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1. The Physical World in Its Larger Aspects
1.1 World
ardhon S. [ˈɑrðɔn] n. augm. of ardh, 1. Geog. great region, province ○ 2. by ext., world ← Calenardhon S/386, PM/348
gardh S. [gˈɑrð] n. 1. Geog. bounded or defined region ○ 2. by ext., world ◇ WJ/402
1.21 Earth, Land
amar N. [ˈɑmɑr] (ambar N.) n. earth ◇ Ety/372
†cae I *S. [kˈɑɛ] (coe N.) n. earth ◇ Ety/363, X/OE ◈ This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies
ceven S. [kˈɛvɛn] n. Earth ◇ VT/44:21,27
1.212 Earth = Ground, Soil
cef N. [kˈɛv] pl. ceif N. [kˈɛjv] n. soil ◇ Ety/363
1.213 Dust
ast N. [ˈɑst] n. dust ◇ Ety/349
lith S., N. [lˈiθ] n. ash, sand, dust ◇ Ety/369, S/434, TC/178
1.215 Sand
lith S., N. [lˈiθ] n. ash, sand, dust ◇ Ety/369, S/434, TC/178
1.22 Mountain; Hill
aeglir S. [ˈɑɛglir] (oeglir N.) n. Geog. range of mountain peaks ← Hithaeglir LotR, Ety/349, X/OE
amon S., N. [ˈɑmɔn] pl. emyn S., N. [ˈɛmyn] (emuin N.) n. Geog. hill, steep-sided mount ◇ Ety/348, LotR/E, RC/334
dôl N. [dˈɔːl] (dol S.) n. 1. head ○ 2. Geog. by ext., hill or mountain ◇ Ety/376, S/430, RC/268
*menniath N. [m'ɛnni.ɑθ] n. coll. of ment, 1. many points ○ 2. Geog. by ext., range of mountains ← Mornvenniath TI/124, Lambengolmor/799
mindon N. [mˈindɔn] n. 1. Geog. isolated hill, especially a hill with a watch tower ○ 2. by ext., tower ◇ Ety/373, Ety/395
orod S., N. [ˈɔrɔd] pl. ered S., N. [ˈɛrɛd] (eryd S., N., ereid N.) n. Geog. mountain ◇ Ety/379, S/435, Letters/263, TC/178, RC/621
orodrim N. [ɔrˈɔdrim] n. class pl. of orod, Geog. range of mountains ◇ Ety/379
tund N. [tˈund] (tunn N.) n. Geog. hill, mound ◇ Ety/395, X/ND1
1.24 Valley
im II S., N. [ˈim] (imm N., imb N.) n. Arch. Geog. dell, deep vale ← imlad, imloth, imrath, imrad, VT/45:18, VT/47:14 ◈ This word only survived in compounds (due to the clash with im I)
imlad S., N. [ˈimlɑd] n. Geog. deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides (but a flat habitable bottom) ◇ S/433, LotR/Index, VT/45:18, VT/47:14, RC/234,482
imloth S. [ˈimlɔθ] n. Geog. flower-valley, flowery vale ◇ LotR/V:VIII, VT/42:18, RC/582 ◈ This word only occurs in the place name Imloth Melui, a vale where roses grew
imrad S. [ˈimrɑd] n. Geog. a path or pass (between mountains, hills or trackless forest) ◇ VT/47:14
imrath S. [ˈimrɑθ] n. Geog. long narrow valley with a road or watercourse running through it lengthwise ◇ UT/465, RC/558
lad S. [lˈɑd] n. Geog. plain, valley ◇ S/433
nan S. [nˈɑn] (nand S., N., nann N.) n. 1. Geog. wide grassland, land at foot of hills with many streams ○ 2. by ext., valley ◇ Ety/374, S/435, Letters/308, VT/45:36, X/ND1
talath S. [tˈɑlɑθ] (dalath N.) n. 1. flat surface, plane ○ 2. Geog. flat land, plain, (wide) valley ← Talath Dirnen UT/465, Ety/353, S/437
tum S., N. [tˈum] n. deep valley, under or among hills ◇ Ety/394, S/438
1.25 Island
tol S. [tˈɔl] (toll N.) pl. tyll N. [tˈyll] n. Geog. island, (steep) isle rising with sheer sides from the sea or from a river ◇ Ety/394, S/438, VT/47:13, RC/333-334
1.27 Shore
esgar N. [ˈɛsgɑr] n. Geog. shore ◇ VT/46:14
falas S., N. [fˈɑlɑs] pl. †felais *S. [fˈɛlɑjs] (feles N.) n. 1. Geog. beach, wave-beaten shore, line of surf ○ 2. Geog. as a proper noun, the western coast of Beleriand ◇ Ety/381, S/431, RC/18, X/EI
faur N. [fˈɑur] n. Geog. beach, shore ◇ VT/46:15
1.31 Water
nen S., N. [nˈɛn] pl. nîn S., N. [nˈiːn] n. 1. water (used of a lake, pool or lesser river) ○ 2. Geog. by ext., waterland ◇ Ety/376, S/435, UT/457, RC/327-328
1.32 Sea
aear S. [ˈɑɛ.ɑr] n. Geog. sea ◈ Tolkien changed this word several times, see gaear
aearon S. [ˈɑɛ.ɑrɔn] n. augm. of aear, Geog. great sea, ocean ◈ Tolkien changed this word several times, see gaearon
aer I S. [ˈɑɛr] n. Geog. sea ◈ Tolkien changed this word several times, see aear, gaear
gaear S. [gˈɑɛ.ɑr] (oear N.) n. Geog. sea ◇ Ety/349, PM/363, RGEO/73
gaearon S. [gˈɑɛ.ɑrɔn] (gaeron S.) n. augm. of gaear, Geog. great sea, ocean ◇ PM/363, PM/348, RGEO/72-73
gaer III S. [gˈɑɛr] (oer N.) n. Geog. sea ◇ Ety/349, S/431, PM/363
1.33 Lake
†ael *S. [ˈɑɛl] (oel N.) pl. aelin S. [ˈɑɛlin] (oelin N.) n. Geog. lake, pool, mere ◇ Ety/349, S/427, X/OE
lô S. [lˈɔː] n. Geog. shallow lake, fenland ◇ UT/263, VT/42:8-10
nen S., N. [nˈɛn] pl. nîn S., N. [nˈiːn] n. 1. water (used of a lake, pool or lesser river) ○ 2. Geog. by ext., waterland ◇ Ety/376, S/435, UT/457, RC/327-328
†rim II *S. [rˈim] (rhim N., rhimb N.) n. Geog. cold pool or lake (in mountains) ◇ Ety/384, X/RH
1.34 Gulf, Bay
côf S. [kˈɔːv] n. Geog. bay ◇ VT/42:15
hûb N. [hˈuːb] n. Geog. haven, harbour, small land-locked bay ◇ Ety/364
1.36 River; Stream; Brook
celon N. [kˈɛlɔn] n. Geog. river ← Celon (name) Ety/363
duin S. [dˈujn] n. Geog. (long and large) river (having strong current) ◇ S/430, LotR/F, TC/179, VT/48:24
nen S., N. [nˈɛn] pl. nîn S., N. [nˈiːn] n. 1. water (used of a lake, pool or lesser river) ○ 2. Geog. by ext., waterland ◇ Ety/376, S/435, UT/457, RC/327-328
oll N. [ˈɔld] (old N.) n. Geog. torrent, mountain-stream ◇ Ety/396
sîr S., N. [sˈiːr] n. Geog. river ◇ Ety/385, S/437, RC/384
sirion I N. [sˈiri.ɔn] n. augm. of sîr, Geog. great river ← Sirion Ety/385
1.37 Spring; Well
†celu *S. [kˈɛlu] (celw N.) n. spring, source ◇ Ety/363, X/W
eithel S., N. [ˈɛjθɛl̡] pl. eithil S. [ˈɛjθil̡] n. issue of water, spring, well ◇ Ety/363, S/430, S/433, WJ/85, TC/187
1.41 Woods, Forest
eryn S. [ˈɛryn] n. wood ◇ UT/436, LotR/B
glad S. [glˈɑd] n. wood ← Methed-en-Glad UT/452
taur II S., N. [tˈɑur] n. great wood, forest ◇ Ety/391, S/420, S/438
tawar S., N. [tˈɑwɑr] n. 1. wood (as a material) ○ 2. by ext., great wood, forest ← Tawar-in-Drúedain UT/467, Ety/391
1.42 Tree
galadh S., N. [gˈɑlɑð] n. Bot. tree ◇ Ety/357, S/427, LotR/E, LB/354, RGEO/73, Letters/426
orn S., N. [ˈɔrn] pl. yrn N. [ˈyrn] n. Bot. (any large) tree ◇ Ety/379, S/435, Letters/426
1.43 Wood
tawar S., N. [tˈɑwɑr] n. 1. wood (as a material) ○ 2. by ext., great wood, forest ← Tawar-in-Drúedain UT/467, Ety/391
1.44 Stone; Rock
gond S. [gˈɔnd] (gonn N.) n. great stone, rock ◇ Ety/359, S/431, X/ND1
sarn S., N. [sˈɑrn] n. 1. stone (as a material) ○ 2. small stone ◇ Ety/385, S/437, UT/463, VT/42:11, RC/327 ◈ Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11
1.46 Cave
fela N. [fˈɛlɑ] pl. fili N. [fˈili] n. cave ◇ Ety/381
gath N. [gˈɑθ] n. cavern ◇ Ety/358
gathrod N. [gˈɑθrɔd] n. cave ◇ Ety/358
groth S. [grˈɔθ] n. 1. cave, tunnel, large excavation ○ 2. delving, underground dwelling ◇ WJ/415, S/431, VT/46:12
rond S. [rˈɔnd] (rhond N., rhonn N.) n. 1. cave roof ○ 2. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed ◇ Ety/384, VT/46:12, S/437, WJ/414, X/RH, X/ND1
1.51 Sky, Heavens
menel S. [mˈɛnɛl̡] n. sky, high heaven, firmament, the region of the stars ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, LB/354, RGEO/72, VT/44:21,23-24
1.52 Sun
Anor S., N. [ˈɑnɔr] n. Astron. sun ◇ Ety/348, RC/232
1.53 Moon
†cúron *S. [kˈuːrɑn] (cúran N.) n. Astron. the crescent Moon ◇ Ety/365, X/Z
cýron S. [kˈiːrɔn] (cýrawn S.) n. Astron. new moon ◇ VT/48:7
ithil S., N. [ˈiθil̡] n. Astron. the (full) Moon, lit. 'The Sheen' ◇ Ety/361, Ety/385, Ety/392, LotR/E, LB/354, RC/232
1.54 Star
êl S. [ˈɛːl] pl. elin S. [ˈɛlin] n. Arch., Poet. Astron. star (little used except in verses) ◇ WJ/363, MR/373, RGEO/73, Letters/281
geil N. [gˈɛjl] pl. gîl N. n. Astron. star, bright spark ◇ Ety/358, VT/45:15 ⇒ Cf. gil
gil S. [gˈil] Astron. star, bright spark ◇ LotR/E, S/431, RGEO/73 ◈ In The Etymologies (Ety/358, corrected by VT/45:15), this word was given as geil, plural gîl. However, later in LotR/E and RGEO/73, Tolkien seems to consider gil as a singular (with no hints in the sources of what the plural would be, besides the collective plural giliath)
†tinu *S. [tˈinu] (tinw N.) n. Astron. spark, small star ◇ Ety/393, X/W
1.61 Light (noun)
calad S., N. [kˈɑlɑd] ger. light ◇ Ety/362, UT/65
gail N. [gˈɑjl] n. bright light ◇ Ety/362
gal- N. [gɑl] pref. light ← galvorn, etc.
