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Description
Title

Hiswelókë's Sindarin dictionary

Compiled, edited and annotated by Didier Willis

Edition

Edition 1.9.1

Lexicon 0.9952

1584 entries.

Publication

1999-2008, Didier Willis and The Sindarin Dictionary Project

Availability

Status: free.

License: This material may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Creative Commons Attribution, Non-Commercial, Share-Alike License, version 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/).

Additional limitation of scope: Sindarin, as one of the languages invented by J.R.R. Tolkien, is his artistic and intellectual property. The editor does not claim any intellectual property on the Sindarin language itself and, as a whole, on this dictionary, beyond the editorial annotations, the arrangement of entries and the encyclopaedic discussions or interpretations appended to these entries. The above-mentioned license applies to such elements only.

J.R.R. Tolkien's texts and books are copyrighted by the Tolkien Estate and/or Tolkien's publishers. As of yet, this material is not approved by the Tolkien Estate or Tolkien's publishers, and is henceforth an unauthorized Sindarin dictionary. This material is however provided under the editor's assumption that compiling, arranging, analyzing, normalizing and annotating entries in order to produce a dictionary for a language, even if it is an invented one, does not violate the copyright of the inventor.

Shall any third party include this material in a derived work, under the above-mentioned license or under any other applicable license, the editor will not be liable for possible infringement of copyright on the derived work. Every derived use of this material is left under the sole responsability of the third party.

Notwithstanding, this material is neither a verbatim reproduction of information from Tolkien's published works, nor a simple rearrangement of such information in a different order. Many entries are deduced from indirect evidences (such as compounds, inflected forms, etc.) or are normalized according to our current knowledge of the Sindarin phonology and morphology. As a consequence, some deductions, as presented by the editor or by other contributors to the dictionary, might actually prove incorrect or inaccurate when new information is published.

Any violation of copyright regarding yet unpublished texts by J.R.R. Tolkien is unintended. The compiler does not have any access to hitherto unpublished texts. Would it be the case, such texts would not be used in the dictionary. Therefore, this dictionary only contains entries based on published texts, either from direct attestations or based on deductions and conclusions drawn from these texts by careful comparisons.

Notes

The editor would like to thank all the persons who made this work possible. This dictionary would not have existed without the efforts of many other peoples. Lisa Star (editor of Tyalië Tyelelliéva) and Helge Kåre Fauskanger (webmaster of Ardalambion) gave me precious advices and encouragements at the very beginning of the project. David Salo sent me his own lexicons and kindly answered some of my questions about them. Cédric Fockeu (webmaster of J.R.R. Tolkien en Version Française) offered his technical skill in scripting languages, as well as disk space to host the original on-line search engine. My thanks are also addressed to Ryszard Derdzinski, Dorothea Salo, B. Philip Jonsson, Sébastien Mallet and the members of the ELFLING mailing-list, for their support during the early phases of this long project; and later to Jim Allan (editor and co-author of An Introduction to Elvish), Bertrand Bellet, Carl Hostetter (editor of Vinyar Tengwar), Per Lindberg (from Mellonath Daeron), Elena Liria, Emanuele Vicentini, Patrick Wynne and all the other members of the Sindarin dictionary discussion group for their contributions and continual feedback, with a special mention for Javier Lorenzo for all the corrections he sent to the mailing-list.

The Dragon Flame application would not have existed without Benjamin Babut. Likewise, this revised edition of the dictionary would not have seen the light without Benjamin's work and enthousiasm for Dragon Flame and its set of related tools. I am also indebt to Sylvain Veyrié and Thomas Deniau for having ported Dragon Flame to other operating systems.

The German translation of this dictionary is based on the initial work of Christian Buzek, with further help and lots of improvements by Florian Dombach (Das Sindarin Lexikon) and other readers. Benjamin Babut and David Giraudeau contributed to the French translation. We also thank Stéphane Landais for all his corrections.

Last but not least, this work is dedicated to Christopher Tolkien and to the Vinyar Tengwar & Parma Eldalamberon editorial staffs, whose efforts to publish J.R.R. Tolkien's linguistic papers have made such a dictionary possible.

Source

This dictionary is based on J.R.R. Tolkien's works, extended with etymological notes, phonetics and other information.

Sindarin is the language of the Grey Elves, invented by J.R.R. Tolkien and exemplified in his masterful epic story The Lord of the Rings.

This work aims at being a complete Sindarin and Noldorin dictionary, addressing not only Tolkien's fans wishing to understand the elvish sentences from The Lord of the Rings or to build simple sentences in Sindarin, but also scholars wanting to study Sindarin for what it is: the complex linguistic invention of a philology professor, and also a beautiful piece of art.

The Sindarin dictionary project began on October 23, 1999, and is still under development. By no mean shall this version be regarded as definitive. The editor is all too well aware that the dictionary is not as perfect or complete as it might be. Nevertheless, it seems better to encourage the study of Sindarin by the provision of a working dictionary rather than delay the publication perhaps for years, until the editor's ideals are satisfied — a condition which might never be attained.

Encoding
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Dictionary compiled and adapted from various sources.

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Sampling

Phonetics are transcribed using the X-SAMPA scheme for representing the IPA in 7-bit ASCII encoding.

Hypothetical words, either interpreted, reconstructed or deduced from mutated forms, are all marked as deduced.

Phonetics and special delimiters are rendered in Unicode (UTF-8) in the XHTML version. The Lucida Sans Unicode font is assumed, for the document to display correctly, as well a browser supporting Unicode.

Phonetics are rendered in IPA in the PDF version. Some symbols used as delimiters are rendered with glyphs available to the typesetter, and might differ from the XHTML version.

Correction

Status: high.

This document has been extensively checked, although a few casual errors or typos may still remain.

XML file validated with Richard Tobin's RXP software, for conformance to a subset of the TEI P4 DTD.

XHTML version validated with Richard Tobin's RXP software, for compliance with XHTML 1.0 Transitional.

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Interpretation

Probable errors in the sources have been corrected and marked with the <corr> tag.

In the XHTML version, corrections are rendered using a specific markup (misreadings, etc.).


