See also egnas

spirit ◈ faer* [fˈɑɛr] n. spirit ◇ MR/349 ◈ mân [mˈɑːn] n. departed spirit ◇ Ety/371

spit ◈ puia- [pˈuj.ɑ] v. to spit ◈ puio [pˈuj.ɔ] v. inf. of puia-, to spit ◇ Ety/382

splendour ◈ claur [klˈɑur] n. Poet. splendour, glory ◇ Ety/362

split ◈ thanc* [θˈɑŋk] adj. cleft, split, forked ← Orthanc S/415, Ety/388

sponge ◈ hwand [ʍˈɑnd] (chwand, chwann) n. sponge, fungus ◇ Ety/388, X/ND1, X/HW

spoor ◈ rein* I [rˈɛjn] (rhein, rhœin) n. slot, spoor, track, footprint ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

sport ◈ telien [tˈɛli.ɛn] (teilien) n. sport, play ◇ Ety/395

spot ◈ peg [pˈɛg] n. small spot, dot ◇ Ety/382 ◈ sad* [sˈɑd] n. limited area naturally or artificially defined, a place, spot ◇ UT/425, VT/42:20 ◈ sad* [sˈɑd] n. limited area naturally or artificially defined, a place, spot ◇ UT/425, VT/42:20

spouse ◈ bereth* [bˈɛrɛθ] n. queen, spouse ◇ Ety/351, RGEO/74

spray ◈ gwing* [gwˈiŋ] n. 1. spindrift, flying spray ○ 2. foam (properly a flying spume or spindrift blown off wavetops) ◇ Ety/398, PM/392

spread ◈ pelia- [pˈɛli.ɑ] v. to spread ◈ pelio [pˈɛli.ɔ] v. inf. of pelia-, to spread ◇ Ety/380

spring ◈ celu* [kˈɛlu] (celw) n. spring, source ◇ Ety/363, X/W ◈ echuir* [ˈɛxujr] n. Cal. a season, the beginning of spring ◇ LotR/D, SD/129-31 ◈ eithel* [ˈɛjθɛl̡] pl. eithil* [ˈɛjθil̡] n. spring, issue of water, well ◇ Ety/363, S/430, S/433, WJ/85, TC/187 ◈ ethuil* [ˈɛθujl] n. Cal. season of spring ◇ LotR/D, SD/129-31 ◈ tuia- [tˈuj.ɑ] v. 1. to sprout, spring ○ 2. to swell ◈ tuio [tˈuj.ɔ] v. inf. of tuia-, 1. to sprout, spring ○ 2. to swell ◇ Ety/394-395

sprout ◈ tuia- [tˈuj.ɑ] v. 1. to sprout, spring ○ 2. to swell ◈ tuio [tˈuj.ɔ] v. inf. of tuia-, 1. to sprout, spring ○ 2. to swell ◇ Ety/394-395 ◈ tuiw [tˈujw] (tui) n. Bot. a sprout, bud ◇ Ety/395

spy ◈ ethir* II [ˈɛθir] n. spy ◇ S/379, UT/418

stab ◈ eitha-* [ˈɛjθɑ] v. 1. to prick with a sharp point, to stab ○ 2. by ext. to treat with scorn, insult ◇ WJ/365

stain ◈ gwass [gwˈɑss] n. stain ◇ Ety/397 ◈ gwath* [gwˈɑθ] n. 1. shade, shadow, dim light ○ 2. stain ◇ Ety/397, S/432 ◈ gwatha- [gwˈɑθɑ] v. to soil, stain ◈ gwatho [gwˈɑθɔ] v. inf. of gwatha-, to soil, stain ◇ Ety/397 ◈ mael I [mˈɑɛl] (hmael) n. and adj. 1. stain ○ 2. stained ◇ Ety/386 ◈ maw [mˈɑw] (hmaes) n. soil, stain ◇ Ety/386

stained ◈ gwaen* [gwˈɑɛn] adj. stained ← Agarwaen S/378 ◈ mael I [mˈɑɛl] (hmael) n. and adj. 1. stain ○ 2. stained ◇ Ety/386

stairway ◈ pendrath [pˈɛndrɑθ] (pendrad) n. passage up or down slope, stairway ◇ Ety/380, X/ND3

stake ◈ ceber* [kˈɛbɛr] pl. cebir* [kˈɛbir] n. stake, spike, stone ridge ◇ Ety/363, LotR/II:VIII, S/437

stalwart ◈ thala [θˈɑlɑ] adj. stalwart, steady, firm ◇ Ety/388 ◈ tolog [tˈɔlɔg] adj. stalwart, trusty ◇ Ety/395

staple ◈ taew [tˈɑɛw] n. holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple ◇ Ety/390

star ◈ êl* [ˈɛːl] pl. elin* [ˈɛlin] n. Arch., Poet. star (little used except in verses) ◇ WJ/363, MR/373, RGEO/73, Letters/281 ◈ elenath* [ˈɛlɛnɑθ] n. coll. of êl, starry host, all the host of the stars of heaven ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/73-75, WJ/363 ◈ gîl (corr. geil) [gˈiːl] (gil*) pl. geil (corr. gîl) (gail*) n. star, bright spark ◇ Ety/358, LotR/E, S/431, RGEO/73, X/EI ◈ giliath [gˈili.ɑθ] n. coll. of gîl, all the host of stars ◇ Ety/358 ◈ tinu* [tˈinu] (tinw) n. spark, small star ◇ Ety/393, X/W

starlight ◈ gilgalad [gˈil̡.gɑlɑd] n. starlight ◇ Ety/358

starry ◈ elenath* [ˈɛlɛnɑθ] n. coll. of êl, starry host, all the host of the stars of heaven ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/73-75, WJ/363

stay ◈ dar- [dˈɑr] v. to stay, wait, stop, remain ◈ dartha- [dˈɑrθɑ] v. to wait, stay, last, endure, remain ◇ Ety/353, VT/45:8 ◈ deri [dˈɛri] v. inf. of dar-, to stay, wait, stop, remain ◇ Ety/353 ◈ dortha- [dˈɔrθɑ] v. to dwell, stay ◈ dortho [dˈɔrθɔ] v. inf. of dortha-, to dwell, stay ◇ Ety/376

staying ◈ avorn* [ˈɑvɔrn] adj. staying, fast ← Baravorn Hamfast, SD/129-31

steadfast ◈ him I [hˈim] adj. 1. steadfast, abiding ○ 2. as an adverb, continually ◇ Ety/364

steady ◈ thala [θˈɑlɑ] adj. stalwart, steady, firm ◇ Ety/388

steep ◈ baradh [bˈɑrɑð] adj. steep ◇ Ety/351

stem ◈ telch [tˈɛl̡x] pl. tilch [tˈil̡x] n. stem ◇ Ety/391

stench ◈ angol I [ˈɑŋgɔl] n. stench ◇ Ety/378 ◈ thû [θˈuː] n. stench ◇ Ety/393

stick ◈ nasta- [nˈɑstɑ] v. to prick, point, stick, thrust ◇ Ety/375, VT45:37 ◈ nestag- [nˈɛstɑg] pa. t. nestanc [nˈɛstɑŋk] v. to insert, stick in ◇ Ety/388 ◈ nestegi [nˈɛstɛgi] v. inf. of nestag-, to insert, stick in ◇ Ety/388

sticky ◈ hîw [hˈiːw] adj. sticky, viscous ◇ Ety/364

stiff ◈ dorn* [dˈɔrn] adj. stiff, tough ◇ WJ/413 ◈ tara [tˈɑrɑ] (tar-) adj. tough, stiff ◇ Ety/390 ◈ tharn [θˈɑrn] adj. sapless, stiff, rigid, withered ◇ Ety/388

stiffness ◈ tarias [tˈɑri.ɑs] n. stiffness, toughness, difficulty ◇ Ety/390

stirrup ◈ talraph* [tˈɑlrɑf] n. stirrup ← Udalraph UT/424

stone ◈ edhelharn* [ɛðˈɛl̡hɑrn] n. elf-stone ◇ SD/128-129 ◈ gond* [gˈɔnd] (gonn) n. great stone, rock ◇ Ety/359, S/431, X/ND1 ◈ gondrafn [gˈɔndrɑvn] n. hewn stone ◇ Ety/354 ◈ gondram [gˈɔndrɑm] n. hewn stone ◇ Ety/354 ◈ gondren* [gˈɔndrɛn] adj. (made) of stone ← Toll-ondren TI/268, TI/287 ◈ sarn* [sˈɑrn] n. 1. stone as a material ○ 2. small stone ◇ Ety/385, S/437, UT/463, VT/42:11 ◈ Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11

stop ◈ dar- [dˈɑr] v. to stay, wait, stop, remain ◈ daro* [dˈɑrɔ] v. imp. of dar-, halt! stop! ◇ Ety/353, LotR/II:VI ◈ daur* [dˈɑur] n. 1. pause, stop ○ 2. by ext. league (about 3 miles) ◇ UT/279, UT/285 ◈ deri [dˈɛri] v. inf. of dar-, to stay, wait, stop, remain ◇ Ety/353 ◈ dilia- [dˈili.ɑ] pa. t. diliant [dˈili.ɑnt] v. to stop up ◇ Ety/354, VT/45:9 ◈ dilio [dˈili.ɔ] v. inf. of dilia-, to stop up ◇ Ety/354