galad S. [gˈɑlɑd] n. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished metal, or water) ◇ VT/45:13, PM/347, Letters/425
glaur N. [glˈɑur] (glor- N.) n. Theo. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/368
1.62 Darkness
dúath S., N. [dˈuːɑθ] (dúwath N.) n. coll. of dû, 1. darkness, shadow ○ 2. nightshade ◇ Ety/354, S/430
fuin S., N. [fˈujn] n. night, dead of night, gloom, darkness ◇ Ety/354, Ety/382, S/431
môr S., N. [mˈɔːr] n. darkness, dark, night ◇ Ety/373, Letters/382
1.622 Dark, Murky
doll N. [dˈɔll] (dolt N.) adj. dark, dusky, obscure ◇ Ety/355, Ety/376, Tengwestie/20031207
dúath S., N. [dˈuːɑθ] (dúwath N.) n. coll. of dû, 1. darkness, shadow ○ 2. nightshade ◇ Ety/354, S/430
dûr S., N. [dˈuːr] pl. duir S. [dˈujr] adj. dark, sombre ◇ Ety/354, S/430, UT/434
morn S., N. [mˈɔrn] pl. myrn S. [mˈyrn] adj. black, dark ◇ Ety/373, Letters/382, Letters/427, WJ/368, WR/113, UT/65
1.63 Shade
dae S., N. [dˈɑɛ] n. shadow ◇ Ety/354, S/430
gwath S., N. [gwˈɑθ] n. 1. shade, shadow, dim light ○ 2. stain ◇ Ety/397, S/432
†lum *S. [lˈum] (lhum N.) n. shade ◇ Ety/370, X/LH
*morchant S. [mˈɔrxɑnt] pl. morchaint S. [mˈɔrxɑjnt] n. shadow (of objects, cast by light), dark shape ◇ S/432, VT/42:9
1.71 Air
†gwelu *S. [gwˈɛlu] (gwelw N.) n. air (as substance) ◇ Ety/398, X/W
gwelwen N. [gwˈɛl̡wɛn] n. air, lower air (distinct from the upper air of the stars, or the outer) ◇ Ety/398
gwilith N. [gwˈiliθ] n. air (as a region) ◇ Ety/398
1.72 Wind
gwaew N. [gwˈɑɛw] n. wind ◇ Ety/387
sûl I S. [sˈuːl] n. wind ◇ S/437
1.722 Storm
alagos N. [ˈɑlɑgɔs] n. storm of wind ◇ Ety/348
1.723 Breeze
†hwest *S. [ʍˈɛst] (chwest N.) n. puff, breath, breeze ◇ Ety/388, X/HW
1.73 Cloud
fain S. [fˈɑjn] (fein N.) n. and adj. 1. white ○ 2. as a noun, cloud ◇ Ety/387, WR/288, RC/268, VT/46:15, X/EI ⇒ Cf. faun, fân
fân S. [fˈɑːn] n. 1. veil ○ 2. by ext., cloud (applied to clouds, floating as veils over the blue sky or the sun or moon, or resting on hills) ◇ RGEO/74 ⇒ Cf. faun, fain
faun N. [fˈɑun] n. cloud ◇ Ety/387, VT/46:15 ⇒ Cf. fain, fân
1.74 Mist (Fog, Haze)
hîth S. [hˈiːθ] (hith N.) n. mist, fog ◇ Ety/364, S/432
†hithu *S. [hˈiθu] (hithw N.) n. fog ◇ Ety/364, X/W
mith I N. [mˈiθ] n. white fog, wet mist ◇ Ety/373
1.75 Rain (noun)
†ross I *S. [rˈɔss] (rhoss N.) n. rain ◇ Ety/384, X/RH
1.752 Rainbow
†eiliant *S. [ˈɛjli.ɑnt] (eilianw N., eilian N.) n. rainbow ◇ Ety/360, Ety/400 ◈ See ianu and iant for a discussion
ninniach S. [nˈinni.ɑx] n. rainbow ◇ S/387
1.76 Snow (noun)
loss S. [lˈɔss] n. snow (especially fallen or long-lying snow) ◇ S/434, VT/42:18, RGEO/70
1.77 Ice
heleg N. [hˈɛlɛg] n. ice ◇ Ety/364
1.81 Fire
naur S., N. [nˈɑur] n. 1. flame ○ 2. fire ◇ Ety/374, S/435, LotR/II:IV
ûr I N. [ˈuːr] n. fire, heat ◇ Ety/396
1.82 Flame (noun)
†lach *S. [lˈɑx] (lhach N.) n. (leaping) flame ◇ S/433, X/LH
naur S., N. [nˈɑur] n. 1. flame ○ 2. fire ◇ Ety/374, S/435, LotR/II:IV
1.83 Smoke (noun)
osp N. [ˈɔsp] n. reek, smoke ◇ Ety/396
1.84 Ashes
lith S., N. [lˈiθ] n. ash, sand, dust ◇ Ety/369, S/434, TC/178
1.86 Light (verb), Kindle
*lacha- S. [lˈɑxɑ] v. to flame
*nartha- N. [nˈɑrθɑ] inf. nartho N. [nˈɑrθɔ] v. to kindle ◇ VT/45:37
2. Mankind: Sex, Age, Family Relationship
2.21 Man² (vs. Woman)
benn N. [bˈɛnn] n. m. man, male ◇ Ety/352, VT/45:9
dîr N. [dˈiːr] n. m. Arch. man, referring to an adult male (elf, mortal, or of any other speaking race) ◇ Ety/354, Ety/352
2.22 Woman
bess S., N. [bˈɛss] n. f. 1. (young) woman ○ 2. wife ◇ Ety/352, SD/129-31
dess N. [dˈɛss] n. f. young woman ◇ Ety/375
dî N. [dˈiː] n. f. Poet. woman, lady ◇ Ety/352, Ety/354
2.26 Girl
iell N. [jˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid ◇ Ety/385, Ety/400 ◈ Stated to be an alteration of sell, remodelled after ion "son" (OS *jondo). It was "a change assisted by the loss of s in compounds and patronymics", hence the ending -iel in several feminine words
neth II S. [nˈɛθ] n. f. 1. hypo. of nîth II sister ○ 2. girl (in her teens, approaching the adult) ◇ VT/47:14-16,33, VT/48:6
sell N. [sˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid (child) ◇ Ety/385
2.31 Husband
hervenn N. [hˈɛrvɛn] (herven N.) n. m. husband ◇ Ety/352, Ety/364, X/ND4
2.32 Wife
bess S., N. [bˈɛss] n. f. 1. (young) woman ○ 2. wife ◇ Ety/352, SD/129-31
hervess N. [hˈɛrvɛs] (herves N.) n. f. wife ◇ Ety/352, Ety/364
2.35 Father
ada N. [ˈɑdɑ] n. m. hypo. of adar, father, daddy ◇ Ety/349
adar S., N. [ˈɑdɑr] pl. edair S. [ˈɛdɑjr] (eder N., edeir N.) n. m. father ◇ Ety/349, PM/324, MR/373, LotR/II:II, VT/44:21-22, X/EI
2.36 Mother
emel S. [ˈɛmɛl] (emmel S.) n. f. mother ◇ Emeldir S/155, VT/48:17
emil N. [ˈɛmil] n. f. Poet. mother ◇ VT/45:5
nana N. [nˈɑnɑ] n. hypo. mother, mummy ◇ Ety/348, Ety/374
naneth N. [nˈɑnɛθ] n. mother ◇ Ety/348, Ety/374
2.37 Parents
odhril N. [ˈɔðril̡] n. f. parent ◇ Ety/379
odhron N. [ˈɔðrɔn] n. m. parent ◇ Ety/379
2.41 Son
ion S. [jˈɔn] (†iond *S., ionn N.) n. m. 1. son ○ 2. by ext., scion, male descendant ◇ Ety/400, MR/373, X/ND1, X/ND2 ◈ For the second meaning, cf. Hadorion, a Húrin's epithet in WJ/294, Hurinionath referring to the house of Húrin the Steward in PM/202-3,218, and Gil-Galad's epithet Ereinion, cf. also the gloss of the old Qenya cognate yondo "descendant of" in PE/12:106, or the use of the same suffix in later Quenya names such as Isildurioni and Anárioni "Heirs of Isildur (resp. Anárion)" in PM/192,196
iôn S. [jˈɔːn] n. son ◇ WJ/337
2.42 Daughter
iell N. [jˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid ◇ Ety/385, Ety/400 ◈ Stated to be an alteration of sell, remodelled after ion "son" (OS *jondo). It was "a change assisted by the loss of s in compounds and patronymics", hence the ending -iel in several feminine words
sell N. [sˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid (child) ◇ Ety/385
2.43 Child (Son or Daughter)
hên II S. [hˈɛːn] pl. hîn S. [hˈiːn] n. child (mostly used as a prefix in patronymics or metronymics) ◇ WJ/403
2.44 Brother
hanar S. [hˈɑnɑr] n. m. brother ◇ VT/47:14
hawn S. [hˈɑwn] n. m. Arch. brother ◇ VT/47:14 ⇒ Cf. hanar
muindor N. [mˈujndɔr] pl. muindyr N. [mˈujndyr] n. m. brother ◇ Ety/394
tôr N. [tˈɔːr] pl. †teryn *S. [tˈɛryn] (terein N.) n. m. Arch. brother ◇ Ety/394, X/Z ◈ The word muindor is more usual
2.45 Sister
muinthel N. [mˈujnθɛl̡] pl. muinthil N. [mˈujnθil̡] n. f. sister ◇ Ety/392
neth II S. [nˈɛθ] n. f. 1. hypo. of nîth II sister ○ 2. girl (in her teens, approaching the adult) ◇ VT/47:14-16,33, VT/48:6
nîth II S. [nˈiːθ] n. f. sister ◇ VT/47:14
thêl N. [θˈɛːl] pl. thelei N. n. f. sister ◇ Ety/392
2.82 Family
noss S., N. [nˈɔss] (nos N.) n. kindred, family, clan ◇ Ety/378, PM/320
nost S. [nˈɔst] n. kindred, family, house ◇ PM/360 ⇒ Cf. noss
nothlir N. [nˈɔθlir] n. family line (esp. as family tree, genealogical tree) ◇ WR/234, WR/237, WR/309
3. Animals
3.11 Animal
lavan S. [lˈɑvɑn] pl. levain S. [lˈɛvɑjn] n. Zool. animal (usually applied to four-footed beasts, and never to reptiles or birds) ◇ WJ/388, WJ/416
*tad-dal S. [tˈɑd.dɑl] pl. tad-dail S. [tˈɑd.dɑjl] n. and adj. Zool. biped, two-legged animal ◇ WJ/388