A

abandon ◈ awartha- N. [ɑwˈɑrθɑ] v. to forsake, abandon ◇ Ety/397

abandonment ◈ awarth N. [ˈɑwɑrθ] n. abandonment ◇ Ety/397

abhor ◈ *fuia- N. [fˈuj.ɑ] inf. fuio N. [fˈuj.ɔ] v. to feel disgust at, abhor ◇ Ety/381

abhorrence ◈ delos N. [dˈɛlɔs] (deloth N.) n. abhorrence, detestation, loathing ◇ Ety/355

abhorrent ◈ thaur S. [θˈɑur] adj. abominable, abhorrent ◇ S/438

abiding ◈ him I N. [hˈim] adj. 1. steadfast, abiding ○ 2. as an adverb, continually ◇ Ety/364 ◈ thand II N. [θˈɑnd] (thann N.) adj. firm, true, abiding ◇ Ety/388, VT/46:16 ◈ Misreading thenid, thenin rectified according to VT/46:16

abominable ◈ deleb N. [dˈɛlɛb] adj. horrible, abominable, loathsome ◇ Ety/355 ◈ thaur S. [θˈɑur] adj. abominable, abhorrent ◇ S/438

abound ◈ *ovra- N. [ˈɔvrɑ] inf. ovro N. [ˈɔvrɔ] v. to abound ◇ Ety/396

about ◈ o II N. [ɔ] prep. about, concerning ◇ Ety/378 ◈ The Etymologies state that h- is prefixed to the word following this preposition, when it begins with a vowel: o Hedhil "concerning the Elves". Some scholars consider that this rule is not valid in Sindarin, but that the preposition would perhaps become oh in such a case (hence oh Edhil, to be compared with ah in Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth) ◈ os- N. [ɔs] pref. about, around ◇ Ety/379

above ◈ or N. [ɔr] prep. above, over ◇ Ety/379 ◈ or- N. [ɔr] pref. above, over ◇ Ety/379

abroad ◈ palan- S. [pˈɑlɑn] adv. afar, abroad, far and wide ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74

abundant ◈ ovor N. [ˈɔvr̩] (ovr N., ofr N.) adj. abundant ◇ Ety/396

abyss ◈ dath N. [dˈɑθ] n. hole, pit, steep fall, abyss ◇ Ety/354, VT/45:8 ◈ iâ S. [jˈɑː] (ia N.) n. 1. gulf ○ 2. abyss, void ◇ Ety/400, S/432, Letters/383

account ◈ pennas N. [pˈɛnnɑs] n. abst. of pent II, history, historical account ◇ Ety/366, WJ/192, WJ/206 ◈ trenarn N. [trˈɛnɑrn] n. account, tale ◇ Ety/374

acre ◈ rîdh N. [rˈiːð] n. sown field, acre ◇ Ety/383, VT/46:11

across ◈ ath- N. [ɑθ] pref. on both sides, across ◇ Ety/349 ◈ athra- S. [ɑθrɑ] pref. across ← Athrabeth MR/329 ◈ thar- S., N. [θɑr] pref. across, athwart, over, beyond ◇ Ety/388, S/438

acute ◈ lhaeg N. (lhoeg N.) adj. keen, sharp, acute ◇ Ety/367, VT/45:25, X/OE, X/LH

afar ◈ palan- S. [pˈɑlɑn] adv. afar, abroad, far and wide ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74

affect ◈ *presta- N. [prˈɛstɑ] inf. presto N. [prˈɛstɔ] v. to affect, trouble, disturb ◇ Ety/380

affected ◈ prestannen N. [prɛstˈɑnnɛn] pp. of presta-, 1. affected ○ 2. Ling. mutated (of a mutated vowel) ◇ Ety/380

affection ◈ mîl N. [mˈiːl] n. love, affection ◇ Ety/372 ◈ prestanneth N. [prɛstˈɑnnɛθ] n. Ling. affection of vowels, mutation ◇ Ety/380

affliction ◈ caul S. [kˈɑul] n. great burden, affliction ◇ VT/39:10

after ◈ ab- S. [ɑb] pref. after, later ← Abonnen WJ/387

again ◈ ad- N. [ɑd] pref. back, again, re- ◇ Ety/349, VT/45:6

against ◈ dan S. [dɑn] prep. 1. against ○ 2. etym. back ◇ LotR/II:IV

age ◈ anrand N. n. cycle, age (100 Valian Years) ◇ Ety/382, X/ND4 ◈ Helge Fauskanger noted that the element and "long" would normally be preserved before r-, but the -d is lost because there is another d in the word (VT/41:9); however, this second d later disappeared in the change from -nd to -nn, and it is unclear whether or not an- would then revert to and-

aged ◈ ifant N. adj. aged, having lived long, old (with no connotation of weakness) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, VT/46:23, X/PH

agile ◈ celeg S., N. [kˈɛlɛg] adj. swift, agile, hasty ◇ Ety/366, PM/353, VT/41:10

ago ◈ io N. [jɔ] (ia N.) adv. ago ◇ Ety/399

ah ◈ ai I S. [ˈɑj] interj. ah! ◇ LotR/I:XII ◈ Though attested in LotR, this word might relate to ae, with the regular change from ai to ae between Noldorin and Sindarin

air ◈ gwelw N. n. air (as substance) ◇ Ety/398, X/W ◈ gwelwen N. [gwˈɛl̡wɛn] n. air, lower air (distinct from the upper air of the stars, or the outer) ◇ Ety/398 ◈ gwilith N. [gwˈiliθ] n. air (as a region) ◇ Ety/398 ◈ lhind N. (lhinn N.) n. air, tune ◇ Ety/369, X/LH, X/ND1

alas ◈ nae N. [nˈɑɛ] interj. alas ◇ Ety/375

alive ◈ cuin N. [kˈujn] adj. alive ◇ Ety/366 ◈ *cuina- N. [kˈujnɑ] inf. cuino N. [kˈujnɔ] v. to be alive ◇ Ety/366

all ◈ *pân II S. [pˈɑːn] pl. *pain S. [pˈɑjn] adj. all, in totality ← mhellyn în phain SD/129-31 ◈ As no other word beginning in ph- is attested, it is assumed that a nasal mutation is triggered by the pronoun în I, hence the form observed in the "King's Letter"

allegiance ◈ *buia- N. [bˈuj.ɑ] inf. buio N. [bˈuj.ɔ] v. to serve, to hold allegiance to ◇ Ety/353