stopgap ◈ gasdil [gˈɑsdil̡] n. Ling. "stopgap", name of a diacritic sign used to indicate that g had been lenited to zero ◇ Ety/354, Ety/357

stopped ◈ tafnen* [tˈɑvnɛn] adj. closed, blocked, stopped ← uidavnen WR/341 ◈ Normalized to tafnen, as for lefnui

stopper ◈ dîl [dˈiːl] n. stopper, stopping, stuffing ◇ Ety/354

stopping ◈ dîl [dˈiːl] n. stopper, stopping, stuffing ◇ Ety/354

storm ◈ alagos [ˈɑlɑgɔs] n. storm of wind ◇ Ety/348

straight ◈ taer [tˈɑɛr] adj. straight ◇ Ety/392 ◈ Written tær (with ae-ligature) in the Etymologies ◈ tîr [tˈiːr] adj. straight, right ◇ Ety/391

strait ◈ lond* [lˈɔnd] (lonn*, lhonn) n. 1. narrow path or strait ○ 2. by ext. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven ◇ Ety/348, Ety/370, S/434, UT/450, VT/42:10, X/LH, X/ND1

stray ◈ mista- [mˈistɑ] v. to stray ◈ misto [mˈistɔ] v. inf. of mista-, to stray ◇ Ety/373 ◈ renia-* [rˈɛni.ɑ] v. to stray ◈ renio* [rˈɛni.ɔ] (rhenio) v. inf. of renia-, to stray ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

straying ◈ mistad* [mˈistɑd] (mistrad) n. straying, error ◇ Ety/373, X/Z

street ◈ othrad [ˈɔθrɑd] (ostrad) n. street ◇ Ety/383, X/Z ◈ rath* [rˈɑθ] n. 1. course, riverbed ○ 2. street ◇ Ety/383, LotR/Index

strength ◈ bellas [bˈɛl̡lɑs] n. bodily strength ◇ Ety/352 ◈ tû [tˈuː] n. muscle, sinew, vigour, physical strength ◇ Ety/394

stroke ◈ dram* [drˈɑm] (dramm, dramb) n. heavy stroke, a blow (of axe, etc.) ◇ Ety/354, X/MB ◈ hast [hˈɑst] n. axe-stroke ◇ Ety/389

strong ◈ bell* [bˈɛl̡l] (belt) adj. strong in body ◇ Ety/352, X/LD

stronghold ◈ ost* [ˈɔst] n. 1. city, town with wall round ○ 2. fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art ◇ Ety/379, S/435, WJ/414 ◈ othronn* [ˈɔθrɔnn] (othrond*) n. fortress or city in underground caves, underground stronghold ◇ Ety/379, Ety/384, WJ/414, X/ND4

study ◈ gûl* [gˈuːl] n. 1. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who made wonderful things) ○ 2. by ext. perverted or evil knowledge, sorcery, necromancy ◇ Ety/377, S/432, MR/350, WJ/383

stuffing ◈ dîl [dˈiːl] n. stopper, stopping, stuffing ◇ Ety/354

stunt ◈ nuitha-* [nˈujθɑ] v. to stunt, to prevent from coming to completion, stop short, not allow to continue ◇ WJ/413

sublime ◈ taur III [tˈɑur] adj. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime ◇ Ety/395

sudden ◈ bragol* [brˈɑgɔl] adj. sudden ◇ S/429 ◈ bregol [brˈɛgɔl] adj. violent, sudden, fierce ◇ Ety/352, Ety/373

suddenness ◈ breged [brˈɛgɛd] n. violence, suddenness ◇ Ety/352

sufficient ◈ far [fˈɑr] adj. or adv. sufficient, enough, quite ◇ Ety/381

sum ◈ gonod- [gˈɔnɔd] v. to count, count up, reckon, sum up ◇ Ety/378, Ety/399

summer ◈ laer* I [lˈɑɛr] n. Cal. season of summer ◇ LotR/D

summit ◈ taen I [tˈɑɛn] n. height, summit of high mountain ◇ Ety/389

summon ◈ toltha- [tˈɔlθɑ] v. to fetch, to summon, make come ◈ toltho [tˈɔlθɔ] v. inf. of toltha-, to fetch, to summon, make come ◇ Ety/395

sun ◈ Anor* [ˈɑnɔr] n. sun ◇ Ety/348

sunlight ◈ aur* [ˈɑur] n. day, sunlight, morning ◇ Ety/349, S/439 ◈ See also calan ◈ glawar [glˈɑwɑr] n. Theo. sunlight, radiance (of the golden tree Laurelin) ◇ Ety/368, VT/45:15

sunny ◈ nórui* [nˈɔːruj] n. and adj. 1. sunny, fiery ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of june ◇ LotR/D

sunset ◈ annûn* [ˈɑnnuːn] n. west, sunset ◇ Ety/376, S/428, LotR/VI:IV, LotR/E, LB/354, Letters/308

superior ◈ orchal* [ˈɔrxl̩] (orchall, orchel) adj. 1. superior, lofty, eminent ○ 2. tall ◇ Ety/363, Ety/379, WJ/305 ◈ In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may be have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

support ◈ tulu [tˈulu] n. support, prop ◇ Ety/395

surface ◈ palath [pˈɑlɑθ] n. surface ◇ Ety/380 ◈ talath* [tˈɑlɑθ] (dalath) n. 1. flat surface, plane ○ 2. flat land, plain, (wide) valley ← Talath Dirnen UT/465, Ety/353, S/437

survival ◈ bronad [brˈɔnɑd] ger. of brona-, survival ← bronadui Ety/353

survive ◈ brona- [brˈɔnɔ] v. to last, to survive ◈ brono [brˈɔnɔ] v. inf. of brona-, to last, to survive ◇ Ety/353

swallow ◈ tuilinn [tˈujlinn] (tuilind, tuilin) n. Orn. swallow (bird) ◇ Ety/395, X/ND4

swamped ◈ loen* [lˈɔɛn] adj. soaking wet, swamped ◇ VT/42:10

swan ◈ alph* [ˈɑlf] (alf) pl. eilph* [ˈɛjlf] n. Orn. swan ◇ Ety/348, S/427, LotR/E, VT/42:7, X/PH

sward ◈ pathu* [pˈɑθu] (pathw) n. level space, sward ◇ Ety/380, X/W ◈ sâdh* [sˈɑːð] n. sward, turf ◇ VT/42:20

swart ◈ baran* [bˈɑrɑn] n. brown, swart, dark brown, golden brown, yellow brown ◇ Ety/351, LotR/F, TC/179 ◈ donn [dˈɔnn] adj. swart, swarthy ◇ Ety/355, X/ND1

swarthy ◈ donn [dˈɔnn] adj. swart, swarthy ◇ Ety/355, X/ND1

swear ◈ gwesta- [gwˈɛstɑ] v. to swear ◈ gwesto [gwˈɛstɔ] v. inf. of gwesta-, to swear ◇ Ety/397

sweet ◈ lend* II [lˈɛnd] (lhend) adj. tuneful, sweet ◇ Ety/369, X/LH, X/ND1 ◈ melui* [mˈɛluj] adj. sweet ◇ LotR/V:VIII, VT/42:18 ◈ This word only occurs in the place name Imloth Melui, a vale where roses grew

swell ◈ tuia- [tˈuj.ɑ] v. 1. to sprout, spring ○ 2. to swell ◈ tuio [tˈuj.ɔ] v. inf. of tuia-, 1. to sprout, spring ○ 2. to swell ◇ Ety/394-395

swift ◈ celeg* [kˈɛlɛg] adj. swift, agile, hasty ◇ Ety/366, PM/353, VT/41:10 ◈ lagor* [lˈɑgr̩] (lhagr) adj. swift, rapid ◇ Ety/367, X/LH

swooping ◈ thôr II [θˈɔːr] adj. swooping, leaping down ◇ Ety/393

sword ◈ crist [krˈist] n. cleaver, sword ◇ Ety/365 ◈ lang* [lˈɑŋ] (lhang) n. cutlass, sword ◇ Ety/367, X/LH ◈ magol [mˈɑgl̩] (magl) n. sword ◇ Ety/371 ◈ The word megil (q.v.), probably introduced by the Ñoldor, was also used ◈ megil* [mˈɛgil̡] n. sword ◇ Ety/371 ◈ The word was struck out in the Etymologies, but is well attested in late compounds such as Mormegil or Arvegil (with regular mutation). It is conceivably the Sindarinized form of Quenya makil, coexisting with magol (see tegil and tegol for a similar case)