3.12 Male (adj.)
†anu *S. [ˈɑnu] (anw N.) adj. male ◇ Ety/360, X/W ◈ A literal interpretation of the Etymologies would class this word as a noun, but David Salo notes that the punctuation in The Etymologies is not always reliable. Noldorin anw cannot be cognate to the Quenya noun hanu (*3anû) because the final -u would drop. It must rather be cognate to the Quenya adjective hanwa (*3anwâ) attested under the stem INI, where it is also stated that inw, corresponding to Quenya inya "female", has been remodelled after anw. The combination of these two entries, along with the phonological evidences, clearly indicates that anw is actually an adjective
3.13 Female
†inu *S. [ˈinu] (inw N.) adj. female ◇ Ety/361, X/W
3.17 Pasture (noun)
nadhor N. [nˈɑðr̩] n. pasture ◇ Ety/374
nadhras N. [nˈɑðrɑs] n. abst. of nadhor, pasture ◇ Ety/374
3.21 Bull
mund S. [mˈund] n. Zool. bull ◇ Letters/422-423
3.41 Horse (Generic)
lobor N. [lˈɔbr̩] n. Zool. horse ◇ VT/45:28 ⇒ Cf. roch
roch S., N. [rˈɔx] n. Zool. horse, swift horse for riding ◇ Ety/384, S/436, Letters/178, Letters/282, Letters/382
3.61 Dog
hû N. [hˈuː] n. Zool. dog ◇ Ety/364
†rŷn *S. [rˈyːn] (rhŷn N.) n. Zool. "chaser", hound of chase ◇ Ety/384, X/RH
3.64 Bird
aew S., N. [ˈɑɛw] n. Orn. (small) bird ◇ Ety/348, S/434
fileg N. [fˈilɛg] pl. filig N. [fˈilig] n. Orn. small bird ◇ Ety/381
3.65 Fish
hâl N. [hˈɑːl] n. Zool. fish ◇ VT/45:20 ⇒ Cf. lim III
†lim III *S. [lˈim] (lhim N., lhimb N.) n. Zool. fish ◇ Ety/369, X/LH ⇒ Cf. hâl
3.71 Wolf
draug S., N. [drˈɑug] n. Zool. wolf ◇ Ety/354, S/430
garaf N. [gˈɑrɑv] n. Zool. wolf ◇ Ety/377
3.72 Lion
†raw II *S. [rˈɑw] (rhaw N.) pl. †roe *S. [rˈɔɛ] (rhui N.) n. Zool. lion ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
3.73 Bear
brôg N. [brˈɔːg] n. Zool. bear ◇ Ety/374
graw S. [grˈɑw] n. Zool. bear ◇ VT/47:12
†medli *S. [mˈɛdli] (megli N.) n. Zool. bear ◇ Ety/369, Ety/371, X/DL
3.74 Fox
rusc S. [rˈusk] n. Zool. fox ◇ VT/41:10
3.75 Deer
aras S. [ˈɑrɑs] n. Zool. deer ◇ WJ/156-157
3.77 Elephant
annabon N. [ˈɑnnɑbɔn] (andabon N.) n. Zool. elephant ◇ Ety/372, X/ND2
3.79 Hunt (vb.)
*fara- N. [fˈɑrɑ] inf. faro N. [fˈɑrɔ] v. to hunt ◇ Ety/387
3.84 Worm
lhûg S., N. [ɬˈuːg] n. Zool. snake, serpent ◇ Ety/370, S/434
lŷg (corr. lyg) S. [lˈyːg] n. Zool. snake ◇ LotR/E
3.84 Snake
lhûg S., N. [ɬˈuːg] n. Zool. snake, serpent ◇ Ety/370, S/434
lŷg (corr. lyg) S. [lˈyːg] n. Zool. snake ◇ LotR/E
3.85 Swan
alph S. [ˈɑlf] (alf N.) pl. eilph S. [ˈɛjlf] n. Orn. swan ◇ Ety/348, S/427, LotR/E, VT/42:6-7, X/PH
3.91 Animals - other
cabor N. [kˈɑbr̩] (cabr N.) n. Zool. frog ◇ Ety/362
gwilwileth N. [gwˈil̡wilɛθ] n. Zool. butterfly ◇ Ety/398
ungol S., N. [ˈuŋgl̩] n. Zool. spider ◇ Ety/366, WR/202, LotR, RC/490
4. Parts of the Body; Bodily Functions and Conditions
4.13 Flesh
rhaw IV S. [ɹ̥ˈɑw] n. flesh, body ◇ MR/350, VT/47:12
4.14 Hair
fast N. [fˈɑst] n. shaggy hair ◇ Ety/381
finnel N. [fˈinnɛl̡] (findel N.) n. (braided) hair ◇ Ety/387, X/ND2
4.142 Beard
fang N. [fˈɑŋ] n. beard ◇ Ety/387
4.15 Blood
*agar S. [ˈɑgɑr] n. blood ← Agarwaen S/378
iâr N. [jˈɑːr] n. blood ◇ Ety/400
sereg S. [sˈɛrɛg] n. blood ◇ S/437
4.17 Horn
ras S. [rˈɑs] (rhas N.) pl. rais S. [rˈɑjs] n. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains) ◇ Ety/383, VT/46:10, LotR/E, S/436, X/RH ◈ The form rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10
†rasg *S. [rˈɑsg] (rhasg N.) n. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains) ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
tarag N. [tˈɑrɑg] n. 1. horn ○ 2. by ext., steep mountain peak ◇ Ety/391, VT/46:17
4.20 Head
dôl N. [dˈɔːl] (dol S.) n. 1. head ○ 2. Geog. by ext., hill or mountain ◇ Ety/376, S/430, RC/268
4.204 Face
thîr S., N. [θˈiːr] n. look, face, expression, countenance ◇ Ety/392, VT/41:10
4.207 Jaw
anc N. [ˈɑŋk] n. Biol. jaw, row of teeth ◇ Ety/348, Ety/374
carach S. [kˈɑrɑx] n. Biol. jaw, row of teeth ◇ S/429, RC/607
naew N. [nˈɑɛw] n. Biol. jaw ◇ Ety/374
4.21 Eye
hen II S. [hˈɛn] (†hend *S., henn S., hên N.) pl. †hin *S. [hˈin] (hîn N.) n. Biol. eye ◇ Ety/364, LotR/II:IX, WR/128, X/ND1
4.212 Sharpeyed
maecheneb S. [mˈɑɛxɛnɛb] adj. sharp-eyed ◇ WJ/337
4.22 Ear
lhaw S., N. [ɬˈɑw] n. pl. Biol. ears (referring to one person's pair of ears only) ◇ Ety/368, LotR/II:IX
lhewig N. [ɬˈɛwig] n. sing. of lhaw, Biol. ear ◇ Ety/368, LotR/II:IX
4.23 Nose
bund N. [bˈund] (bunn N.) n. 1. Biol. snout, nose ○ 2. Geog. by ext., cape (of land) ◇ Ety/372, X/ND2