alone ◈ er- S., N. [ɛr] pref. alone, one ◇ VT/42:19 ◈ erui S. [ˈɛruj] adj. 1. single, alone ○ 2. by ext., first (incorrect use by the Gondorians) ◇ TI/312, WR/436, VT/42:10 ◈ The proper word for first in Sindarin was minui

alphabet ◈ angerthas S. [ɑŋgˈɛrθɑs] n. Ling. runic alphabet, long rune-rows (extended version of the Certhas) ◇ S/427, LotR/E ◈ certhas S. [kˈɛrθɑs] n. abst. of certh, Ling. runic alphabet, rune-rows ◇ LotR/E ◈ tiwdi N. [tˈiwdi] n. Ling. alphabet ◇ VT/46:18

amputate ◈ *osgar- N. [ˈɔsgɑr] inf. esgeri N. [ˈɛsgɛri] v. to cut round, to amputate ◇ Ety/379

anchorage ◈ lhorn N. n. 1. quiet water ○ 2. by ext., anchorage, harbour ◇ VT/45:29, X/LH

ancient ◈ iaur S., N. [jˈɑur] adj. 1. ancient, old, original ○ 2. older, former ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, S/433, UT/384

and ◈ a I S. [ɑ] (ar S.) conj. and ◇ LotR/II:IV, LotR/VI:IV, S/428, SD/129-31, LB/354, Letters/308 ◈ See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel ◈ ah S. [ɑh] prep. and conj. and, with ◇ MR/329 ◈ The title Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth is translated as "converse of Finrod and Andreth", but some scholars actually believe this word to be unrelated with the conjunction a I, ar "and", and they render it as "with". Other scholars consider that "and" and "with" (in the comitative sense) are not exclusive of each other, and regard ah as the form taken by this conjunction before a vowel. That a, ar and ah are etymologically related has finally been confirmed in VT/43:29-30. Compare also with Welsh, where the coordination "and" also takes different forms whether it occurs before a vowel or a consonant (respectively ac and a). In written Welsh, a often triggers the aspirate mutation: bara a chaws "bread and cheese". This usage is seldom applied in colloquial Welsh (Modern Welsh §510)

anger ◈ rûth S. [rˈuːθ] n. anger ◇ S/436

angle ◈ bennas N. [bˈɛnnɑs] n. angle, corner ◇ Ety/352, Ety/375 ◈ nass N. [nˈɑss] n. 1. point, (sharp) end ○ 2. angle or corner ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37

animal ◈ lavan S. [lˈɑvɑn] pl. levain S. [lˈɛvɑjn] n. Zool. animal (usually applied to four-footed beasts, and never to reptiles or birds) ◇ WJ/388, WJ/416 ◈ *tad-dal S. [tˈɑd.dɑl] pl. tad-dail S. [tˈɑd.dɑjl] n. and adj. Zool. biped, two-legged animal ◇ WJ/388

annal ◈ ínias N. [ˈiːni.ɑs] n. abst. of în II, annals ◇ Ety/400

anniversary ◈ edinar N. n. Cal. anniversary day ◇ Ety/400, X/Z

answer ◈ dambeth S. [dˈɑmbɛθ] n. answer, response ◇ PM/395 ◈ In Tolkien's manuscript, this form was rejected in favor of dangweth, with a slightly different meaning. However, it may possibly be assumed that the word is valid per se (although it may be argued that this compound word does not show the regular mutation that one would have expected) ◈ dangweth S. [dˈɑŋgwɛθ] n. answer, reply giving new information ◇ PM/395

anybody ◈ pen II S. [pɛn] pron. one, somebody, anybody ◇ WJ/376 ◈ Usually enclitic and mutated as ben II

apparition ◈ auth II S. [ˈɑuθ] n. a dim shape, spectral or vague apparition ◇ VT/42:9

appear ◈ *thia- N. [θˈi.ɑ] inf. thio N. [θˈi.ɔ] v. to appear, seem ◇ Ety/392

apple ◈ cordof S. [kˈɔrdɔv] n. Bot. pippin (seed of certain fruits, or more probably small red apple) ◇ SD/129-31

approach ◈ *anglenna- S. [ɑŋglˈɛnnɑ] v. to approach ← anglennatha SD/129-31

appropriate ◈ seidia- S. [sˈɛjdi.ɑ] v. to set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner ◇ VT/42:20

april ◈ gwirith S. [gwˈiriθ] n. Cal. april (month) ◇ LotR/D, SD/129-31

arch ◈ cû S., N. [kˈuː] n. 1. arch, crescent ○ 2. Mil. by ext., bow ◇ Ety/365, S/429

area ◈ sad S. [sˈɑd] n. limited area naturally or artificially defined, a place, spot ◇ UT/425, VT/42:19-20

arid ◈ afarch N. adj. very dry, arid ◇ VT/45:5, X/PH

arm ◈ rhanc N. pl. rhenc N. (Arch. rhengy N.) n. arm ◇ Ety/382, X/RH

around ◈ os- N. [ɔs] pref. about, around ◇ Ety/379

article ◈ bach N. [bˈɑx] n. article (for exchange), ware, thing ◇ Ety/372

as ◈ sui II S. [sˈuj] conj. as, like ◇ VT/44:21,27

ash ◈ lith S., N. [lˈiθ] n. ash, sand, dust ◇ Ety/369, S/434, TC/178

ashen ◈ lithui S. [lˈiθuj] adj. ashen, ashy, of ash, ash-coloured, dusty ◇ S/434, UT/435, RGEO/74, TC/178, VT/42:10

ashy ◈ lithui S. [lˈiθuj] adj. ashen, ashy, of ash, ash-coloured, dusty ◇ S/434, UT/435, RGEO/74, TC/178, VT/42:10

assembly ◈ hûd N. [hˈuːd] n. assembly ◇ Ety/364

associate ◈ gwathel N. [gwˈɑθɛl̡] pl. gwethil N. [gwˈɛθil̡] n. f. sister, associate ◇ Ety/392

at ◈ na S., N. [nɑ] prep. 1. with, by (also used as a genitive sign) ○ 2. to, towards, at ◇ Ety/374, LotR/I:XII