swordsman ◈ magor* [mˈɑgr̩] n. swordsman ← Menelvagor LotR/E, WJ/234

syrup ◈ paich* [pˈɑjx] (peich) n. juice, syrup ◇ Ety/382, X/EI

tale ◈ gwanod [gwˈɑnɔd] n. tale, number ◇ Ety/378 ◈ narn* [nˈɑrn] pl. nern* [nˈɛrn] n. a tale or a saga, that is told in verse to be spoken and not sung ◇ Ety/374, WJ/313, MR/373, S/412 ◈ pent II [pˈɛnt] n. tale ◇ Ety/366 ◈ sinnarn [sˈinnɑrn] n. novel tale ◇ Ety/385 ◈ trenarn [trˈɛnɑrn] n. account, tale ◇ Ety/374

tall ◈ orchal* [ˈɔrxl̩] (orchall, orchel) adj. 1. superior, lofty, eminent ○ 2. tall ◇ Ety/363, Ety/379, WJ/305 ◈ In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may be have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant ◈ tond [tˈɔnd] (tonn) adj. tall ◇ Ety/395, X/ND1

tangled ◈ remmen* [rˈɛmmɛn] pl. remmin* [rˈɛmmin] pp. woven, netted, tangled ← galadhremmin LotR/E, LotR/II:I, RGEO/72

task ◈ tass [tˈɑss] (tars) n. labour, task ◇ Ety/391

taut ◈ tong [tˈɔŋ] adj. taut, tight (of strings), resonant ◇ Ety/395

tear ◈ nîn II [nˈiːn] n. tear ◇ ETY/376 ◈ nîr [nˈiːr] n. tear, weeping ◇ Ety/376

tearful ◈ nîd [nˈiːd] adj. damp, wet, tearful ◇ Ety/376 ◈ níniel (corr. niniel) [nˈiːni.ɛl̡] adj. tearful ◇ Ety/376

tell ◈ trenar- [trˈɛnɑr] pa. t. trenor [trˈɛnɔr] (trener) v. to recount, to tell to end ◇ Ety/374 ◈ treneri [trˈɛnɛri] v. inf. of trenar-, to recount, to tell to end ◇ Ety/374

temptation ◈ úthaes* [ˈuːθɑɛs] n. inducement to do wrong, temptation ◇ VT/44:30

ten ◈ caer [kˈɑɛr] adj. num. ten ◇ Ety/363 ◈ See also pae ◈ pae* [pˈɑɛ] adj. num. ten ◇ VT/42:25 ◈ See also caer

tenth ◈ paenui* [pˈɑɛnuj] adj. num. tenth ◇ VT/42:25

terrify ◈ gruitha-* [grˈujθɑ] v. to terrify ◇ WJ/415

terrifying ◈ goeol* [gˈɔɛ.ɔl] adj. dreadful, terrifying ◇ PM/363

terror ◈ goe* [gˈɔɛ] n. terror, great fear ◇ PM/363 ◈ groga-* [grˈɔgɑ] v. to feel terror ◇ WJ/415

thatch ◈ taus [tˈɑus] n. thatch ◇ Ety/395

the ◈ i* [i] pl. in* [in] art. and pron. 1. the ○ 2. who ◇ Ety/361, SD/129-31, Letters/308, Letters/417

thee ◈ le* [lɛ] pron. to thee (reverential) ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-73, Letters/278, LB/354

them ◈ ti* [ti] pron. them ← i gohenam di ai VT/44:21,30

there ◈ ennas* [ˈɛnnɑs] adv. there, in that place ◇ SD/129-31

thick ◈ tûg [tˈuːg] adj. thick, fat ◇ Ety/394

thin ◈ lhain* II [ɬˈɑjn] (thlein) pl. lhîn* [ɬˈiːn] (thlîn) adj. lean, thin, meagre ◇ Ety/386, X/LH ◈ taen II [tˈɑɛn] adj. long (and thin) ◇ Ety/391

thing ◈ bach [bˈɑx] n. article (for exchange), ware, thing ◇ Ety/372 ◈ nad [nˈɑd] n. thing ◇ Ety/374

third ◈ nail* [nˈɑjl] (neil) adj. num. third ◇ VT/42:25 ◈ nelui* [nˈɛluj] adj. num. third ◇ VT/42:25

thirsty ◈ faug [fˈɑug] n. thirsty ◇ Ety/381

thirtieth ◈ nelchaenen* [nɛl̡xˈɑɛnɛn] adj. num. thirtieth ◇ SD/129-31

this ◈ sen* [sɛn] pl. sin* [sin] adj. this ← i thiw hin LotR/II:IV ◈ This demonstrative adjective is probably enclitic. It has been suggested that this possibility could perhaps explain why the mutated form of tîw on the Doors of Durin is thiw instead of the expected thîw, see HL/69

thong ◈ lath* [lˈɑθ] (lhath) n. (?) thong of leather ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

thorn ◈ êg [ˈɛːg] n. thorn ◇ Ety/355 ◈ ereg* [ˈɛrɛg] pl. erig [ˈɛrig] n. Bot. holly-tree, thorn ◇ Ety/356, S/431

thought ◈ ind [ˈind] (inn) n. inner thought, meaning, heart ◇ Ety/361, X/ND1 ◈ nauth [nˈɑuθ] n. thought ◇ Ety/378

thoughtful ◈ idhren [ˈiðrɛn] adj. pondering, wise, thoughtful ◇ Ety/361

thoughtfulness ◈ idhor* [ˈiðr̩] (idher) n. thoughtfulness ◇ Ety/361, X/Z

thousand ◈ meneg* [mˈɛnɛg] adj. num. thousand ← Menegroth "thousand caves" S/409

thrall ◈ mûl [mˈuːl] n. slave, thrall ◇ Ety/373

thread ◈ hithlain* [hˈiθlɑjn] n. mist-thread, a substance used by the Elves of Lothlórien to make strong ropes ◇ LotR/II:VIII, LotR/Index ◈ lain* II [lˈɑjn] n. thread ← hithlain LotR/II:VIII, LotR/Index ◈ lhê* [ɬˈɛː] (thlê) n. fine thread, spider filament ◇ Ety/386, X/LH

three ◈ nêl* II [nˈɛːl] adj. num. three ◇ VT/42:25 ◈ See also neled ◈ neled [nˈɛlɛd] (neledh) adj. num. three ◇ Ety/376, TAI150

threshold ◈ fen* [fˈɛn] (fend, fenn) n. door, threshold ◇ Ety/381, LotR/V:IV, WR/341, X/ND1

throat ◈ lanc* II [lˈɑŋk] (lhanc) n. throat ◇ Ety/367, X/LH

through ◈ godref [gˈɔdrɛv] (godrebh) adv. through together ◇ TAI/150 ◈ tre- [trɛ] (tri) pref. through (but denoting completeness when prefixed to verbs, cf. English idioms like "talk something through") ◇ Ety/392 ◈ trî [trˈiː] prep. through ◇ Ety/392

thrower ◈ hador* [hˈɑdr̩] n. thrower (of spears and darts) ◇ Ety/363, WJ/234 ◈ hadron [hˈɑdrɔn] n. m. thrower (of spears and darts) ◇ Ety/363

thrust ◈ nasta- [nˈɑstɑ] v. to prick, point, stick, thrust ◇ Ety/375, VT45:37

thy ◈ lín* [lˈiːn] (lin*) adj. thy (reverential) ◇ VT/44:21,24

tidings ◈ siniath [sˈini.ɑθ] n. coll. news, tidings ◇ Ety/385

tidy ◈ puig [pˈujg] adj. clean, tidy, neat ◇ Ety/382

tie ◈ nod-* [nˈɔd] (nud-) v. to tie, bind ◇ Ety/378, X/Z ◈ taetha- [tˈɑɛθɑ] v. to fasten, tie ◈ taetho [tˈɑɛθɔ] v. inf. of taetha-, to fasten, tie ◇ Ety/389

tight ◈ tong [tˈɔŋ] adj. taut, tight (of strings), resonant ◇ Ety/395

tilted ◈ adlann* [ˈɑdlɑnn] (atland) adj. sloping, tilted ◇ Ety/390, X/TL, X/ND4

time ◈ anann* [ˈɑnɑnn] adv. long, for a long time ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308 ◈ lû* [lˈuː] (lhû) n. a time, occasion ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

tiny ◈ pigen [pˈigɛn] adj. tiny ◇ Ety/382 ◈ tithen [tˈiθɛn] pl. tithin [tˈiθin] adj. little, tiny ◇ Ety/394

to ◈ an* [ɑn] prep. to, towards, for ◇ LotR/II:IV, UT/39, SD/129-31 ◈ With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath ◈ heltha- (corr. helta) [hˈɛl̡θɑ] v. to strip ◇ Ety/386 ◈ The form helta- in the Etymologies is either a misprint or a misreading, unless the word is actually meant to be Quenya (and in that case, a Q is missing before the entry). Its Sindarin cognate would anyway still be heltha- ◈ na* [nɑ] prep. 1. with, by (also used as a genitive sign) ○ 2. to, towards, at ◇ Ety/374, LotR/I:XII ◈ o* I [ɔ] (od*) prep. from, of; preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker ◇ Ety/360, WJ/366, WJ/369-70, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-31, RGEO/72 ◈ According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