nem N. [nˈɛm] (nemb N.) n. Biol. nose ◇ Ety/376
4.26 Tongue
lam I S. [lˈɑm] (lhamb N., lham N.) n. Biol. physical tongue ◇ Ety/367, WJ/394, X/LH
4.27 Tooth
carch S., N. [kˈɑrx] n. Biol. tooth, fang ◇ Ety/362, S/429
*nagol N. [nˈɑgl̩] n. Biol. tooth ← naglath WR/122
nêl I N. [nˈɛːl] (neleg N.) pl. nelig S. [nˈɛlig] n. Biol. tooth ◇ Ety/376, WR/113, VT/46:3
4.28 Neck
achad S. [ˈɑxɑd] n. Biol. neck (properly referring only to the bony vertebral part not including the throat) ◇ RC/537
4.29 Throat
†lanc II *S. [lˈɑŋk] (lhanc N.) n. Biol. throat ◇ Ety/367, X/LH
4.33 Hand
cam S., N. [kˈɑm] (camb N., camm N.) n. Biol. hand ◇ Ety/361, Ety/371, S/429
†camlann *S. [kˈɑmlɑnn] (camland N.) n. Biol. palm of hand ◇ Ety/367, X/ND4
crum N. [krˈum] n. left hand ◇ Ety/366
dond S. [dˈɔnd] (donn S.) n. Biol. fist, hand (especially in punching) ◇ VT/47:23
†fair II *S. [fˈɑjr] (feir N., fœir N.) n. right (hand) ◇ Ety/382, VT/46:10
forvo S. [fˈɔrvɔ] n. 1. right hand ○ 2. by ext., right side ◇ VT/47:6
†hair *S. [hˈɑjr] (heir N.) n. and adj. left (hand) ◇ Ety/365, X/EI
harvo S. [hˈɑrvɔ] n. 1. left hand ○ 2. by ext., left side ◇ VT/47:6
mâb S. [mˈɑːb] (mab- S.) n. Biol. a hand-full, complete hand (with all five fingers) ◇ Ety/371, VT/45:32, VT/47:6-7
maw I S. [mˈɑw] n. Biol. Arch. hand ◇ VT/47:6
paur S., N. [pˈɑur] n. Biol. fist (often used to mean "hand", its chief use was in reference of the tighly closed hand, as in using an implement or a craft-tool, rather than to the fist used in punching) ◇ Ety/366, S/429, PM/179, PM/318, VT/47:8
plad S. [plˈɑd] n. Biol. palm, flat of the hand, hand held upwards or forwards, flat and tensed (with fingers and thumb closed or spread) ◇ VT/47:9
†talf I *S. [tˈɑlv] (dalf N.) n. Biol. palm of hand ◇ Ety/353
4.34 Finger
lebed S. [lˈɛbɛd] (lhebed N.) pl. lebid S. [lˈɛbid] n. Biol. finger ◇ Ety/368, X/LH, VT/47:23-24,27 ◈ Tolkien later seems to have replaced this form by leber
leber S. [lˈɛbɛr] pl. lebir S. [lˈɛbir] n. Biol. finger ◇ VT/47:10,23-24, VT/48:5
4.342 Thumb
atheg S. [ˈɑθɛg] n. m. dim. of adar, 1. "litte father" ○ 2. Biol. thumb (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,17
nawb S. [nˈɑwb] n. Biol. thumb ◇ VT/48:5
4.37 Foot
pôd N. [pˈɔːd] pl. pŷd N. [pˈyːd] n. Biol. animal's foot ◇ Ety/382
tâl N. [tˈɑːl] pl. tail S. [tˈɑjl] (teil N.) n. Biol. foot ← tad-dail WJ/388, Ety/390, S/429, S/437, X/EI
tellen N. [tˈɛl̡lɛn] (tellein N., tellœin N.) n. Biol. sole of foot ◇ Ety/384, Ety/390, VT/46:12
4.392 Wing
*roval S. [rˈɔvɑl] (rhofal N.) pl. †rovail *S. [rˈɔvɑjl] (rhofel N.) n. Biol. pinion, great wing (of eagle) ← Landroval LotR/VI:IV, Ety/382, X/RH
4.44 Heart
hûn N. [hˈuːn] n. Biol. heart (physical) ◇ Ety/364
4.51 Breathe; Breath
*thuia- N. [θˈuj.ɑ] inf. thuio N. [θˈuj.ɔ] v. to breathe ◇ Ety/393
thûl N. [θˈuːl] n. breath ◇ Ety/393
4.56 Spit (vb.)
*puia- N. [pˈuj.ɑ] inf. puio N. [pˈuj.ɔ] v. to spit ◇ Ety/382
4.58 Bite (vb.)
nag- N. [nˈɑg] v. to bite ◇ Ety/374
4.62 Dream (noun)
ôl N. [ˈɔːl] pl. elei N. n. dream ◇ Ety/370, Ety/379
4.74 Live; Living; Life
*cuia- S. [kˈuj.ɑ] v. to live ← cuio LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308
4.75 Die; Dead; Death
*gwanna- N. [gwˈɑnnɑ] inf. gwanno N. [gwˈɑnnɔ] v. to depart, die ◇ Ety/397
4.77 Corpse
daen N. [dˈɑɛn] n. corpse ◇ Ety/375
4.79 Grave
haudh S., N. [hˈɑuð] n. (burial) mound, grave, tomb ◇ Ety/363-364, S/432, LotR/A(iv)
sarch S. [sˈɑrx] n. grave ◇ UT/463
4.81 Strong, Mighty, Powerful
beleg S., N. [bˈɛlɛg] adj. great, mighty ◇ Ety/352, S/428
belt N. [bˈɛlt] adj. strong in body ◇ Ety/352, Tengwestie/20031207
4.84 Sick; Sickness
cael N. [kˈɑɛl] n. lying in bed, sickness ◇ Ety/363
caeleb N. [kˈɑɛlɛb] adj. bedridden, sick ◇ Ety/363
gem N. [gˈɛm] (gemb N.) adj. sickly ◇ Ety/358
†lhaew II *S. [ɬˈɑɛw] (thlaew N., thloew N., flaew N.) adj. sickly, sick, ill ◇ Ety/386, X/OE, X/LH
†lhîw *S. [ɬˈiːw] (fliw N., thliw N.) n. sickness ◇ Ety/386, X/LH
paw N. [pˈɑw] n. sickness ◇ Ety/366
4.85 Wound (noun, vb.), Wounded (adj.)
harn II N. [hˈɑrn] adj. wounded ◇ Ety/386
*harna- N. [hˈɑrnɑ] inf. harno N. [hˈɑrnɔ] v. to wound ◇ Ety/386
†haru *S. [hˈɑru] (harw N.) n. wound ◇ Ety/386, X/W
4.86 Cure, Heal
*nesta- N. [nˈɛstɑ] v. to heal ← nestad WR/379-380
nestad N. [nˈɛstɑd] ger. of nesta-, healing ◇ WR/379-80
*nestadren N. [nɛstˈɑdrɛn] pl. nestedrin (corr. nestedriu) N. [nɛstˈɛdrin] adj. healing ◇ WR/380