athwart ◈ thar- S., N. [θɑr] pref. across, athwart, over, beyond ◇ Ety/388, S/438

august ◈ urui S. [ˈuruj] n. and adj. 1. hot ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of august ◇ LotR/D

autumn ◈ iavas S. [jˈɑvɑs] n. abst. of iau I, Cal. season of autumn ◇ LotR/D ◈ lhasbelin N. n. Cal. season of autumn ◇ Ety/366-367, X/LH

awakening ◈ echui S., N. [ˈɛxuj] (echuiw N.) n. awakening ◇ Ety/366, S/429

awe ◈ anwar S. [ˈɑnwɑr] n. awe ◇ UT/418, VT/42:23

awful ◈ taur III N. [tˈɑur] adj. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime ◇ Ety/395

axe ◈ hast N. [hˈɑst] n. axe-stroke ◇ Ety/389 ◈ hathol S. [hˈɑθl̩] (hathel N., *hathal N.) n. 1. Mil. broadsword-blade, axe-blade ○ 2. Mil. by ext., axe ◇ Ety/389, WJ/234, UT/444, LR/433 ◈ See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants and their vocalization

B

babble ◈ *glavra- N. [glˈɑvrɑ] inf. glavro N. [glˈɑvrɔ] v. to babble ◇ Ety/358

babbling ◈ glavrol N. [glˈɑvrɔl] part. of glavra-, babbling ◇ Ety/358

babe ◈ lhaes N. n. babe ◇ Ety/367, X/LH

baby ◈ gwinig S. [gwˈinig] n. dim. 1. "litte baby" ○ 2. Biol. little finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,16-17

back ◈ ad- N. [ɑd] pref. back, again, re- ◇ Ety/349, VT/45:6 ◈ dan S. [dɑn] prep. 1. against ○ 2. etym. back ◇ LotR/II:IV

bad ◈ foeg N. adj. mean, poor, bad ◇ Ety/387, X/OE ◈ um N. [ˈum] adj. bad, evil ◇ Ety/396

bald ◈ rûdh S. [rˈuːð] adj. bald ◇ S/379, WJ/187

ball ◈ coron S., N. [kˈɔrɔn] n. 1. globe, ball ○ 2. Geog. by ext., mound ◇ Ety/365, S/429

bane ◈ dagnir S. [dˈɑgnir] n. 1. slayer ○ 2. by ext., bane ◇ S/430

bank ◈ duirro N. [dˈujrrɔ] n. Geog. river-bank ◇ VT/46:10 ◈ rhaw I N. n. Geog. bank (especially of a river) ◇ Ety/382, X/RH

bark ◈ *rîf S. [rˈiːv] n. bark ← Fladrif LotR/E, TC/169, TC/173

barrow ◈ gorthad S. [gˈɔrθɑd] pl. gœrthaid S. [gˈɛrθɑjd] n. barrow ◇ LotR/A(iii), PM/194

batter ◈ *blab- N. [blˈɑb] inf. blebi N. [blˈɛbi] v. to beat, batter, flap (wings, etc.) ◇ Ety/380

battle ◈ ∗auth I N. [ˈɑuθ] n. war, battle ◇ Ety/365, Ety/379, VT/45:23 ◈ dagor S., N. [dˈɑgr̩] (dagr N.) n. battle ◇ Ety/375, S/430 ◈ *dagra- N. [dˈɑgrɑ] inf. dagro N. [dˈɑgrɔ] v. to battle ◇ Ety/375 ◈ maeth N. [mˈɑɛθ] n. battle, fight (not of general host but of two or a few) ◇ Ety/371

bay ◈ côf S. [kˈɔːv] n. Geog. bay ◇ VT/42:15 ◈ hûb N. [hˈuːb] n. Geog. haven, harbour, small land-locked bay ◇ Ety/364

be ◈ *na- S. [nˈɑ] v. to be ← no aer i eneth lín VT/44:21,24 ◈ no II S. [nˈɔ] v. imp. of na-, be! ◇ VT/44:21,24

beach ◈ falas S., N. [fˈɑlɑs] pl. feles N. n. 1. Geog. beach, wave-beaten shore, line of surf ○ 2. Geog. as a proper noun, the western coast of Beleriand ◇ Ety/381, S/431, RC/18, X/EI ◈ faur N. [fˈɑur] n. Geog. beach, shore ◇ VT/46:15

beacon ◈ *narthan S. [nˈɑrθɑn] n. beacon, signal fire to notify of the approach of an enemy ← Fornarthan VT/42:30

bear ◈ brôg N. [brˈɔːg] n. Zool. bear ◇ Ety/374 ◈ graw S. [grˈɑw] n. Zool. bear ◇ VT/47:12 ◈ megli N. n. Zool. bear ◇ Ety/369, Ety/371, X/DL ◈ meglin N. adj. honey-eater, bear-like ◇ Ety/369, X/DL

beard ◈ fang N. [fˈɑŋ] n. beard ◇ Ety/387

bearer ◈ *cyll S. [kˈyll] n. bearer ← Taengyl, Tengyl MR/385

beat ◈ *blab- N. [blˈɑb] inf. blebi N. [blˈɛbi] v. to beat, batter, flap (wings, etc.) ◇ Ety/380 ◈ *dringa- N. [drˈiŋgɑ] inf. dringo N. [drˈiŋgɔ] v. to beat (with a hammer, etc.) ◇ Ety/355

beautiful ◈ bein N. adj. beautiful, fair ◇ Ety/351, Ety/359, X/EI

bed ◈ haust N. [hˈɑust] n. bed ◇ Ety/364

bedridden ◈ caeleb N. [kˈɑɛlɛb] adj. bedridden, sick ◇ Ety/363

beech ◈ brethil II S. [brˈɛθil̡] (brethel N.) pl. brethil S., N. n. Bot. beech, beech-tree, silver birch ◇ Ety/352, Ety/376, S/429 ◈ fêr N. [fˈɛːr] pl. ferin N. [fˈɛrin] n. Bot. beech-tree ◇ Ety/352, Ety/381

beget ◈ edonna- N. [ɛdˈɔnnɑ] v. to beget ◇ Ety/379 ◈ *onna- S. [ˈɔnnɑ] v. to beget ← Abonnen, Eboennin WJ/387