today ◈ sír* [sˈiːr] adv. today ◇ VT/44:21,27

together ◈ go- [gɔ] pref. together ◇ Ety/399, WJ/367 ◈ godref [gˈɔdrɛv] (godrebh) adv. through together ◇ TAI/150 ◈ gwa-* [gwɑ] pref. Arch. together (only in old compounds, the living form is go-) ◇ Ety/399, WJ/367

toil ◈ muda- [mˈudɑ] v. to labour, toil ◈ mudas [mˈudɑs] n. labour, toil ◇ Ety/373 ◈ The Etymologies list this word as the past tense of the verb mudo, but actually it looks more like a noun ◈ mudo [mˈudɔ] v. inf. of muda-, to labour, toil ◇ Ety/373 ◈ The Etymologies list mudas as the past tense of this this verb, but actually this form looks more like a noun "labour, toil"

tomb ◈ haudh* [hˈɑuð] n. (burial) mound, grave, tomb ◇ Ety/363-364, S/432, LotR/A(iv)

tongue ◈ lam* I [lˈɑm] (lhamb, lham) n. physical tongue ◇ Ety/367, WJ/394, X/LH

tooth ◈ anc [ˈɑŋk] n. jaw, row of teeth ◇ Ety/348, Ety/374 ◈ carag [kˈɑrɑg] n. spike, tooth of rock ◇ Ety/362 ◈ carch* [kˈɑrx] n. tooth, fang ◇ Ety/362, S/429 ◈ nêl I [nˈɛːl] (neleg) pl. nelig* [nˈɛlig] n. tooth ◇ Ety/376, WR/113

top ◈ caw [kˈɑw] n. top ◇ Ety/362

torment ◈ baul [bˈɑul] n. torment ◇ Ety/377

torrent ◈ oll [ˈɔld] (old) n. torrent, mountain-stream ◇ Ety/396 ◈ thórod [θˈɔːrɔd] n. torrent ◇ Ety/393

tough ◈ dorn* [dˈɔrn] adj. stiff, tough ◇ WJ/413 ◈ tara [tˈɑrɑ] (tar-) adj. tough, stiff ◇ Ety/390

toughness ◈ tarias [tˈɑri.ɑs] n. stiffness, toughness, difficulty ◇ Ety/390

towards ◈ an* [ɑn] prep. to, towards, for ◇ LotR/II:IV, UT/39, SD/129-31 ◈ With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath ◈ na* [nɑ] prep. 1. with, by (also used as a genitive sign) ○ 2. to, towards, at ◇ Ety/374, LotR/I:XII

tower ◈ barad* II [bˈɑrɑd] pl. beraid* [bˈɛrɑjd] n. tower, fortress ◇ Ety/351, S/428, LotR/B ◈ minas* [mˈinɑs] (minnas) n. 1. tower ○ 2. by ext. fort, city with a citadel and central watch-tower ◇ Ety/373, S/434, VT/42:24 ◈ mindon [mˈindɔn] n. 1. isolated hill, especially a hill with a watch tower ○ 2. by ext. tower ◇ Ety/373, Ety/395

town ◈ gobel [gˈɔbɛl̡] n. walled house or village, town ◇ Ety/380 ◈ ost* [ˈɔst] n. 1. city, town with wall round ○ 2. fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art ◇ Ety/379, S/435, WJ/414

track ◈ bâd [bˈɑːd] n. beaten track, pathway ◇ Ety/351 ◈ râd [rˈɑːd] n. path, track ◇ Ety/383 ◈ rein* I [rˈɛjn] (rhein, rhœin) n. slot, spoor, track, footprint ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

trade ◈ banga- [bˈɑŋgɑ] v. to trade ◇ Ety/372

trample ◈ batha- [bˈɑθɑ] v. to trample ◈ batho [bˈɑθɔ] v. inf. of batha-, to trample ◇ Ety/352

traverse ◈ athrada- [ˈɑθrɑdɑ] v. to cross, traverse ◈ athrado [ˈɑθrɑdɔ] v. inf. of athrada-, to cross, traverse ◇ Ety/383 ◈ trevad- [trˈɛvɑd] pa. t. trevant [trˈɛvɑnt] v. to traverse ◇ Ety/352 ◈ trevedi [trˈɛvɛdi] v. inf. of trevad-, to traverse ◇ Ety/352

treasure ◈ mîr* [mˈiːr] n. jewel, precious thing, treasure ◇ Ety/373, LotR/E, S/434, PM/348, LB/354, RGEO/73

treaty ◈ gowest [gˈɔwɛst] n. contract, compact, treaty ◇ Ety/399

tree ◈ brethil* I [brˈɛθil̡] (brethel) pl. brethil* n. Bot. beech, beech-tree, silver birch ◇ Ety/352, Ety/376, S/429 ◈ ereg* [ˈɛrɛg] pl. erig [ˈɛrig] n. Bot. holly-tree, thorn ◇ Ety/356, S/431 ◈ eregdos [ɛrˈɛgdɔs] n. Bot. holly, holly-tree ◇ Ety/356, Ety/379, Ety/395 ◈ fêr [fˈɛːr] pl. ferin [fˈɛrin] n. Bot. beech-tree ◇ Ety/352, Ety/381 ◈ galadh* [gˈɑlɑð] n. tree ◇ Ety/357, S/427, LotR/E, LB/354, RGEO/73, Letters/426 ◈ lalf [lˈɑlv] pl. lelf [lˈɛl̡v] n. Bot. elm-tree ◇ Ety/348 ◈ lalorn* [lˈɑlɔrn] (lhalorn) n. Bot. elm-tree ◇ Ety/367, X/LH ◈ lalven [lˈɑlvɛn] pl. lelvin [lˈɛl̡vin] n. Bot. elm-tree ◇ Ety/348 ◈ lalwen* [lˈɑlwɛn] (lhalwen) pl. lelwin [lˈɛl̡win] n. Bot. elm-tree ◇ Ety/367, X/LH ◈ lebethron* [lɛbˈɛθrɔn] n. Bot. a tree - its black wood was used by the woodwrights of Gondor ◇ LotR/IV:VII, LotR/VI:V, WR/176 ◈ In the original manuscript, one of the earlier (rejected) form of this name was lebendron. Didier Willis proposed the etymology lebed+doron "finger-oak", actually a real tree name (Finger Oak or Quercus digitata) ◈ mallorn* [mˈɑllɔrn] pl. mellyrn* [mˈɛl̡lyrn] n. Bot. golden tree of Lothlórien ◇ S/435, LotR/II:IV ◈ orn* [ˈɔrn] pl. yrn [ˈyrn] n. Bot. (any large) tree ◇ Ety/379, S/435, Letters/426 ◈ tathar* [tˈɑθr̩] (tathor) n. Bot. willow-tree ◇ Ety/391, S/438 ◈ thôn* [θˈɔːn] (thaun) n. Bot. pine-tree ◇ Ety/392, S/438 ◈ toss [tˈɔss] n. Bot. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.) ◇ Ety/379, Ety/395 ◈ tulus [tˈulus] pl. tylys [ˈtylys] n. Bot. poplar-tree ◇ Ety/395

trespass ◈ úgarth* [ˈuːgɑrθ] pl. úgerth* [ˈuːgɛrθ] n. bad deed, sin, trespass ◇ VT/44:21,28

tress ◈ fîn* [fˈiːn] (find*, finn-*) n. a tress ◇ PM/361-362

tressure ◈ cathrae* [kˈɑθrɑɛ] n. tressure, net for combining the hair ◇ VT/42:12

triangle ◈ naith* [nˈɑjθ] pl. natsai [nˈɑtsɑj] n. any formation or projection tapering to a point: a spearhead, gore, wedge, narrow promontory, triangle ◇ Ety/387, UT/282 ◈ nelthil [nˈɛl̡θil] n. triangle ◇ Ety/376, Ety/393

trick ◈ rinc* [rˈiŋk] (rhinc) n. twitch, jerk, trick, sudden move ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

trill ◈ glir- [glˈir] v. to sing, trill, to recite a poem ◈ gliri (corr. glin) [glˈiri] v. inf. of glir-, to sing, trill, to recite a poem ◇ Ety/359, Ety/369

triumph ◈ gell [gˈɛl̡l] n. joy, triumph ◇ Ety/359

triumphant ◈ gellui [gˈɛl̡luj] adj. triumphant ◇ Ety/359

troll ◈ torog* [tˈɔrɔg] n. troll ◇ LotR/F

troop ◈ gwaith* [gwˈɑjθ] n. 1. troop of able-bodied men, people ○ 2. by ext. region, wilderness ◇ Ety/398 ◈ gweth [gwˈɛθ] n. 1. manhood ○ 2. by ext. man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment ◇ Ety/398 ◈ herth [hˈɛrθ] n. Mil. household, troop under a "hîr" (master, lord) ◇ Ety/364