4.89 Poison (noun)
saew N. [sˈɑɛw] n. poison ◇ Ety/385
4.91 Tired, Weary
†lom *S. [lˈɔm] (lhom N.) adj. weary ◇ VT/45:29, X/LH
4.93 Bald
rûdh S. [rˈuːð] adj. bald ◇ S/379, WJ/187
4.98 Drunk
sogannen (corr. sogennen) N. [sɔgˈɑnnɛn] pp. of sog-, drunk ◇ Ety/388
4.99 Naked, Bare
hell N. [hˈɛl̡l] adj. naked ◇ Ety/386
lanc I S. [lˈɑŋk] n. naked ◇ UT/418
5. Food and Drink; Cooking and Utensils
5.11 Eat
*mad- N. [mˈɑd] inf. medi N. [mˈɛdi] v. to eat ◇ Ety/371
5.12 Food
aes N. [ˈɑɛs] n. cooked food, meat ◇ Ety/349
5.13 Drink (vb.)
*sog- N. [sˈɔg] inf. sogo N. [sˈɔgɔ] pa. t. sogant N. [sˈɔgɑnt] (sunc N.) v. to drink ◇ Ety/388, VT/46:16
5.151 Thirsty
faug N. [fˈɑug] adj. thirsty ◇ Ety/381
5.51 Bread
*bass S. [bˈɑss] n. bread ← besain, besoneth, imbas PM/404-405, VT/44:21 ◈ In the Etymologies, the word for "bread" is given as bast, Quenya masta, but it seems that Tolkien later changed his mind and updated the word to bass, as shown in Quenya massánie, Sindarin besain, besoneth "bread-giver", and in the mutated form (i)mbas (apparently prefixed with the article). These latter Sindarin forms are however dubious, as we would rather have expected bessain (as a regular cognate of Quenya massánie) and bassoneth (without i-affection), and possibly a different mutation pattern after the article
bast N. [bˈɑst] n. bread ◇ Ety/372 ⇒ Cf. bass
5.52 Cake
aes N. [ˈɑɛs] n. cooked food, meat ◇ Ety/349
cram S., N. [krˈɑm] (cramb N.) n. cake of compressed flour or meal (often containing honey and milk) ◇ Ety/365, LotR/II:VIII
5.64 Soup, Broth
†salph *S. [sˈɑlf] (salff N.) n. broth, liquid food, soup ◇ Ety/385, VT/46:12, X/PH ◈ The form salf in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45:12
5.84 Honey
glî N. [glˈiː] n. honey ◇ Ety/369
nîdh N. [nˈiːð] n. honeycomb ◇ VT/45:38
6. Clothing; Personal Adornment and Care
6.11 Clothe, Dress
hab- N. [hˈɑb] v. to clothe ◇ Ety/363
hamma- N. [hˈɑmmɑ] v. to clothe ◇ Ety/363, VT/45:21 ◈ The form hamnia- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:21
6.12 Clothing, Clothes
hammad N. [hˈɑmmɑd] ger. of hamma-, clothing ◇ Ety/363
6.28 Fur
heleth N. [hˈɛlɛθ] n. fur, fur-coat ◇ Ety/386
helf N. [hˈɛl̡v] n. fur ◇ Ety/386
6.41 Cloak
*coll III S. [kˈɔll] n. cloak, mantle ← Thingol S/421, MR/385
6.51 Shoe
habad N. [hˈɑbɑd] pl. †hebaid *S. [hˈɛbɑjd] (hebeid N.) n. shoe ◇ Ety/386, VT/Errata, X/EI ◈ The meaning "shore" in Ety/386 should actually read "shoe", see VT/Errata and Lambengolmor/735. Compare also with Early Qenya hyapa (PE/13:41) and Gnomish habin (PE/11:47), both glossed as "shoe"
6.55 Hat; Cap
carab S. [kˈɑrɑb] n. hat ◇ WJ/187
6.57 Belt, Girdle
lest S. [lˈɛst] n. girdle ◇ WJ/333, WJ/225, WJ/228
6.59 Veil
fân S. [fˈɑːn] n. 1. veil ○ 2. by ext., cloud (applied to clouds, floating as veils over the blue sky or the sun or moon, or resting on hills) ◇ RGEO/74 ⇒ Cf. faun, fain
6.72 Jewel
mîr S., N. [mˈiːr] n. jewel, precious thing, treasure ◇ Ety/373, LotR/E, S/434, PM/348, LB/354, RGEO/73
6.75 Necklace
sigil II N. [sˈigil̡] n. necklace ← Sigil Elu-naeth WJ/258
6.95 Soap
glûdh N. [glˈuːð] n. soap ◇ Ety/369
6.96 Mirror
cenedril N. [kɛnˈɛdril̡] n. looking-glass, mirror ◇ TI/184, RS/466
7. Dwelling, House, Furniture
7.11 Dwell
*dortha- N. [dˈɔrθɑ] inf. dortho N. [dˈɔrθɔ] v. to dwell, stay ◇ Ety/376
7.12 House
adab N. [ˈɑdɑb] pl. †edaib *S. [ˈɛdɑjb] (edeb N.) n. building, house ◇ Ety/390, WR/379-80, X/EI
bar S. [bˈɑr] pl. bair S. [bˈɑjr] n. 1. dwelling, home ○ 2. by ext., inhabited land ◇ S/428, WR/379-80, SD/129-31
car N. [kˈɑr] (cardh N.) n. house, building ◇ Ety/362
7.15 Yard, Court
†pand *S. [pˈɑnd] (pann N.) n. courtyard ◇ Ety/380, X/ND1
sant S. [sˈɑnt] n. garden, field, yard (or other place in private ownership whether enclosed or not) ◇ VT/42:20
7.16 Cave
rond S. [rˈɔnd] (rhond N., rhonn N.) n. 1. cave roof ○ 2. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed ◇ Ety/384, VT/46:12, S/437, WJ/414, X/RH, X/ND1
7.21 Room
*sam S. [sˈɑm] n. chamber ← Sammath LotR/VI:III, S/435
7.22 Door; Gate
annon S., N. [ˈɑnnɔn] pl. ennyn S., N. [ˈɛnnyn] n. augm. great door or gate ◇ Ety/348, S/428, LotR/II:IV, TAI/150
fen S. [fˈɛn] (fend N., fenn N.) n. door, threshold ◇ Ety/381, LotR/V:IV, WR/341, RC/550, X/ND1
fennas S. [fˈɛnnɑs] n. abst. of fen, doorway, gateway ◇ LotR/II:IV, RS/463, RGEO/75
7.25 Window
henneth S. [hˈɛnnɛθ] n. window ◇ S/428
7.26 Floor
panas N. [pˈɑnɑs] n. abst. of pân I, floor ◇ Ety/380
talaf N. [tˈɑlɑv] pl. †telaif *S. [tˈɛlɑjv] (teleif N.) n. ground, floor ◇ Ety/390, X/EI
7.27 Wall
ram S. [rˈɑm] (rham N., rhamb N.) n. wall ◇ Ety/382, S/436, X/RH
rammas S. [rˈɑmmɑs] n. abst. of ram, (great) wall ◇ LotR/V:I, LotR/Index
7.28 Roof
rond S. [rˈɔnd] (rhond N., rhonn N.) n. 1. cave roof ○ 2. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed ◇ Ety/384, VT/46:12, S/437, WJ/414, X/RH, X/ND1
telu N. [tˈɛlu] n. dome, high roof ◇ Ety/391
tobas N. [tˈɔbɑs] n. abst. of toba-, roofing, roof ◇ Ety/394, VT/46:19
7.42 Bed
haust N. [hˈɑust] n. bed ◇ Ety/364
7.43 Chair
ham N. [hˈɑm] n. (?) chair ◇ VT/45:20
7.45 Lamp
calar S. [kˈɑlɑr] n. (portable) lamp ← celerdain LotR/V:I, WR/287, RC/523
8. Agriculture, Vegetation
8.12 Field (for Cultivation)
rîdh N. [rˈiːð] n. sown field, acre ◇ Ety/383, VT/46:11
8.13 Garden
sant S. [sˈɑnt] n. garden, field, yard (or other place in private ownership whether enclosed or not) ◇ VT/42:20
8.31 Sow; Seed
cordof S. [kˈɔrdɔv] n. Bot. pippin (seed of certain fruits, or more probably small red apple) ◇ SD/129-31
eredh N. [ˈɛrɛð] n. Bot. seed, germ ◇ Ety/356
8.33 Sickle; Scythe
cerch N. [kˈɛrx] n. sickle ◇ Ety/365
8.42 Grain (Generic = British Corn)
iau I N. [jˈɑu] pl. iui N. [jˈuj] n. Bot. corn ◇ Ety/399
8.51 Grass
thâr N. [θˈɑːr] n. Bot. stiff grass ◇ Ety/388
8.53 Plant
galas N. [gˈɑlɑs] n. abst. of gala-, Bot. growth, plant ◇ Ety/357
8.54 Root
solch N. [sˈɔlx] n. Bot. root (especially as edible) ◇ Ety/388
thond S. [θˈɔnd] n. Bot. root ◇ LotR/E, Letters/178
8.55 Branch
golf N. [gˈɔlv] n. Bot. branch ◇ Ety/359
8.56 Leaf
lass S. [lˈɑss] (lhass N.) n. Bot. leaf ◇ Ety/367, Letters/282, TC/169, X/LH
8.57 Flower
elloth S. [ˈɛl̡lɔθ] n. sing. of loth, Bot. (single) flower ◇ VT/42:18
goloth S. [gˈɔlɔθ] n. Bot. inflorescence, a head of small flowers ◇ VT/42:18 ⇒ Cf. gwaloth
gwaloth N. [gwˈɑlɔθ] n. Bot. blossom, collection of flowers ◇ Ety/370, VT/45:29 ◈ This form replaced deleted goloth in the manuscript of The Etymologies, see VT/45:29. The deleted form is however also later attested in VT/42:18 ⇒ Cf. goloth
loth S. [lˈɔθ] (lhoth N.) n. Bot. flower, inflorescence, a head of small flowers ◇ Ety/370, LB/354, VT/42:18, X/LH ◈ The noun is collective, a single flower being lotheg
lotheg S. [lˈɔθɛg] n. sing. of loth, Bot. (single) flower ◇ VT/42:18
lothod N. [lˈɔθɔd] (lhothod N.) n. sing. of loth, Bot. (single) flower ◇ VT/45:29, X/LH ⇒ Cf. lotheg
8.58 Rose
meril S. [mˈɛril̡] n. Bot. rose (flower) ◇ SD/129-31
8.61 Oak
doron N. [dˈɔrɔn] pl. deren N. (dœrœn N.) n. Bot. oak ◇ Ety/355, VT/45:11
8.62 Beech
brethil II S. [brˈɛθil̡] (brethel N.) pl. brethil S., N. n. Bot. beech, beech-tree, silver birch ◇ Ety/352, Ety/376, S/429
fêr N. [fˈɛːr] pl. ferin N. [fˈɛrin] n. Bot. beech-tree ◇ Ety/352, Ety/381
8.64 Pine
thôn S. [θˈɔːn] (thaun N.) n. Bot. pine-tree ◇ Ety/392, S/438, RC/384
8.67 Vine
*gwîn II S., N. [gwˈiːn] n. wine, vine ← Dorwinion LotR/Map, LB/11,26,17,112, LR/334,338, H/IX ◈ The wine of Dor-Winion occurs in the Lay of the children of Húrin and a place located either in the "burning South" in the first version, or probably east of the Blue Mountains in the second. Then we have Dorwinion as a meadow-land in Tol Eressëa at the end of the Quenta Silmarillion. It reappears in The Hobbit, and was finally placed North-West of the Sea of Rhûn in the decorated map by Pauline Baynes (see HL/115-117 for discussion). The meaning of this name is unknown and has been largely discussed. What do we have indeed in this "Winion", or rather gwinion since the initial w- must come from lenition? According to Christopher Tolkien, the Lay was begun c. 1918 and was composed during his father's stay at Leeds, a date meaning that the word can be Gnomish, possibly Early Noldorin, or in an indigenous language of Beleriand. In Gnomish and later in Doriathrin and Ilkorin, there is a genitive plural ending -ion which may very well be contained in this word. Then we would segment gwin-ion "of gwin". The context calls for "wine", "vine" or something similar. It can hardly be a coincidence that gwin is precisely the Welsh word for "wine", a loan from the Latin vinum, as the English "wine" itself
8.68 Tobacco
galenas S. [gˈɑlɛnɑs] n. Bot. pipe-weed (leaf) or "westmansweed", a variety of Nicotiana ◇ LotR/V:VIII
9. Miscellaneous Physical Acts and Those Pertaining to Special Arts and Crafts¹, with Some Implements, Materials, and Products; Other Miscellaneous Notions
9.16 Bind (vb. trans.)
*gwedh- N. [gwˈɛð] inf. gwedhi (corr. gwedi) N. [gwˈɛði] pa. t. gwedhant N. [gwˈɛðɑnt] (gwend N., gwenn N.) v. to bind ◇ Ety/397, X/ND1