begin ◈ *heria- N. [hˈɛri.ɑ] inf. herio N. [hˈɛri.ɔ] (hœrio N.) v. to begin suddenly and vigorously ◇ Ety/364, VT/45:22 ◈ The forms heno, hœno in the Etymologies are misreadings according to VT/45:22

behind ◈ adel N. [ɑdɛl̡] prep. behind, in rear (of) ◇ Ety/392

behold ◈ alae S. [ˈɑlɑɛ] interj. (?) behold! ◇ UT/40 ◈ Uncertain meaning, but compare with Quenya ela! "imperative exclamation directing sight to an actually visible object" (WJ/362)

bell ◈ nell N. [nˈɛl̡l] n. bell ◇ Ety/379 ◈ nelladel N. [nˈɛl̡lɑdɛl̡] n. ringing of bells ◇ Ety/379

bellowing ◈ glam S. [glˈɑm] (glamm S., N., glamb S., N.) n. 1. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise ○ 2. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts ○ 3. Pop. by ext., as a coll. noun, any body of Orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/377, WJ/390, WJ/416

beneath ◈ di- S. [di] pref. beneath, under ← di-nguruthos LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278, VT/45:37 ◈ The only known usage of this word is as prefix, but VT/45:37 lists it as a unitary word di

bent ◈ cûn N. [kˈuːn] adj. bowed, bow-shaped, bent ◇ Ety/365 ◈ rhoeg N. adj. crooked, bent, wrong ◇ Ety/383, X/OE, X/RH

beside ◈ ar- II N. [ɑr] pref. 1. Arch. etym. beside ○ 2. by ext., without ◇ Ety/349

betray ◈ *gweria- N. [gwˈɛri.ɑ] inf. gwerio N. [gwˈɛri.ɔ] v. to betray, cheat ◇ Ety/397

betrayer ◈ gwarth N. [gwˈɑrθ] n. betrayer ◇ Ety/397

between ◈ mîn II S. [mˈiːn] (min- S.) prep. (in) between (referring to a gap, space, barrier or anything intervening between two other things) ← Minhiriath LotR/Map, VT/47:11,14

beyond ◈ athan S. [ɑθɑn] prep. beyond ◇ SD/62 ◈ thar- S., N. [θɑr] pref. across, athwart, over, beyond ◇ Ety/388, S/438

bind ◈ *gwedh- N. [gwˈɛð] inf. gwedhi (corr. gwedi) N. [gwˈɛði] pa. t. gwedhant N. [gwˈɛðɑnt] (gwend N., gwenn N.) v. to bind ◇ Ety/397, X/ND1 ◈ nud- N. v. to tie, bind ◇ Ety/378, X/Z

biped ◈ *tad-dal S. [tˈɑd.dɑl] pl. tad-dail S. [tˈɑd.dɑjl] n. and adj. Zool. biped, two-legged animal ◇ WJ/388

birch ◈ brethil II S. [brˈɛθil̡] (brethel N.) pl. brethil S., N. n. Bot. beech, beech-tree, silver birch ◇ Ety/352, Ety/376, S/429

bird ◈ aew S., N. [ˈɑɛw] n. Orn. (small) bird ◇ Ety/348, S/434 ◈ *aewen S. [ˈɑɛwɛn] adj. of birds ← Linaewen S/434 ◈ emlin N. [ˈɛmlin] (emmelin N., emelin N.) n. Orn. yellow bird, "yellow hammer" ◇ Ety/386 ◈ fileg N. [fˈilɛg] pl. filig N. [fˈilig] n. Orn. small bird ◇ Ety/381 ◈ filigod N. [fˈiligɔd] n. sing. of fileg, Orn. small bird ◇ Ety/381 ◈ heledir N. [hˈɛlɛdˌir] (heledirn N.) n. Orn. kingfisher (bird) ◇ Ety/363, Ety/386, Ety/394 ◈ tavor N. [tˈɑvr̩] (tavr N., tafr N.) n. Orn. woodpecker (bird) ◇ Ety/390 ◈ tuilinn N. [tˈujlinn] (tuilind N., tuilin N.) n. Orn. swallow (bird) ◇ Ety/395, X/ND4

bite ◈ nag- N. [nˈɑg] v. to bite ◇ Ety/374

biting ◈ naeth S., N. [nˈɑɛθ] n. 1. biting ○ 2. by ext., woe (gets sense of gnashing teeth in grief) ← Elu-naeth WJ/258, Ety/374-375 ◈ narch S. [nˈɑrx] n. (bitter-) biting ← Narchost LotR, RC/601

bitter ◈ saer N. [sˈɑɛr] adj. bitter ◇ Ety/385

black ◈ morn S., N. [mˈɔrn] pl. myrn S. [mˈyrn] adj. black, dark ◇ Ety/373, Letters/382, Letters/427, WJ/368, WR/113, UT/65

blackthorn ◈ toss N. [tˈɔss] n. Bot. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.) ◇ Ety/379, Ety/395

blade ◈ hathol S. [hˈɑθl̩] (hathel N., *hathal N.) n. 1. Mil. broadsword-blade, axe-blade ○ 2. Mil. by ext., axe ◇ Ety/389, WJ/234, UT/444, LR/433 ◈ See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants and their vocalization

blessedness ◈ galw N. n. (?) blessings, (?) blessedness, (?) good fortune (meaning not entirely clear) ◇ Ety/357, X/W

blessings ◈ galw N. n. (?) blessings, (?) blessedness, (?) good fortune (meaning not entirely clear) ◇ Ety/357, X/W

bliss ◈ manadh N. [mˈɑnɑð] n. 1. doom, final end, fate, fortune ○ 2. by ext., final bliss ◇ Ety/371

blocked ◈ *tafnen S. [tˈɑvnɛn] adj. closed, blocked, stopped ← uidavnen WR/341 ◈ Orthography normalized to tafnen, as in lefnui

blood ◈ *agar S. [ˈɑgɑr] n. blood ← Agarwaen S/378 ◈ iâr N. [jˈɑːr] n. blood ◇ Ety/400 ◈ sereg S. [sˈɛrɛg] n. blood ◇ S/437