troth ◈ gwaedh [gwˈɑɛð] n. bond, troth, compact, oath ◇ Ety/397

trouble ◈ presta- [prˈɛstɑ] v. to affect, trouble, disturb ◈ presto [prˈɛstɔ] v. inf. of presta-, to affect, trouble, disturb ◇ Ety/380 ◈ trasta- [trˈɑstɑ] v. to harass, trouble ◇ Ety/391

true ◈ thenid [θˈɛnid] adj. firm, true, abiding ◇ Ety/388 ◈ thenin [θˈɛnin] adj. firm, true, abiding ◇ Ety/388

trumpet ◈ rom* [rˈɔm] (rhom) n. horn, trumpet ◇ Ety/384, WJ/400, X/RH ◈ rû* [rˈuː] (rhû) n. Arch., Poet. loud-sound, trumpet-sound ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

trust ◈ estel* [ˈɛstɛl̡] n. hope, trust, a temper of mind, steady fixed in purpose, and difficult to dissuade and unlikely to fall into despair or abandon its purpose ◇ WJ/318-319, LotR/A(v), MR/320

trusty ◈ tolog [tˈɔlɔg] adj. stalwart, trusty ◇ Ety/395

tune ◈ lind* [lˈind] (lhind, lhinn) n. air, tune ◇ Ety/369, X/LH, X/ND1

tuneful ◈ lend* II [lˈɛnd] (lhend) adj. tuneful, sweet ◇ Ety/369, X/LH, X/ND1

turf ◈ sâdh* [sˈɑːð] n. sward, turf ◇ VT/42:20

twilight ◈ tinnu [tˈinnu] (tindu) n. 1. dusk, twilight, early night (without moon) ○ 2. starry twilight ◇ Ety/355, Ety/393, X/ND2 ◈ uial* [ˈuj.ɑl] n. twilight ◇ Ety/400, S/439, LotR/D

twin ◈ gwanûn* [gwˈɑnuːn] n. a pair of twins ◇ WJ/367 ◈ gwanunig* [gwˈɑnunig] n. sing. of gwanûn, a twin (one of a pair of twins) ◇ WJ/367 ◈ gwanur [gwˈɑnur] n. 1. a pair of twins ○ 2. brother or kinsman, kinswoman ◇ Ety/378, Ety/392, LotR/A(iv) ◈ gwenyn* [gwˈɛnyn] n. pl. twins ◇ PM/353, PM/365

twirl ◈ hwinia-* [ʍˈini.ɑ] v. to twirl, whirl, eddy ◈ hwinio* [ʍˈini.ɔ] (chwinio) v. inf. of hwinia-, to twirl, whirl, eddy ◇ Ety/388

twirling ◈ hwind* [ʍˈind] (chwind, chwinn) adj. twirling, whirling ◇ Ety/388, X/ND1, X/HW

twisted ◈ norn [nˈɔrn] pl. nyrn* [nˈyrn] adj. 1. twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted ○ 2. hard ◇ Ety/387

twitch ◈ rinc* [rˈiŋk] (rhinc) n. twitch, jerk, trick, sudden move ◇ Ety/383, X/RH ◈ ritha-* [rˈiθɑ] v. to jerk, twitch, snarch ◈ ritho* [rˈiθɔ] (rhitho) v. inf. of ritha-, to jerk, twitch, snarch ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

two ◈ tâd* [tˈɑːd] (tad*) adj. num. two ◇ Ety/349, Ety/391, WJ/388, VT/42:25-27

tyrannous ◈ baug [bˈɑug] adj. tyrannous, cruel, oppressive ◇ Ety/372

tyrant ◈ bauglir [bˈɑuglir] n. tyrant, oppressor ◇ Ety/372

under ◈ di-* [di] pref. beneath, under ← di-nguruthos LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278, VT/45:37 ◈ The only known usage of this word is as prefix, but VT/45:37 lists it as a unitary word di ◈ nu* [nu] (no) prep. under ◇ Ety/378, etc. ◈ With suffixed article, see also nuin ◈ nuin* [nujn] prep. under the ◇ Ety/378, etc.

understand ◈ henia- [hˈɛni.ɑ] v. to understand ◈ henio [hˈɛni.ɔ] v. inf. of henia-, to understand ◇ Ety/363

understanding ◈ hannas [hˈɑnnɑs] n. understanding, intelligence ◇ Ety/363

union ◈ erthad* [ˈɛrθɑd] ger. of ertha-, union, uniting ← Aderthad S/409

unique ◈ minai* [mˈinɑj] (minei) adj. single, distinct, unique ◇ Ety/373, X/EI

unite ◈ ertha-* [ˈɛrθɑ] v. to unite ← Aderthad S/409

uniting ◈ erthad* [ˈɛrθɑd] ger. of ertha-, union, uniting ← Aderthad S/409

unquenchable ◈ uluithiad* [ulˈujθi.ɑd] adj. unquenchable, without quenching ◇ SD/62

up ◈ am I [ɑm] prep. 1. up, upwards ○ 2. upon ◇ Ety/348

uphill ◈ ambenn [ˈɑmbɛnn] (ambend, amben) adv. uphill, sloping upwards ◇ Ety/348, Ety/380, X/ND3, X/ND4

upon ◈ am I [ɑm] prep. 1. up, upwards ○ 2. upon ◇ Ety/348

uproar ◈ glam* [glˈɑm] (glamm*, glamb*) n. 1. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise ○ 2. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts ○ 3. by ext. as a coll. noun, any body of orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/377, WJ/390, WJ/416

upwards ◈ am I [ɑm] prep. 1. up, upwards ○ 2. upon ◇ Ety/348 ◈ ambenn [ˈɑmbɛnn] (ambend, amben) adv. uphill, sloping upwards ◇ Ety/348, Ety/380, X/ND3, X/ND4

urge ◈ hortha- [hˈɔrθɑ] v. to urge on, speed ◇ Ety/364

us ◈ ammen* [ˈɑmmɛn] pron. of us, for us, toward us ◇ LotR/II:IV, LB/354, VT/44:21,27 ◈ men* I [mˈɛn] pron. us ← ammen LotR/II:IV, LB/354 ◈ mín* I [mˈiːn] pron. us ◇ VT/44:21,28

use ◈ iuith [jˈujθ] n. use ◇ Ety/400 ◈ iuitha- [jˈujθɑ] v. to employ, to use ◈ iuitho [jˈujθɔ] v. inf. of iuitha-, to employ, to use ◇ Ety/400 ◈ The gloss was hardly legible. Christopher Tolkien reads 'to enjoy' but the meaning 'to employ' is much more probable (cf. iuith)

useful ◈ maer [mˈɑɛr] adj. useful, fit, good (of things) ◇ Ety/371

vague ◈ hethu* [hˈɛθu] (hethw) adj. foggy, obscure, vague ◇ Ety/364, X/W

vale ◈ im* II [ˈim] (imm, imb) n. dell, deep vale ← imlad, imloth, imrath, VT/45:18

valley ◈ imlad* [ˈimlɑd] n. narrow valley with steep sides, deep valley ◇ S/433, LotR/Index, VT/45:18 ◈ imloth* [ˈimlɔθ] n. flower-valley ◇ LotR/V:VIII, VT/42:18 ◈ This word only occurs in the place name Imloth Melui, a vale where roses grew ◈ imrath* [ˈimrɑθ] n. long narrow valley with a road or watercourse running through it lengthwise ◇ UT/465 ◈ lad* [lˈɑd] n. plain, valley ◇ S/433 ◈ nan* [nˈɑn] (nand*, nann) n. 1. wide grassland, land at foot of hills with many streams ○ 2. by ext. valley ◇ Ety/374, S/435, Letters/308, VT/45:36, X/ND1 ◈ tum* [tˈum] n. deep valley, under or among hills ◇ Ety/394, S/438

valour ◈ caun II [kˈɑun] n. valour ◇ Ety/362 ◈ gorn* II [gˈɔrn] n. valor ← Aragorn PM/xii

vassal ◈ bôr (corr. bór) [bˈɔːr] pl. bŷr (corr. býr) [bˈyːr] (berein, beren) n. steadfast, trusty man, faithful vassal ◇ Ety/353 ◈ bŷr* I [bˈyːr] (bior, beor) n. follower, vassal ◇ Ety/352, X/IU

vast ◈ taur III [tˈɑur] adj. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime ◇ Ety/395

veil ◈ esgal* [ˈɛsgɑl] n. veil, screen, cover that hides ◇ S/431 ◈ fân* [fˈɑːn] n. 1. veil ○ 2. by ext. cloud (applied to clouds, floating as veils over the blue sky or the sun or moon, or resting on hills) ◇ RGEO/74 ◈ gwathra-* [gwˈɑθrɑ] v. to overshadow, dim, veil, obscure ◇ VT/42:9

veiled ◈ hall II [hˈɑll] adj. veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady ◇ Ety/386