†nod- *S. [nˈɔd] (nud- N.) v. to tie, bind ◇ Ety/378, X/Z
9.18 Chain
angwedh N. [ˈɑŋgwɛð] n. chain ◇ Ety/397
9.19 Rope, Cord
*raph S. [rˈɑf] n. rope ← Udalraph UT/424
9.23 Knife
sigil I N. [sˈigil̡] n. Mil. dagger, knife ◇ Ety/385
9.41 Craft, Trade
curu N. [kˈuru] (curw N.) n. craft, skill ◇ Ety/366, X/W
maenas N. [mˈɑɛnɑs] n. abst. of maen, craft ◇ Ety/371
9.423 Use (vb.)
*iuitha- N. [jˈujθɑ] inf. iuitho N. [jˈujθɔ] v. to employ, to use ◇ Ety/400, VT/46:23 ◈ The gloss was hardly legible and Christopher Tolkien read "to enjoy" in Ety/400, but the meaning "to employ", much more probable (Cf. iuith), was later confirmed in VT/45:23
9.43 Carpenter
thavron N. [θˈɑvrɔn] n. carpenter, wright, builder ◇ Ety/388
9.49 Hammer
dam N. [dˈɑm] n. hammer ◇ Ety/375
*dring S. [drˈiŋ] n. hammer ← Glamdring H, Ety/355
9.50 Nail
taes N. [tˈɑɛs] n. nail ◇ Ety/390
9.60 Smith
*mírdan S. [mˈiːrdɑn] pl. mírdain S. [mˈiːrdɑjn] n. jewel-smith ◇ S/401
9.64 Gold
côl N. [kˈɔːl] n. gold (metal) ◇ Ety/365
malt N. [mˈɑlt] n. gold (as metal) ◇ Ety/386, VT/46:14, VT/42:27, Tengwestie/20031207
9.65 Silver
celeb S., N. [kˈɛlɛb] n. silver ◇ Ety/367, S/429, LotR/E, Letters/426
9.66 Copper, Bronze
rust S. [rˈust] n. copper ◇ VT/41:10
9.67 Iron
ang S., N. [ˈɑŋ] n. iron ◇ Ety/348, S/428, PM/347
9.71 Potter
cennan N. [kˈɛnnɑn] n. potter ◇ Ety/390
9.74 Glass
heledh S. [hˈɛlɛd] n. glass ◇ S/433
9.90 Thing
bach N. [bˈɑx] n. article (for exchange), ware, thing ◇ Ety/372
nad N. [nˈɑd] n. thing ◇ Ety/374
9.91 Be
*na- S. [nˈɑ] v. to be ← no aer i eneth lín VT/44:21,24
9.93 Need, Necessity
baur N. [bˈɑur] n. need ◇ Ety/372
10. Motion; Locomotion, Transportation, Navigation
10.45 Walk (vb.)
*pada- S. [pˈɑdɑ] v. to walk ← Aphadon (*ap-pata), Tharbad (*thara-pata) WJ/387, S/438
10.46 Run (vb.)
*nor- S. [nˈɔr] v. 1. to run ○ 2. by ext., to ride
10.48 Come
*tol- N. [tˈɔl] inf. teli N. [tˈɛli] v. to come ◇ Ety/395
10.49 Go Away, Depart
*gwanna- N. [gwˈɑnnɑ] inf. gwanno N. [gwˈɑnnɔ] v. to depart, die ◇ Ety/397
10.51 Flee
*drega- S. [drˈɛgɑ] v. to flee ◈ Only the imperative drego is attested. Therefore, the verb may also be dreg- (inf. dregi)
10.52 Follow
aphad- S. [ˈɑffɑd] v. to follow ◇ WJ/387 ◈ In WJ/387, the verbal stem is given as aphad-, and the etymology as *ap-pata. If we follow the latter, the verb should perhaps read aphada-
10.56 Approach (vb.)
*anglenna- S. [ɑŋglˈɛnnɑ] v. to approach ← anglennatha SD/129-31
10.57 Enter
minna- S. [mˈinnɑ] v. to enter
*neledh- N. [nɛlˈɛð] inf. neledhi N. [nɛlˈɛði] v. to enter ◇ TAI/150, HL/77 ◈ Hammond and Scull apparently understand this word as a derivative of neledh "three", hence their translation neledh neledhi "three by three". However, we have shown in Hiswelókë (third issue, pp. 74-78) that this word is conceivably a verb derived from LED "to go". The prefix ne- also occurs in nestegi "to insert, stick in"
10.64 Lead (vb.)
*tog- N. [tˈɔg] inf. tegi N. [tˈɛgi] v. to lead, bring ◇ Ety/395
10.71 Road
men II S. [mˈɛn] n. way, road ◇ UT/281
10.72 Path
lond S., N. [lˈɔnd] (lonn S., N., lhonn N.) n. 1. narrow path or strait ○ 2. by ext., entrance to harbour, land-locked haven ◇ Ety/348, Ety/370, S/434, UT/450, VT/42:10, X/LH, X/ND1
râd N. [rˈɑːd] n. path, track ◇ Ety/383
10.73 Street
†othrad *S. [ˈɔθrɑd] (ostrad N.) n. street ◇ Ety/383, X/Z
rath S., N. [rˈɑθ] n. 1. course, riverbed ○ 2. street (in a city) ◇ Ety/383, LotR/Index, RC/523,551
10.74 Bridge
iant S., N. [jˈɑnt] n. bridge ◇ Ety/400, S/432
10.75 Carriage, Wagon, Cart
*rach I S. [rˈɑx] pl. *raich S. [rˈɑjx] n. wain ← Gondraich UT/465 ◈ Since this word is attested in a compound only, its unmutated form is uncertain. It could also be *grach or *rhach
10.78 Yoke
†ianu *S. [jˈɑnu] (ianw N.) n. (?) yoke ◇ Ety/400, X/W ◈ It originally meant "bridge" in the Etymologies, but was apparently switched with iant
10.81 Ship
cair S. [kˈɑjr] (ceir N.) n. ship ◇ Ety/365, LotR/A(iv), X/EI
10.82 Sailor
*cirion S. [kˈiri.ɔn] n. m. shipman, sailor ← Cirion (name)
10.83 Boat
†lunt *S. [lˈunt] (lhunt N.) n. boat ◇ Ety/370, X/LH
10.90 Harbor, Port
†círbann *S. [kˈiːrbɑnn] (cirban N.) n. haven ◇ Ety/380, X/ND4
hobas N. [hˈɔbɑs] n. abst. of hûb, harbourage ◇ Ety/364
hûb N. [hˈuːb] n. Geog. haven, harbour, small land-locked bay ◇ Ety/364
lond S., N. [lˈɔnd] (lonn S., N., lhonn N.) n. 1. narrow path or strait ○ 2. by ext., entrance to harbour, land-locked haven ◇ Ety/348, Ety/370, S/434, UT/450, VT/42:10, X/LH, X/ND1
†lorn *S. [lˈɔrn] (lhorn N.) n. 1. quiet water ○ 2. by ext., anchorage, harbour ◇ VT/45:29, X/LH
11. Possession, Property, and Commerce
12. Spatial Relations: Place, Form, Size
13. Quantity and Number
13.14 Every; All (pl.)
*pân II S. [pˈɑːn] pl. *pain S. [pˈɑjn] adj. all, in totality ← mhellyn în phain SD/129-31 ◈ As no other word beginning in ph- is attested, it is assumed that a nasal mutation is triggered by the pronoun în I, hence the form observed in the "King's Letter"
13.18 Enough
far N. [fˈɑr] adj. or adv. sufficient, enough, quite ◇ Ety/381
farn N. [fˈɑrn] adj. or adv. enough ◇ Ety/381
13.19 Multitude, Crowd
hoth S., N. [hˈɔθ] n. Pej. host, crowd, horde (nearly always in a bad sense) ◇ Ety/364, S/432
ovras N. [ˈɔvrɑs] n. abst. of ovor, crowd, heap. ◇ Ety/396
rim I S. [rˈim] (rhim N., rhimb N.) n. crowd, host, great number ◇ Ety/383, S/436, Letters/178, Letters/382, X/RH
13.21 Full
pant S., N. [pˈɑnt] adj. full ◇ Ety/366, SD/129-31
13.22 Empty
cofn N. [kˈɔvn] (caun N.) adj. empty, void ◇ Ety/366
†lost *S. [lˈɔst] (lhost N.) adj. empty ◇ Ety/370, X/LH
13.32 One
mîn S. [mˈiːn] (min S., N. [mˈin]) adj. num. card. one (first of a series) ◇ Ety/373, VT/42:24-25, VT/48:6
13.33 Alone, Only
erui S. [ˈɛruj] adj. 1. single, alone ○ 2. by ext., first (incorrect use by the Gondorians) ◇ TI/312, WR/436, VT/42:10 ◈ The proper word for first in Sindarin was minui
13.34 First
erui S. [ˈɛruj] adj. 1. single, alone ○ 2. by ext., first (incorrect use by the Gondorians) ◇ TI/312, WR/436, VT/42:10 ◈ The proper word for first in Sindarin was minui
main S. [m'ɑjn] (mein S.) adj. num. ord. first, (only in the sense of) prime, chief, pre-eminent ◇ VT/42:10, VT/42:25
minui S. [mˈinuj] adj. num. ord. first ◇ VT/42:10, VT/42:25
13.35 Last
*medui S. [mˈɛduj] adj. last ← na vedui, Arvedui LotR/I:XII, LotR/A(iv)
13.41 Three
nêl II S. [nˈɛːl] adj. num. card. three ◇ VT/42:25 ⇒ Cf. neled
neled S., N. [nˈɛlɛd] (neledh S., N.) adj. num. card. three ◇ Ety/376, TAI150, VT/48:6
13.42 Third (Ordinal)
nail S. [nˈɑjl] (neil S.) adj. num. ord. third ◇ VT/42:25
nelui S. [nˈɛluj] adj. num. ord. third ◇ VT/42:25
14. Time
14.11 Time
†lû *S. [lˈuː] (lhû N.) n. a time, occasion ◇ Ety/370, X/LH
14.13 New
*gwain S. [gwˈɑjn] pl. *gwîn S. [gwˈiːn] adj. new ← Narwain (Narvinyë) LotR/D, Cf. Ety/399
†sain *S. [sˈɑjn] (sein N.) pl. sîn N. [sˈiːn] adj. new ◇ Ety/385, X/EI
14.14 Young
neth I N. [nˈɛθ] adj. young ◇ Ety/377
14.15 Old
brûn N. [brˈuːn] adj. old, that has long endured, or been established, or in use ◇ Ety/353
gern N. [gˈɛrn] adj. worn, old, decripit (used of things only) ◇ Ety/360
iaur S., N. [jˈɑur] adj. 1. ancient, old, original ○ 2. older, former ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, S/433, UT/384
ingem N. [ˈiŋgɛm] adj. old (of person, in mortal sense: decripit, suffering from old age) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, Ety/400 ◈ New word coined by the Elves after meeting with Men
†iphant *S. [ˈiffɑnt] (ifant N.) adj. aged, having lived long, old (with no connotation of weakness) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, VT/46:23, X/PH
14.18 Now
si S. [si] adv. now ◇ LotR/IV:X, LB/354
14.21 Swift, Fast, Quick
celeg S., N. [kˈɛlɛg] adj. swift, agile, hasty ◇ Ety/366, PM/353, VT/41:10
†lagor *S. [lˈɑgr̩] (lhagr N.) pl. †legrin *S. [lˈɛgrin] (lhegrin N.) adj. swift, rapid ◇ Ety/367, VT/45:25, Tengwestie/20050318, X/LH ◈ The form lhegin in the published Etymologies might be a misreading for lhegrin, see VT/45:25. As noted by Bertrand Bellet, the two forms are listed side by side, and they may simply be doublets, but it is also possible that we have here a singular followed by its plural.