bloodstained ◈ agarwaen S. [ɑgˈɑrwɑɛn] adj. bloodstained ◇ S/378

blossom ◈ *edlothia- S. [ɛdlˈɔθi.ɑ] v. to blossom, flower ← edlothiand WR/293, X/TL ◈ The sentence from WR/293 is hardly legible and is not translated, but this word is however a plausible form ◈ gwaloth N. [gwˈɑlɔθ] n. Bot. blossom, collection of flowers ◇ Ety/370, VT/45:29 ◈ This form replaced deleted goloth in the manuscript of The Etymologies, see VT/45:29. The deleted form is however also later attested in VT/42:18

blossoming ◈ *edlothiad (corr. edlothiand) S. [ɛdlˈɔθi.ɑd] ger. of edlothia-, blossoming, flowering ← edlothiand WR/293 ◈ Actually, edlothiand might be a misreading, according to David Salo who checked the original manuscript at Marquette and reported that his reading was unmistakably edlothiad

blow ◈ drambor N. [drˈɑm.bɔr] n. 1. clenched fist ○ 2. by ext., blow (with fist) ◇ Ety/354 ◈ dramm N. (dramb N.) n. heavy stroke, a blow (of axe, etc.) ◇ Ety/354, X/MB

blue ◈ elw N. adj. (pale) blue ◇ Ety/360, X/W ◈ lhûn N. [ɬˈuːn] adj. (unknown meaning) ◇ Ety/370, VT/48:24-29 ◈ This word, which also appears on the map of Middle-earth in LotR, is glossed as "blue" in The Etymologies, but Tolkien later rejected this meaning (as luin was already used in that sense). He then proposed several explanations for it, including the possible adaptation of a Dwarvish name into Sindarin, but he apparently never reached a definitive solution. ◈ luin S. [lˈujn] adj. invar. blue ◇ LotR (misc.), S/434, UT/390, Ety/370, VT/48:24

board ◈ pân I N. [pˈɑːn] pl. pein N. n. plank, fixed board (especially in floor) ◇ Ety/380, X/EI

boat ◈ lhunt N. n. boat ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

body ◈ rhaw IV S. [ɹ̥ˈɑw] n. flesh, body ◇ MR/350, VT/47:12

bold ◈ beren II N. [bˈɛrɛn] adj. bold ◇ Ety/352 ◈ cann N. adj. bold ◇ Ety/362, X/ND1

bolster ◈ nedhw N. n. bolster, cushion ◇ Ety/378, X/W

bond ◈ gwaedh N. [gwˈɑɛð] n. bond, troth, compact, oath ◇ Ety/397 ◈ gwedh N. [gwˈɛð] n. bond ◇ Ety/397 ◈ gwend II N. [gwˈɛnd] n. bond, friendship ◇ Ety/397-398, X/ND1

book ◈ parf N. [pˈɑrv] pl. perf N. [pˈɛrv] n. book ◇ Ety/380

border ◈ edrein N. n. border ◇ Ety/383, X/EI ◈ glân II S. [glˈɑːn] n. hem, border (of textile and other hand-made things) ◇ VT/42:8 ◈ rhain N. (rhein N.) n. border ◇ Ety/383, X/RH ◈ rhîf N. n. edge, hem, border ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

born ◈ *onnen S. [ˈɔnnɛn] pl. *ennin S. [ˈɛnnin] pp. of onna-, born ← Abonnen, Eboennin WJ/387

boss ◈ dolt II N. [dˈɔlt] pl. dylt N. [dˈylt] n. round knob, boss ◇ Ety/376

bound ◈ gleina- S. [glˈɛjnɑ] v. to bound, enclose, limit ◇ VT/42:8, VT/42:28 ◈ This entry should perhaps read gleinia-, cf. VT/42:28, note 13 ◈ naud N. [nˈɑud] adj. bound ◇ Ety/378

boundary ◈ gland S. [glˈɑnd] (glann S.) n. boundary ← Glanduin, Glanhír UT/264, UT/318, UT/441, VT/42:8, X/ND1 ◈ taeg S. [tˈɑɛg] n. boundary, limit, boundary line ◇ WJ/309

bow ◈ cû S., N. [kˈuː] n. 1. arch, crescent ○ 2. Mil. by ext., bow ◇ Ety/365, S/429 ◈ peng N. [pˈɛŋ] n. Mil. bow (for shooting) ◇ Ety/366

bowed ◈ cûn N. [kˈuːn] adj. bowed, bow-shaped, bent ◇ Ety/365

bowstring ◈ tang N. [tˈɑŋ] n. Mil. bowstring ◇ Ety/394

branch ◈ golf N. [gˈɔlv] n. Bot. branch ◇ Ety/359

brand ◈ iolf N. n. brand ◇ Ety/400, X/IU ◈ The word is classed as Old Noldorin (ON) in the Etymologies, but rather seems to be Noldorin

bread ◈ basgorn N. [bˈɑsgɔrn] n. loaf (of bread) ◇ Ety/372, Ety/365 ◈ *bass S. [bˈɑss] n. bread ← besain, besoneth, imbas PM/404-405, VT/44:21 ◈ In the Etymologies, the word for "bread" is given as bast, Quenya masta, but it seems that Tolkien later changed his mind and updated the word to bass, as shown in Quenya massánie, Sindarin besain, besoneth "bread-giver", and in the mutated form (i)mbas (apparently prefixed with the article). These latter Sindarin forms are however dubious, as we would rather have expected besain (as a regular cognate of Quenya massánie) and besoneth (without i-affection), and possibly a different mutation pattern after the article ◈ bast N. [bˈɑst] n. bread ◇ Ety/372 ◈ besain S. n. f. bread-giver ◇ PM/404-405, X/Z ◈ See bass for a discussion regarding this word ◈ besoneth S. n. f. bread-giver ◇ PM/404-405, X/Z ◈ See bass for a discussion regarding this word ◈ lembas S. [lˈɛmbɑs] n. journey bread made by the Elves ◇ PM/404, LotR/II:VIII

break ◈ *breitha- N. [brˈɛjθɑ] inf. breitho N. [brˈɛjθɔ] v. to break out suddenly ◇ Ety/352

breath ◈ chwest N. n. puff, breath, breeze ◇ Ety/388, X/HW ◈ thûl N. [θˈuːl] n. breath ◇ Ety/393