vein ◈ rant* [rˈɑnt] n. 1. lode, vein ○ 2. course, riverbed ◇ Ety/383, S/436

vengeance ◈ acharn* [ˈɑxɑrn] n. vengeance ◇ WJ/254, WJ/301

verse ◈ ann-thennath* [ˈɑnn.θˈɛnnɑθ] n. pl. a verse mode, lit. "long-shorts" (alternance of long and short vowels, or rather alternance of long and short verse units, possibly of masculine and feminine rhymes) ◇ LotR/I:XI ◈ The word is not translated by Tolkien. Refer to Tolkien's Legendarium p. 115 for a discussion of its probable meaning ◈ linnod* [lˈinnɔd] n. 1. (?) a single verse used as a maxim ○ 2. (?) a chant of a certain metrical type, where each (half-)verse is composed of seven syllables ◇ LotR/A(iv) ◈ The word is not translated by Tolkien. The first meaning assumes that -od is a singulative affix (cf. filigod). The second meaning is proposed by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne in Tolkien's Legendarium p. 132, based on the metrical characteristics of Gilraen's linnod

vessel ◈ calph* [kˈɑlf] (calf) n. water-vessel ◇ Ety/362, X/PH ◈ ylf* II [ˈylv] n. drinking-vessel ◇ WJ/416

victory ◈ tûr [tˈuːr] n. mastery, victory ◇ Ety/395

vigilance ◈ tirith* [tˈiriθ] n. watch, guard (abstract noun), vigilance ◇ Ety/394, S/437, Letters/158, VT/42:11

vigour ◈ gorf [gˈɔrv] n. impetus, vigour ◇ Ety/359 ◈ hûr [hˈuːr] n. readiness for action, vigour, fiery spirit ◇ Ety/364 ◈ tû [tˈuː] n. muscle, sinew, vigour, physical strength ◇ Ety/394

village ◈ gobel [gˈɔbɛl̡] n. walled house or village, town ◇ Ety/380

vine ◈ gwin* [gwˈin] n. wine, vine ← Dorwinion LotR/Map, LB/11,26,17,112, LR/334,338, H/IX ◈ The wine of Dor-Winion occurs in the Lay of the children of Húrin and the place located either in the "burning South" in the first version, or probably east of the Blue Mountains in the second. Then we have Dorwinion as a meadow-land in Tol Eressëa at the end of the Quenta Silmarillion. It reappears in The Hobbit, and was finally placed North-West of the Sea of Rhûn in the decorated map by Pauline Baynes (see HL/115-117 for discussion). The meaning of this name is unknown and has been largely discussed. What do we have indeed in this "Winion", or rather gwinion since the initial w- must come from lenition? According to Christopher Tolkien, the Lay was begun c. 1918 and was composed during his father's stay at Leeds, a date meaning that the word can be Gnomish, possibly Early Noldorin, or in an indigenous language of Beleriand. In Gnomish and later in Doriathrin and Ilkorin there is a genitive plural ending -ion which may very well be contained in this word. Then we would segment gwin-ion "of gwin". The context calls for "wine", "vine" or something similar. It can hardly be a coincidence that gwin is precisely the Welsh word for "wine", a loan from the Latin vinum, as the English "wine" itself

violence ◈ breged [brˈɛgɛd] n. violence, suddenness ◇ Ety/352

violent ◈ asgar [ˈɑsgɑr] (ascar) adj. violent, rushing, impetuous ◇ Ety/386 ◈ bregol [brˈɛgɔl] adj. violent, sudden, fierce ◇ Ety/352, Ety/373

virgin ◈ rodwen* [rˈɔdwɛn] n. high virgin noble ◇ WJ/317

virginity ◈ gweneth [gwˈɛnɛθ] n. virginity ◇ Ety/398

viscous ◈ hîw [hˈiːw] adj. sticky, viscous ◇ Ety/364

voices ◈ lamath* [lˈɑmɑθ] n. coll. of lam I, echoing voices ◇ PM/349

void ◈ cofn [kˈɔvn] (caun) adj. empty, void ◇ Ety/366 ◈ gaw [gˈɑw] n. void ◇ Ety/358 ◈ iâ* [jˈɑː] (ia) n. 1. gulf ○ 2. abyss, void ◇ Ety/400, S/432, Letters/383

wain ◈ rach* [rˈɑx] pl. raich* [rˈɑjx] n. wain ← Gondraich UT/465

wait ◈ dar- [dˈɑr] v. to stay, wait, stop, remain ◈ dartha- [dˈɑrθɑ] v. to wait, stay, last, endure, remain ◇ Ety/353, VT/45:8 ◈ deri [dˈɛri] v. inf. of dar-, to stay, wait, stop, remain ◇ Ety/353

walk ◈ pada-* [pˈɑdɑ] v. to walk ← Aphadon (*ap-pata), Tharbad (*thara-pata) WJ/387, S/438

wall ◈ ram* [rˈɑm] (rham, rhamb) n. wall ◇ Ety/382, S/436, X/RH

wander ◈ revia-* [rˈɛvi.ɑ] v. 1. to fly, sail ○ 2. to wander ◈ revio* [rˈɛvi.ɔ] (rhevio (corr. rhenio)) v. inf. of revia-, 1. to fly, sail ○ 2. to wander ◇ Ety/382, X/RH

wanderer ◈ randír* [rˈɑndiːr] (rhandir) n. m. wanderer, pilgrim ◇ Ety/383, VT/42:13, X/RH

wandering ◈ mist [mˈist] n. error, wandering ◇ Ety/373 ◈ rain* II [rˈɑjn] (rein II) n. erratic wandering ◇ VT/42:13

war ◈ auth I [ˈɑuθ] n. war, battle ◇ Ety/365, Ety/379

ware ◈ bach [bˈɑx] n. article (for exchange), ware, thing ◇ Ety/372

warm ◈ laug* [lˈɑug] (lhaug) adj. warm ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

warrior ◈ daug [dˈɑug] n. warrior, soldier (chiefly used of orcs) ◇ Ety/375 ◈ maethor [mˈɑɛθr̩] n. warrior ◇ Ety/371

waste ◈ eru [ˈɛru] n. waste, desert ◇ Ety/356

watch ◈ tir- [tˈir] v. to watch, to gaze, look at ◈ tiri [tˈiri] v. inf. of tir-, to watch, to gaze, look at ◇ Ety/394 ◈ tiria- [tˈiri.ɑ] pa. t. tiriant [tˈiri.ɑnt] v. to watch, to gaze, look at ◇ Ety/394 ◈ tirio [tˈiri.ɔ] v. inf. of tiria-, to watch, to gaze, look at ◇ Ety/394 ◈ tirith* [tˈiriθ] n. watch, guard (abstract noun), vigilance ◇ Ety/394, S/437, Letters/158, VT/42:11

watcher ◈ tirn [tˈirn] n. watcher ← heledirn Ety/394

water ◈ nen* [nˈɛn] pl. nîn* [nˈiːn] n. 1. water (used of a lake, pool or lesser river) ○ 2. by ext. waterland ◇ Ety/376, S/435, UT/457

waterfall ◈ lanthir* [lˈɑnθir] n. waterfall ◇ S/406, PM/349

waterland ◈ nen* [nˈɛn] pl. nîn* [nˈiːn] n. 1. water (used of a lake, pool or lesser river) ○ 2. by ext. waterland ◇ Ety/376, S/435, UT/457

watery ◈ nend [nˈɛnd] (nenn) adj. watery ◇ Ety/376, X/ND1 ◈ nîn* III [nˈiːn] adj. wet, watery ← Nindalf TC/195, S/435 ◈ nínui* [nˈiːnuj] n. and adj. 1. watery ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of february ◇ LotR/D

way ◈ athrad* [ˈɑθrɑd] pl. ethraid* [ˈɛθrɑjd] n. (river-)crossing, ford, way ◇ Ety/349, Ety/383, UT/437 ◈ men* II [mˈɛn] n. way, road ◇ UT/281 ◈ othlonn* [ˈɔθlɔnn] (othlond, othlon) n. paved way ◇ Ety/370, X/ND4 ◈ pâd* [pˈɑːd] n. way ← Aphadon (*ap-pata), Tharbad (*thara-pata) WJ/387, S/438 ◈ rada- [rˈɑdɑ] v. to make a way, find a way ◈ rado [rˈɑdɔ] v. inf. of rada-, to make a way, find a way ◇ Ety/383 ◈ tê [tˈɛː] n. line, way ◇ Ety/391 ◈ tharbad* [θˈɑrbɑd] n. cross-way ◇ S/438

weaver ◈ nathron [nˈɑθrɔn] n. weaver, webster ◇ Ety/375

web ◈ gwî [gwˈiː] n. net, web ◇ Ety/398 ◈ lhing* [ɬˈiŋ] (thling) n. spider, spider's web, cobweb ◇ Ety/386, X/LH ◈ nath [nˈɑθ] n. web ◇ Ety/375