lim I S. [lˈim] adv. swift, swiftly ← noro lim LotR/I:XII, RS/196, RC/195 ◈ Untranslated in LotR, but written nora-lim and rendered as "ride on" in RS/196 (not a literal translation) and later translated as "run swift" in RC/195. Before the latter was published (confirming the exact translation of this adverb), Helios de Rosario Martinez had provided a thorough analysis of this word in his article "Musings on Limlight" (Tengwestie/20050107)
14.25 Begin; Beginning
*heria- N. [hˈɛri.ɑ] inf. herio N. [hˈɛri.ɔ] (hœrio N.) v. to begin suddenly and vigorously ◇ Ety/364, VT/45:22 ◈ The forms heno, hœno in the Etymologies are misreadings according to VT/45:22
14.252 Last (vb.)
*brona- N. [brˈɔnɑ] inf. brono N. [brˈɔnɔ] v. to last, to survive ◇ Ety/353
14.26 End (noun, temporal)
meth N. [mˈɛθ] n. end ◇ Ety/373
methed S. [mˈɛθɛd] n. end ◇ UT/452
14.41 Day
arad N. [ˈɑrɑd] n. daytime, a day ◇ Ety/349
aur S., N. [ˈɑur] n. day, sunlight, morning ◇ Ety/349, S/439 ⇒ Cf. calan
calan S. [kˈɑlɑn] n. day, period of actual daylight ◇ aLotR/D ◈ Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted from the second. ⇒ Cf. aur
14.42 Night
daw N. [dˈɑw] n. night-time, gloom ◇ Ety/354
fuin S., N. [fˈujn] n. night, dead of night, gloom, darkness ◇ Ety/354, Ety/382, S/431
môr S., N. [mˈɔːr] n. darkness, dark, night ◇ Ety/373, Letters/382
tinnu N. [tˈinnu] (tindu N.) n. 1. dusk, twilight, early night (without Moon) ○ 2. by ext., starry twilight ◇ Ety/355, Ety/393, X/ND2
14.43 Dawn
minuial S. [minˈuj.ɑl] n. "morrowdim", the time near dawn, when the star fade ◇ LotR/D
14.46 Evening
aduial S. [ɑdˈuj.ɑl] n. the evening, time of star-opening, "evendim" ◇ LotR/D
dû S., N. [dˈuː] n. nightfall, late evening, night, dimness ◇ Ety/354, S/430, VT/45:9
thîn N. [θˈiːn] n. Poet. evening ◇ Ety/392, VT/46:18
14.61 Week
†lefnar *S. [lˈɛvnɑr] (lhevnar N.) n. Cal. week (of five days) ◇ VT/45:27, X/LH, X/Z
14.72 Names of the Months
cerveth S. [kˈɛrvɛθ] n. Cal. july (month) ◇ LotR/D
girithron S. [girˈiθrɔn] n. Cal. december (month) ◇ LotR/D
gwaeron S. [gwˈɑɛrɔn] n. Cal. march (month) ◇ LotR/D
gwirith S. [gwˈiriθ] n. Cal. april (month) ◇ LotR/D, SD/129-31
hithui S. [hˈiθuj] n. and adj. 1. foggy, misty ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of november ◇ LotR/D
ivanneth S. [ivˈɑnnɛθ] n. Cal. september (month) ◇ LotR/D
lothron S. [lˈɔθrɔn] n. Cal. the month of May ◇ LotR/D
narbeleth S. [nˈɑrbɛlɛθ] n. Cal. october (month) ◇ LotR/D
narwain S. [nˈɑrwɑjn] n. Cal. the month of January ◇ LotR/D
nínui S. [nˈiːnuj] n. and adj. 1. watery ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of february ◇ LotR/D
nórui S. [nˈɔːruj] n. and adj. 1. sunny, fiery ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of june ◇ LotR/D
urui S. [ˈuruj] n. and adj. 1. hot ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of august ◇ LotR/D
14.73 Year
†idhrinn *S. [ˈiðrinn] (idhrind N., idhrin N.) n. Cal. year ◇ Ety/383, Ety/400, X/ND4
în II N. [ˈiːn] n. Cal. year ◇ Ety/400
14.74 Winter
rhîw S. [ɹ̥ˈiːw] n. Cal. winter season ◇ LotR/D
14.75 Spring
echuir S. [ˈɛxujr] n. Cal. a season, the beginning of spring ◇ LotR/D, SD/129-31
ethuil S. [ˈɛθujl] n. Cal. season of spring ◇ LotR/D, SD/129-31
14.76 Summer
laer I S. [lˈɑɛr] n. Cal. season of summer ◇ LotR/D
14.77 Autumn
iavas S. [jˈɑvɑs] n. abst. of iau I, Cal. season of autumn ◇ LotR/D
†lasbelin *S. [lˈɑsbɛlin] (lhasbelin N.) n. Cal. season of autumn ◇ Ety/366-367, X/LH
15. Sense Perception
16. Emotion (with Some Physical Expressions of Emotion); Temperamental, Moral, and Aestetic Notions
17. Mind, Thought
18. Vocal Utterance, Speech; Reading and Writing
18.12 Sing
glir- N. [glˈir] inf. gliri N. [glˈiri] v. to sing, trill, to recite a poem ◇ Ety/359, Ety/369, VT/45:15 ◈ The form glin in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:15
*linna- S. [lˈinnɑ] v. to sing ← linnathon LotR/II:I
*liria- N. [lˈiri.ɑ] inf. lirio N. [lˈiri.ɔ] v. to sing ◇ VT/45:28
18.13 Shout, Cry out
can- S. [kˈɑn] v. to cry out, shout, call ◇ PM/361-362
18.14 Various Cries
caun II S. [kˈɑun] n. outcry, clamor ◇ PM/361-362
glam S. [glˈɑm] (glamm S., N., glamb S., N.) n. 1. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise ○ 2. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts ○ 3. Pop. by ext., as a coll. noun, any body of Orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/377, WJ/390, WJ/416
hûl N. [hˈuːl] n. cry of encouragement in battle ◇ Ety/386
ial N. [jˈɑl] n. (?) a call, (?) a cry ◇ VT/46:22
18.21 Speak, Talk
*ped- S. [pˈɛd] pa. t. *pent S. [pˈɛnt] v. to speak, to say ← pedo, arphent LotR/II:IV, TL/21:09
18.22 Say
*ped- S. [pˈɛd] pa. t. *pent S. [pˈɛnt] v. to speak, to say ← pedo, arphent LotR/II:IV, TL/21:09
18.24 Language
lam II S. [lˈɑm] n. Ling. language ◇ WJ/394
18.26 Word
peth S., N. [pˈɛθ] n. word ◇ Ety/366, LotR/II:IV, RS/463
18.28 Name
eneth S. [ˈɛnɛθ] n. name ◇ VT/44:21,24
18.42 Call (vb. = Name)
*esta- S. [ˈɛstɑ] v. to name ← estathar SD/129-31
18.51 Write
*teitha- N. [tˈɛjθɑ] inf. teitho N. [tˈɛjθɔ] pa. t. teithant N. [tˈɛjθɑnt] v. to write ◇ Ety/391, LotR/II:IV
18.53 Letter (of the Alphabet)
certh S. [kˈɛrθ] pl. cirth S. [kˈirθ] n. Ling. rune ◇ WJ/396, LotR/E
têw S. [tˈɛːw] pl. tîw S., N. [tˈiːw] n. Ling. letter, written sign ◇ Ety/391, WJ/396, LotR/II:IV, LotR/E, Letters/427
18.57 Pen
tegil S. [tˈɛgil̡] n. pen ◇ PM/318 ◈ Sindarized form of Quenya tekil, not known to the Sindar until the coming of the Ñoldor (but see however tegol for a possible dialectal variant)
tegol N. [tˈɛgl̩] (tegl N.) n. pen ◇ Ety/391 ◈ It is stated in PM/318 that "tegil was a Sindarized form of Quenya tekil "pen", not known to the Sindar until the coming of the Ñoldor". It must be assumed therefore that tegol was either rejected by Tolkien, or that it may perhaps have been considered as a dialectal variant. For a similar case where both a true Sindarin/Noldorin word and a Sindarized form conceivably coexist, see magol and megil "sword" (it is unlikely that weapons were not known to the Sindar before the coming of the Ñoldor)
18.61 Book
parf N. [pˈɑrv] pl. perf N. [pˈɛrv] n. book ◇ Ety/380
19. Territorial, Social, and Political Divisions; Social Relations
19.14 Region, Territory
ardh N. [ˈɑrð] n. realm, region ◇ Ety/360
ardhon S. [ˈɑrðɔn] n. augm. of ardh, 1. Geog. great region, province ○ 2. by ext., world ← Calenardhon S/386, PM/348
dôr S. [dˈɔːr] (dor S., N.) n. Geog. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live ◇ Ety/376, S/430, WJ/413, Letters/417, VT/45:38, RC/384 ◈ The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor
gardh S. [gˈɑrð] n. 1. Geog. bounded or defined region ○ 2. by ext., world ◇ WJ/402
19.15 City, Town
ost S., N. [ˈɔst] n. 1. city, town with wall round ○ 2. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art ◇ Ety/379, S/435, WJ/414, RC/232
19.16 Village
gobel N. [gˈɔbɛl̡] n. walled house or village, town ◇ Ety/380
19.17 Boundary
gland S. [glˈɑnd] (glann S.) n. boundary ← Glanduin, Glanhír UT/264, UT/318, UT/441, VT/42:8, X/ND1
glandagol S. [glˈɑndɑgɔl] n. boundary mark ◇ VT/42:8,28
taeg S. [tˈɑɛg] n. boundary, limit, boundary line ◇ WJ/309
19.32 King
âr N. [ˈɑːr] n. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region) ◇ Ety/389 ⇒ Cf. aran, taur I
aran S., N. [ˈɑrɑn] pl. erain S., N. [ˈɛrɑjn] n. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region) ◇ Ety/360, S/428, LotR/II:IV, LotR/VI:VII, SD/129-31, Letters/426 ⇒ Cf. âr, taur I
taur I N. [tˈɑur] n. king (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes) ◇ Ety/389, Ety/395 ◈ In LotR/IV:IV, Frodo is called Daur, which might be the mutated form of this word ⇒ Cf. aran
19.33 Queen
bereth S., N. [bˈɛrɛθ] n. f. queen, spouse ◇ Ety/351, RGEO/74
†rîn I *S. [rˈiːn] (rhîn N., rhien N.) n. and adj. 1. crowned ○ 2. as a noun, by ext., crowned lady, queen ◇ Ety/393, Ety/389, X/RH
†rîs *S. [rˈiːs] (rhîs N.) n. f. queen ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
19.35 Prince
*caun IV S. [kˈɑun] pl. conin S. [kˈɔnin] n. prince, ruler ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308
†cund *S. [kˈund] (cunn N.) n. Arch. prince ◇ Ety/366, VT/45:24, X/ND1
ernil II S. [ˈɛrnil̡] pl. ernil S. n. prince ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308, UT/428, RGEO/75
19.36 Noble (noun), Nobleman
arphen S. [ˈɑrfɛn] pl. erphin S. [ˈɛrfin] n. a noble ◇ WJ/376
*arwen S. [ˈɑrwɛn] n. f. noble woman ← Arwen (name) LotR
19.41 Master
*herdir S. [hˈɛrdir] n. m. master ← i-Cherdir SD/129-31
heron N. [hˈɛrɔn] n. m. master ◇ VT/45:22
hîr S., N. [hˈiːr] n. m. master, lord ◇ Ety/364, S/432, SD/129-31, Letters/382, LB/354, VT/45:22
19.412 Lady
brennil N. [brˈɛnnil̡] n. f. lady ◇ Ety/351
*heryn S. [hˈɛryn] n. f. lady ← Roheryn S/436
hiril N. [hˈiril̡] n. f. lady ◇ Ety/364
19.44 Free (adj.)
†lain I *S. [lˈɑjn] (lhein N., lhain N.) adj. free, freed ◇ Ety/368, X/LH
19.51 Friend
meldir N. [mˈɛl̡dir] n. m. friend ◇ Ety/372
meldis N. [mˈɛl̡dis] n. f. friend ◇ Ety/372
mellon S., N. [mˈɛl̡lɔn] pl. mellyn S. [mˈɛl̡lyn] n. friend ◇ Ety/372, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-31, Letters/424
19.52 Enemy
coth N. [kˈɔθ] n. 1. enmity ○ 2. enemy ◇ Ety/365
19.54 Neighbor
sammar S. [sˈɑmmɑr] (ahamar S.) n. neighbour ◇ VT/48:20
19.61 Custom
haew N. [hˈɑɛw] n. custom, habit ◇ Ety/364, VT/45:22 ◈ Written hæw (with ae-ligature) in the Etymologies, rectified here according to VT/45:22
19.62 Strife, Quarrel
cost N. [kˈɔst] n. quarrel ◇ Ety/365
19.65 Meet (vb.)
*govad- S. [gˈɔvɑd] v. to meet ← mae govannen LotR/I:XII, Letters/308
20. Warfare
20.11 Fight (vb.)
*dagra- N. [dˈɑgrɑ] inf. dagro N. [dˈɑgrɔ] v. to battle ◇ Ety/375
maetha- I N. [mˈɑɛθɑ] v. to fight ◇ Ety/371
20.12 Battle (noun)
dagor S., N. [dˈɑgr̩] (dagr N.) n. battle ◇ Ety/375, S/430
maeth N. [mˈɑɛθ] n. battle, fight (not of general host but of two or a few) ◇ Ety/371
20.13 War
∗auth I N. [ˈɑuθ] n. war, battle ◇ Ety/365, Ety/379, VT/45:23
20.132 Enemy
coth N. [kˈɔθ] n. 1. enmity ○ 2. enemy ◇ Ety/365
20.14 Peace
sîdh N. [sˈiːð] n. peace ◇ Ety/385
20.17 Soldier
daug N. [dˈɑug] n. warrior, soldier (chiefly used of Orcs) ◇ Ety/375
maethor N. [mˈɑɛθr̩] n. warrior ◇ Ety/371
20.22 Club
grond N. [grˈɔnd] n. Mil. club ◇ Ety/384, X/ND1
20.222 Battle-Ax
hathol S. [hˈɑθl̩] (hathel N., *hathal N.) n. 1. Mil. broadsword-blade, axe-blade ○ 2. Mil. by ext., axe ◇ Ety/389, WJ/234, UT/444, LR/433 ◈ See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants and their vocalization
20.23 Sling
hadlath N. [hˈɑdlɑθ] (haglath N.) n. Mil. sling ◇ Ety/363, Ety/368, X/TL
20.24 Bow
cû S., N. [kˈuː] n. 1. arch, crescent ○ 2. Mil. by ext., bow ◇ Ety/365, S/429
peng N. [pˈɛŋ] n. Mil. bow (for shooting) ◇ Ety/366
20.27 Sword
crist N. [krˈist] n. Mil. cleaver, sword ◇ Ety/365
hathol S. [hˈɑθl̩] (hathel N., *hathal N.) n. 1. Mil. broadsword-blade, axe-blade ○ 2. Mil. by ext., axe ◇ Ety/389, WJ/234, UT/444, LR/433 ◈ See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants and their vocalization
†lang *S. [lˈɑŋ] (lhang N.) n. Mil. cutlass, sword ◇ Ety/367, X/LH
magol N. [mˈɑgl̩] (magl N.) n. Mil. sword ◇ Ety/371 ◈ The word megil (q.v.), probably introduced by the Ñoldor, was also used
megil S., N. [mˈɛgil̡] n. Mil. sword ◇ Ety/371 ◈ The word was struck out in the Etymologies, but is well attested in late compounds such as Mormegil or Arvegil (with regular mutation). It is conceivably the Sindarinized form of Quenya makil, coexisting with magol (see tegil and tegol for a similar case)
20.33 Helmet
harn IV N. [hˈɑrn] n. Mil. helmet ◇ VT/45:21
thôl S. [θˈɔːl] n. Mil. helm ◇ S/438
20.34 Shield
amath N. [ˈɑmɑθ] (ambath N.) n. Mil. shield ◇ VT/45:33
*thand I S. [θˈɑnd] n. Mil. shield ← thangail UT/281-282
20.35 Fortress
barad II S., N. [bˈɑrɑd] pl. beraid S. [bˈɛrɑjd] n. tower, fortress ◇ Ety/351, S/428, LotR/B
garth N. [gˈɑrθ] n. fort, fortress ◇ Ety/360
minas S. [mˈinɑs] (minnas N.) n. abst. 1. tower ○ 2. by ext., fort, city with a citadel and central watch-tower ◇ Ety/373, S/434, VT/42:24
ost S., N. [ˈɔst] n. 1. city, town with wall round ○ 2. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art ◇ Ety/379, S/435, WJ/414, RC/232
†othronn *S. [ˈɔθrɔnn] (othrond S., N.) n. fortress or city in underground caves, underground stronghold ◇ Ety/379, Ety/384, WJ/414, X/ND4
20.36 Tower
barad II S., N. [bˈɑrɑd] pl. beraid S. [bˈɛrɑjd] n. tower, fortress ◇ Ety/351, S/428, LotR/B
minas S. [mˈinɑs] (minnas N.) n. abst. 1. tower ○ 2. by ext., fort, city with a citadel and central watch-tower ◇ Ety/373, S/434, VT/42:24
mindon N. [mˈindɔn] n. 1. Geog. isolated hill, especially a hill with a watch tower ○ 2. by ext., tower ◇ Ety/373, Ety/395
21. Law
21.17 Judgment
baudh N. [bˈɑuð] n. judgement ◇ Ety/350
21.18 Judge (noun)
badhor N. [bˈɑðr̩] n. judge ◇ Ety/350 ⇒ Cf. badhron
badhron N. [bˈɑðrɔn] n. judge ◇ Ety/350 ⇒ Cf. badhor
21.24 Swear
*gwesta- N. [gwˈɛstɑ] inf. gwesto N. [gwˈɛstɔ] v. to swear ◇ Ety/397
21.25 Oath
gwaedh N. [gwˈɑɛð] n. bond, troth, compact, oath ◇ Ety/397
gwest N. [gwˈɛst] n. oath ◇ Ety/397
21.39 Prison, Jail
band S., N. [bˈɑnd] (bann N.) n. duress, prison, custody, safe-keeping ◇ Ety/371, S/428, MR/350, X/ND1
gador N. [gˈɑdr̩] (gadr N.) n. prison, dungeon ◇ Ety/358
22. Religion and Superstition