breathe ◈ *thuia- N. [θˈuj.ɑ] inf. thuio N. [θˈuj.ɔ] v. to breathe ◇ Ety/393

breeze ◈ chwest N. n. puff, breath, breeze ◇ Ety/388, X/HW

bride ◈ dineth N. [dˈinɛθ] n. bride ◇ Ety/377-378 ◈ dîs N. [dˈiːs] n. f. bride ◇ Ety/352, Ety/375

bridegroom ◈ doer N. n. bridegroom ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:9, X/OE

bridge ◈ iant S., N. [jˈɑnt] n. bridge ◇ Ety/400, S/432

bright ◈ *glân I S. [glˈɑːn] adj. bright, shining white ← Curunír 'Lân UT/390 ◈ The word is deduced from its mutated form, but it is worth mentioning that a stem GALÁN "bright", with glan "daylight" (and later "clear") as derivative, is listed in the Etymologies (not included in the published text, but see VT/45:13). Most of the words meaning "white" in the Indo-Eureopean languages come from the original notion of "brightness", e.g. Greek leukós "white" is cognate with Latin lucere "to shine", lux "light". This association of sense is also found in Gnomish, PE/11:39 (glan "clean, pure", from "bright" originally) and in Early Noldorin (PE/13:144, glann "clean"). The similarity with Welsh glan (where the vowel, incidentally, is also long, though this is concealed by Welsh orthographic convention) is also striking

brilliance ◈ aglar S., N. [ˈɑglɑr] n. glory, brilliance, splendour ◇ Ety/348, S/427, LotR/II:I, LotR/VI:IV, RGEO/73, VT/47:13 ◈ *fael II S. [fˈɑɛl] n. gleaming brilliance (of the sun) ← Faelivrin LB/376, S/209-210

brilliant ◈ celeir N. adj. brilliant ◇ Ety/362, X/EI

bring ◈ *tog- N. [tˈɔg] inf. tegi N. [tˈɛgi] v. to lead, bring ◇ Ety/395

broad ◈ land S. [lˈɑnd] (lhand N., lhann N.) adj. wide, broad ← Landroval LotR/VI:IV, Ety/367, X/LH, X/ND1

broadsword ◈ hathol S. [hˈɑθl̩] (hathel N., *hathal N.) n. 1. Mil. broadsword-blade, axe-blade ○ 2. Mil. by ext., axe ◇ Ety/389, WJ/234, UT/444, LR/433 ◈ See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants and their vocalization

brooch ◈ tachol N. [tˈɑxl̩] (tachl N.) n. pin, brooch ◇ Ety/389

broth ◈ salff N. n. broth, liquid food, soup ◇ Ety/385, VT/46:12, X/PH ◈ The form salf in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45:12

brother ◈ gwador N. [gwˈɑdɔr] pl. gwedeir N. n. m. brother (especially used of those not brothers by blood, but sworn brothers or associates) ◇ Ety/394 ◈ gwanur N. [gwˈɑnur] n. 1. a pair of twins ○ 2. brother or kinsman, kinswoman ◇ Ety/378, Ety/392, VT/46:6, LotR/A(iv) ◈ hanar S. [hˈɑnɑr] n. m. brother ◇ VT/47:14 ◈ hawn S. [hˈɑwn] n. m. Arch. brother ◇ VT/47:14 ◈ honeg S. [hˈɔnɛg] n. m. dim. of hawn, 1. "litte brother" ○ 2. Biol. middle finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,16-17 ◈ Given as honig in VT/47:14, but see VT/48:17 n. 13 for discussion ◈ muindor N. [mˈujndɔr] pl. muindyr N. [mˈujndyr] n. m. brother ◇ Ety/394 ◈ tôr N. [tˈɔːr] pl. terein N. n. m. Arch. brother ◇ Ety/394, X/Z ◈ The word muindor is more usual

brown ◈ baran I S., N. [bˈɑrɑn] adj. brown, swart, dark brown, golden brown, yellow brown ◇ Ety/351, LotR/F, TC/179, RC/343 ◈ rhosc N. adj. brown ◇ Ety/385, X/Z

bud ◈ tuiw N. [tˈujw] (tui N.) n. Bot. a sprout, bud ◇ Ety/395

builder ◈ thavron N. [θˈɑvrɔn] n. carpenter, wright, builder ◇ Ety/388

building ◈ adab N. [ˈɑdɑb] pl. edeb N. n. building, house ◇ Ety/390, WR/379-80, X/EI ◈ car N. [kˈɑr] (cardh N.) n. house, building ◇ Ety/362

bull ◈ mund S. [mˈund] n. Zool. bull ◇ Letters/422-423

burden ◈ caul S. [kˈɑul] n. great burden, affliction ◇ VT/39:10

bush ◈ toss N. [tˈɔss] n. Bot. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.) ◇ Ety/379, Ety/395

butterfly ◈ gwilwileth N. [gwˈil̡wilɛθ] n. Zool. butterfly ◇ Ety/398

by ◈ an- N. [ɑn] pref. with, by ◇ Ety/374 ◈ na S., N. [nɑ] prep. 1. with, by (also used as a genitive sign) ○ 2. to, towards, at ◇ Ety/374, LotR/I:XII

C

cairn ◈ sarnas N. [sˈɑrnɑs] n. abst. of sarn, cairn, pile of stones ◇ LR/406

cake ◈ cram S., N. [krˈɑm] (cramb N.) n. cake of compressed flour or meal (often containing honey and milk) ◇ Ety/365, LotR/II:VIII

calendar ◈ genediad S. [gɛnˈɛdi.ɑd] ger. of genedia-, 1. reckoning ○ 2. by ext., calendar ◇ SD/129-31

call ◈ can- S. [kˈɑn] v. to cry out, shout, call ◇ PM/361-362 ◈ ial N. [jˈɑl] n. (?) a call, (?) a cry ◇ VT/46:22 ◈ ialla- N. [jˈɑllɑ] v. to call ◇ VT/46:22

calligrapher ◈ tegilbor S. [tɛgˈil̡bɔr] n. one skilled in calligraphy, a calligrapher ◇ PM/318, VT/47:8

camp ◈ echad S. [ˈɛxɑd] n. camp ◇ UT/431

canopy ◈ daedelu N. [dˈɑɛdɛlu] n. canopy ◇ Ety/391 ◈ orthelian N. [ɔrθˈɛli.ɑn] n. canopy ◇ Ety/391