webster ◈ nathron [nˈɑθrɔn] n. weaver, webster ◇ Ety/375

wedge ◈ naith* [nˈɑjθ] pl. natsai [nˈɑtsɑj] n. any formation or projection tapering to a point: a spearhead, gore, wedge, narrow promontory, triangle ◇ Ety/387, UT/282

weed ◈ galenas* [gˈɑlɛnɑs] n. Bot. pipe-weed (leaf) or "westmansweed", a variety of Nicotiana ◇ LotR/V:VIII

weeping ◈ nîr [nˈiːr] n. tear, weeping ◇ Ety/376

well ◈ eithel* [ˈɛjθɛl̡] pl. eithil* [ˈɛjθil̡] n. spring, issue of water, well ◇ Ety/363, S/430, S/433, WJ/85, TC/187 ◈ mae* [mˈɑɛ] adv. well ◇ LotR/I:XII, Letters/308

werewolf ◈ gaur [gˈɑur] n. werewolf ◇ Ety/377 ◈ gaurhoth* [gˈɑur.hɔθ] n. class pl. of gaur, group of werewolves ◇ LotR/II:IV

west ◈ annûn* [ˈɑnnuːn] n. west, sunset ◇ Ety/376, S/428, LotR/VI:IV, LotR/E, LB/354, Letters/308 ◈ dûn* [dˈuːn] n. west ◇ Ety/376, S/428, LotR/E-F

western ◈ annui* [ˈɑnnuj] adj. western ◇ SD/129-31

westmansweed ◈ galenas* [gˈɑlɛnɑs] n. Bot. pipe-weed (leaf) or "westmansweed", a variety of Nicotiana ◇ LotR/V:VIII

westron ◈ annúnaid* [ɑnnˈuːnɑjd] n. Ling. the "Westron" language (one of the names for Common Speech) ◇ PM/316

wet ◈ limp* [lˈimp] (lhimp) adj. wet ◇ Ety/369, X/LH ◈ loen* [lˈɔɛn] adj. soaking wet, swamped ◇ VT/42:10 ◈ mesg [mˈɛsg] (mesc) adj. wet ◇ Ety/373 ◈ nîd [nˈiːd] adj. damp, wet, tearful ◇ Ety/376 ◈ nîn* III [nˈiːn] adj. wet, watery ← Nindalf TC/195, S/435

what ◈ man* [mɑn] pron. what? (?) ◇ TL/21:09

when ◈ ir* [ˈir] conj. when(?) ◇ LB/354 ◈ This word is not translated. It could be related to Quenya íre "when". Some scholars also consider that it could be the form taken by the article i before a vowel, on a pattern similar to ah. To this respect, it might be interesting to note the ir was the allative/dative form of the article in the old Gnomish lexixon, PE/11:9

whirl ◈ hwinia-* [ʍˈini.ɑ] v. to twirl, whirl, eddy ◈ hwinio* [ʍˈini.ɔ] (chwinio) v. inf. of hwinia-, to twirl, whirl, eddy ◇ Ety/388

whirling ◈ hwind* [ʍˈind] (chwind, chwinn) adj. twirling, whirling ◇ Ety/388, X/ND1, X/HW ◈ hwiniol* [ʍˈini.ɔl] (chwiniol) part. of hwinia-, whirling, giddy, fantastic ◇ Ety/388

whisper ◈ lhoss* [ɬɔˈss] (floss, thloss) n. whisper or rustling sound ◇ Ety/386, X/LH ◈ rhoss* II [ɹ̥ˈɔss] (thross) n. whisper or rustling sound ◇ Ety/386, X/RH

white ◈ brassen [brˈɑssɛn] adj. white-hot ◇ Ety/351 ◈ faen* [fˈɑɛn] (foen) adj. radiant, white ◇ Ety/381, X/OE ◈ fain* [fˈɑjn] (fein) adj. white ◇ Ety/387, WR/288, X/EI ◈ glân* I [glˈɑːn] adj. bright, shining white ← Curunír 'Lân UT/390 ◈ The word is deduced from its mutated form, but it is worth mentioning that a stem GALÁN "bright", with glan "daylight" and later "clear" as derivative, is listed in the Etymologies (not included in the published text), see VT/45:13. Most of the words meaning "white" in the Indo-Eureopean languages come from the original notion of "brightness", e.g. Greek leukós "white" is cognate with Latin lucere "to shine", lux "light". This association of sense is also found in Gnomish, PE11:39 (glan "clean, pure", from "bright" originally) and in Early Noldorin (PE13:144, glann "clean"). The similarity with Welsh glan (where the vowel, incidentally, is long, which is concealed by Welsh orthographic convention) is also striking ◈ gloss* [glˈɔss] adj. snow-white, dazzling-white ◇ Ety/359, RGEO/70, VT/42:18 ◈ nimp [nˈimp] (nim-) adj. pale, white ◇ Ety/378 ◈ silivren* [silˈivrɛn] adj. (white) glittering ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/72 ◈ uilos* [ˈujlɔs] n. and adj. 1. always white, ever white as snow ○ 2. Bot. as a noun, a small white everlasting flower also called simbelmynë, evermind, alfirin ◇ RGEO/74, Letters/278, UT/55 ◈ See also alfirin

whiten ◈ nimmida- [nˈimmidɑ] (nimmid) pa. t. nimmint [nˈimmint] v. to whiten ◇ Ety/378, X/Z

who ◈ ai* II [ɑj] pron. for those who ◇ VT/44:21,30 ◈ i* [i] pl. in* [in] art. and pron. 1. the ○ 2. who ◇ Ety/361, SD/129-31, Letters/308, Letters/417

wide ◈ land* II [lˈɑnd] (lhand, lhann) adj. wide, broad ← Landroval LotR/VI:IV, Ety/367, X/LH, X/ND1 ◈ pann II [pˈɑnn] adj. wide ◇ Ety/380 ◈ ûr II [ˈuːr] n. wide ◇ Ety/396

wield ◈ tortha- [tˈɔrθɑ] v. to wield, control ◈ tortho [tˈɔrθɔ] v. inf. of tortha-, to wield, control ◇ Ety/395

wife ◈ bess* [bˈɛss] n. f. 1. (young) woman ○ 2. wife ◇ Ety/352, SD/129-31 ◈ hervess [hˈɛrvɛs] (herves) n. f. wife ◇ Ety/352, Ety/364

wild ◈ brêg (corr. brerg) [brˈɛːg] adj. wild, fierce ◇ Ety/373 ◈ rhavan* [ɹ̥ˈɑvɑn] pl. rhevain* [ɹ̥ˈɛvɑjn] n. wild man ◇ WJ/219 ◈ rhovan* [ɹ̥ˈɔvɑn] adj. wild ← Rhovanion LotR/Map

wilderness ◈ gwaith* [gwˈɑjθ] n. 1. troop of able-bodied men, people ○ 2. by ext. region, wilderness ◇ Ety/398 ◈ rhaw II [ɹ̥ˈɑw] n. wilderness ◇ Ety/382, X/RH

will ◈ innas* [ˈinnɑs] n. will ◇ VT/44:21,26

willow ◈ tathar* [tˈɑθr̩] (tathor) n. Bot. willow-tree ◇ Ety/391, S/438 ◈ tathren* [tˈɑθrɛn] adj. of willow, having willows ◇ Ety/391, S/438

wily ◈ coru* [kˈɔru] (corw) adj. cunning, wily ◇ Ety/366, X/W

wind ◈ gwaew [gwˈɑɛw] n. wind ◈ sûl* I [sˈuːl] n. wind ◇ S/437

window ◈ henneth* [hˈɛnnɛθ] n. window ◇ S/428

windy ◈ gwaeren* [gwˈɑɛrɛn] adj. windy ◇ VT/42:15

wine ◈ gwin* [gwˈin] n. wine, vine ← Dorwinion LotR/Map, LB/11,26,17,112, LR/334,338, H/IX ◈ The wine of Dor-Winion occurs in the Lay of the children of Húrin and the place located either in the "burning South" in the first version, or probably east of the Blue Mountains in the second. Then we have Dorwinion as a meadow-land in Tol Eressëa at the end of the Quenta Silmarillion. It reappears in The Hobbit, and was finally placed North-West of the Sea of Rhûn in the decorated map by Pauline Baynes (see HL/115-117 for discussion). The meaning of this name is unknown and has been largely discussed. What do we have indeed in this "Winion", or rather gwinion since the initial w- must come from lenition? According to Christopher Tolkien, the Lay was begun c. 1918 and was composed during his father's stay at Leeds, a date meaning that the word can be Gnomish, possibly Early Noldorin, or in an indigenous language of Beleriand. In Gnomish and later in Doriathrin and Ilkorin there is a genitive plural ending -ion which may very well be contained in this word. Then we would segment gwin-ion "of gwin". The context calls for "wine", "vine" or something similar. It can hardly be a coincidence that gwin is precisely the Welsh word for "wine", a loan from the Latin vinum, as the English "wine" itself

wing ◈ rafn* [rˈɑvn] (rhafn) n. wing (horn), extended point at side, etc. ◇ Ety/382, X/RH ◈ roval* [rˈɔvɑl] (rhofal) pl. rovail* [rˈɔvɑjl] (rhofel) n. pinion, great wing (of eagle) ← Landroval LotR/VI:IV, Ety/382, X/RH

winter ◈ rhîw* [ɹ̥ˈiːw] n. Cal. winter season ◇ LotR/D

wise ◈ goll [gˈɔll] adj. wise ◇ Ety/377 ◈ golwen [gˈɔlwɛn] adj. wise, learned in deep arts ◇ Ety/377 ◈ idhren [ˈiðrɛn] adj. pondering, wise, thoughtful ◇ Ety/361 ◈ sael* [sˈɑɛl] adj. wise ← Saelon WJ/233, MR/305, SD/129-31

wish ◈ iest [jˈɛst] n. wish ◇ Ety/400

with ◈ ah* [ɑh] prep. and conj. and, with ◇ MR/329 ◈ The title Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth is translated as "converse of Finrod and Andreth", but some scholars actually believe this word to be unrelated with the conjunction a I, ar "and", and they render it as "with". Other scholars consider that "and" and "with" (in the comitative sense) are not exclusive of each other, and regard ah as the form taken by this conjunction before a vowel. That a, ar and ah are etymologically related has finally been confirmed in VT43:29-30. Compare also with Welsh, where the coordination "and" also takes different forms whether it occurs before a vowel or a consonant (respectively ac and a). In written Welsh, a often triggers the aspirate mutation: bara a chaws "bread and cheese". This usage is seldom applied in colloquial Welsh (Modern Welsh §510) ◈ an- [ɑn] pref. with, by ◇ Ety/374 ◈ na* [nɑ] prep. 1. with, by (also used as a genitive sign) ○ 2. to, towards, at ◇ Ety/374, LotR/I:XII

withered ◈ tharn [θˈɑrn] adj. sapless, stiff, rigid, withered ◇ Ety/388

withering ◈ peleth* [pˈɛlɛθ] n. fading, withering ← Narbeleth LotR/D ◈ pelin [pˈɛlin] n. fading, withering ← Lhasbelin Ety/366

without ◈ ar- I [ɑr] pref. 1. Arch. etym. beside ○ 2. by ext. without ◇ Ety/349 ◈ pen* I [pɛn] prep. without, lacking, -less ← Iarwain ben-adar LotR/II:II

wizard ◈ curunír* [kˈurunˌiːr] (curunir) n. m. wizard ◇ Ety/366, LotR/III:VIII, LotR/B ◈ ithron* [ˈiθrɔn] pl. ithryn* [ˈiθryn] n. wizard ◇ UT/448, Letters/448

woe ◈ naeth* [nˈɑɛθ] n. 1. biting ○ 2. by ext. woe (gets senses of gnashing teeth in grief) ← Elu-naeth WJ/258, Ety/374-375

wolf ◈ draug* [drˈɑug] n. Zool. wolf ◇ Ety/354, S/430 ◈ garaf [gˈɑrɑv] n. wolf ◇ Ety/377 ◈ gaul [gˈɑul] n. wolf-howl ◇ Ety/377 ◈ gaurwaith* [gˈɑur.wɑjθ] n. wolf-men ◇ UT/85, UT/90

woman ◈ adaneth* [ˈɑdɑnɛθ] n. f. (mortal) woman ◇ MR/349 ◈ arwen* [ˈɑrwɛn] n. f. noble woman ← Arwen (name) LotR ◈ bess* [bˈɛss] n. f. 1. (young) woman ○ 2. wife ◇ Ety/352, SD/129-31 ◈ dess [dˈɛss] n. f. young woman ◇ Ety/375 ◈ dî [dˈiː] n. f. Poet. woman, lady ◇ Ety/352, Ety/354

wood ◈ eryn* [ˈɛryn] n. wood ◇ UT/436, LotR/B ◈ glad* [glˈɑd] n. wood ← Methed-en-Glad UT/452 ◈ taur* II [tˈɑur] n. great wood, forest ◇ Ety/391, S/420, S/438 ◈ tawar* [tˈɑwɑr] n. 1. wood (as a material) ○ 2. by ext. great wood, forest ← Tawar-in-Drúedain UT/467, Ety/391

wooden ◈ tawaren [tˈɑwɑrɛn] pl. tewerin [tˈɛwɛrin] adj. wooden ◇ Ety/391

woodpecker ◈ tavor [tˈɑvr̩] (tavr, tafr) n. Orn. woodpecker (bird) ◇ Ety/390

wool ◈ taw [tˈɑw] adj. of wool, woollen ◇ Ety/394

woollen ◈ taw [tˈɑw] adj. of wool, woollen ◇ Ety/394

word ◈ peth* [pˈɛθ] n. word ◇ Ety/366, LotR/II:IV, RS/463

world ◈ ardhon* [ˈɑrðɔn] n. 1. great region, province ○ 2. by ext. world ← Calenardhon S/386, PM/348 ◈ gardh* [gˈɑrð] n. 1. bounded or defined region ○ 2. by ext. world ◇ WJ/402

worn ◈ gern [gˈɛrn] adj. worn, old, decripit (used of things only) ◇ Ety/360

wose ◈ drû* [drˈuː] pl. drúin* [drˈuː.in] n. wild man, wose, púkel-man ◇ UT/385 ◈ In PE/11:31, an older Gnomish word drû, drui meant "wood, forest", and in PE/13:142, the early Noldorin word drú was assigned the meaning "dark". Drû pl. Drúin later came to be used for the name of the Woses, with other derivatives (Drúadan, etc.). "Wose" is actually the modernization of an Anglo-Saxon word wasa only found in the compound wudu-wasa "wild man of the woods", cf. UT/385 sq. In the drafts of the "Ride of the Rohirrim" in WR/343-346, the Woses first appear as "the dark men of Eilenach". Though internally said to derive from drughu in their own tongue, Tolkien's choice for the Sindarin name of the Woses was apparently influenced by earlier meanings assigned to this word ◈ drúadan* [drˈuːɑdɑn] pl. drúedain* [drˈuːɛdɑjn] n. Pop. wild man, one of the Woses ◇ UT/385 ◈ drúath* [drˈuːɑθ] n. coll. of drû, Pop. the people of the Drû (q.v.), the Woses ◇ UT/385

wound ◈ harna- [hˈɑrnɑ] v. to wound ◈ harno [hˈɑrnɔ] v. inf. of harna-, to wound ◇ Ety/386 ◈ haru* [hˈɑru] (harw) n. wound ◇ Ety/386, X/W

wounded ◈ harn II [hˈɑrn] adj. wounded ◇ Ety/386

woven ◈ remmen* [rˈɛmmɛn] pl. remmin* [rˈɛmmin] pp. woven, netted, tangled ← galadhremmin LotR/E, LotR/II:I, RGEO/72

wreath ◈ rî* [rˈiː] (rhî) n. crown, wreath, garland ◇ Ety/383, PM/347, X/RH

wright ◈ thavron [θˈɑvrɔn] n. carpenter, wright, builder ◇ Ety/388

write ◈ teitha- [tˈɛjθɑ] pa. t. teithant [tˈɛjθɑnt] v. to write ◇ LotR/II:IV ◈ teitho [tˈɛjθɔ] v. inf. of teitha-, to write ◇ Ety/391

wrong ◈ neitha-* [nˈɛjθɑ] v. to wrong, to deprive ← Neithan UT/456 ◈ raeg* [rˈɑɛg] (rhoeg) adj. crooked, bent, wrong ◇ Ety/383, X/OE, X/RH ◈ úthaes* [ˈuːθɑɛs] n. inducement to do wrong, temptation ◇ VT/44:30

wronged ◈ neithan* [nˈɛjθɑn] adj. deprived, wronged ◇ UT/456

yard ◈ sant* [sˈɑnt] n. garden, field, yard, or other place in private ownership whether enclosed or not ◇ VT/42:20

year ◈ ennin I [ˈɛnnin] n. Valian year ◇ Ety/400 ◈ idhrinn* [ˈiðrinn] (idhrind, idhrin) n. year ◇ Ety/383, Ety/400, X/ND4 ◈ în II [ˈiːn] n. year ◇ Ety/400 ◈ penninor [pˈɛnninɔr] (penninar) n. Cal. last day of the year ◇ Ety/400, X/Z

yelling ◈ glam* [glˈɑm] (glamm*, glamb*) n. 1. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise ○ 2. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts ○ 3. by ext. as a coll. noun, any body of orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/377, WJ/390, WJ/416

yellow ◈ malen [mˈɑlɛn] pl. melin [mˈɛlin] adj. yellow ◇ Ety/386

yoke ◈ ianu* [jˈɑnu] (ianw) n. (?) yoke ◇ Ety/400, X/W ◈ It originally meant "bridge" in the Etymologies, but was apparently switched with iant

young ◈ neth [nˈɛθ] adj. young ◇ Ety/377

youth ◈ nîth [nˈiːθ] n. youth ◇ Ety/377