cape ◈ bund N. [bˈund] (bunn N.) n. 1. Biol. snout, nose ○ 2. Geog. by ext., cape (of land) ◇ Ety/372, X/ND2 ◈ *cast S. [kˈɑst] n. Geog. cape, headland ← Angast VT/42:28

carpenter ◈ thavron N. [θˈɑvrɔn] n. carpenter, wright, builder ◇ Ety/388

catch ◈ gad- N. [gˈɑd] inf. gedi N. [gˈɛdi] v. to catch ◇ Ety/358 ◈ raeda- S. [rˈɑɛdɑ] v. to catch in a net ◇ VT/42:12

cave ◈ fela N. [fˈɛlɑ] pl. fili N. [fˈili] n. cave ◇ Ety/381 ◈ gathrod N. [gˈɑθrɔd] n. cave ◇ Ety/358 ◈ groth S. [grˈɔθ] n. 1. cave, tunnel, large excavation ○ 2. delving, underground dwelling ◇ WJ/415, S/431, VT/46:12 ◈ rond S. [rˈɔnd] (rhond N., rhonn N.) n. 1. cave roof ○ 2. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed ◇ Ety/384, VT/46:12, S/437, WJ/414, X/RH, X/ND1

cavern ◈ gath N. [gˈɑθ] n. cavern ◇ Ety/358

cavernous ◈ rhaudh N. adj. hollow, cavernous ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

centre ◈ ened S. [ˈɛnɛd] (enedh N.) n. core, centre, middle ◇ Ety/356, Ety/376, UT/450, Letters/224, VT/41:12,16 ◈ While the word is written enedh in the Etymologies, it seems that Tolkien considered and reconsidered its form throughout his life. Late rough jottings (c. 1968), as well as the text of letter no. 168 and the fact that the toponym Enedwaith was never changed on the LotR map, seem to imply that ened is the (most) definitive form. See also the possibly related preposition ned, which has sometimes been suggested to mean "in" (while again a prefix nedh- is seen in the Etymologies)

cessation ◈ post N. [pˈɔst] n. pause, halt, rest, cessation, respite ◇ Ety/382

chain ◈ angwedh N. [ˈɑŋgwɛð] n. chain ◇ Ety/397

chair ◈ ham N. [hˈɑm] n. (?) chair ◇ VT/45:20

chamber ◈ *sam S. [sˈɑm] n. chamber ← Sammath LotR/VI:III, S/435 ◈ sammath S. [sˈɑmmɑθ] n. coll. of sam, chambers ◇ LotR/VI:III, S/435

chant ◈ linnathon S. [lˈinnɑθɔn] v. fut. 1st of linna-, I will sing, I will chant ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/72 ◈ linnod S. [lˈinnɔd] n. 1. (?) a single verse used as a maxim ○ 2. (?) a chant of a certain metrical type, where each (half-)verse is composed of seven syllables ◇ LotR/A(iv) ◈ The word is not translated by Tolkien. The first meaning assumes that -od is a singulative affix (cf. filigod). The second meaning is proposed by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne in Tolkien's Legendarium p. 132, based on the metrical characteristics of Gilraen's linnod

charm ◈ lhûth N. n. spell, charm ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

chaser ◈ rhŷn N. n. Zool. "chaser", hound of chase ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

cheat ◈ *gweria- N. [gwˈɛri.ɑ] inf. gwerio N. [gwˈɛri.ɔ] v. to betray, cheat ◇ Ety/397

child ◈ hên II S. [hˈɛːn] pl. hîn S. [hˈiːn] n. child (mostly used as a prefix in patronymics or metronymics) ◇ WJ/403 ◈ sell N. [sˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid (child) ◇ Ety/385

circle ◈ echor S. [ˈɛxɔr] n. outer circle, encircling, outer ring ◇ LotR/V:I, LotR/Index, S/430 ◈ rhind N. (rhinn N.) n. circle ◇ Ety/383, X/RH, X/ND1 ◈ rhingorn N. n. circle ◇ Ety/365, X/RH

circular ◈ rhenn N. adj. circular ◇ Ety/383, VT/46:11, X/RH, X/ND1

citadel ◈ ost S., N. [ˈɔst] n. 1. city, town with wall round ○ 2. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art ◇ Ety/379, S/435, WJ/414, RC/232

city ◈ caras S., N. [kˈɑrɑs] n. 1. circular earthwall with dike ○ 2. city (built above ground) ◇ Ety/362, LotR/II:VII, RC/311 ◈ minas S. [mˈinɑs] (minnas N.) n. abst. 1. tower ○ 2. by ext., fort, city with a citadel and central watch-tower ◇ Ety/373, S/434, VT/42:24 ◈ ost S., N. [ˈɔst] n. 1. city, town with wall round ○ 2. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art ◇ Ety/379, S/435, WJ/414, RC/232 ◈ othrond S., N. n. fortress or city in underground caves, underground stronghold ◇ Ety/379, Ety/384, WJ/414, X/ND4

clamor ◈ caun II S. [kˈɑun] n. outcry, clamor ◇ PM/361-362

clan ◈ noss S., N. [nˈɔss] (nos N.) n. kindred, family, clan ◇ Ety/378, PM/320

clasp ◈ taew N. [tˈɑɛw] n. holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple ◇ Ety/390, VT/46:17

claw ◈ gamp S., N. [gˈɑmp] n. hook, claw, crook ◇ Ety/357, VT/47:20

clean ◈ puig N. [pˈujg] adj. clean, tidy, neat ◇ Ety/382

clear ◈ lim II S. [lˈim] adj. clear, sparkling, light ◇ WJ/337

cleared ◈ lhaden N. pl. lhedin N. adj. open, cleared ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

clearing ◈ lhant N. n. clearing in forest ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

cleaver ◈ crist N. [krˈist] n. Mil. cleaver, sword ◇ Ety/365 ◈ hâdh N. [hˈɑːð] n. Arch., Poet. (?) cleaver ◇ Ety/389

cleft ◈ cîl I N. [kˈiːl] n. Geog. cleft, pass between hills, gorge ◇ Ety/365 ◈ cirith S. [kˈiriθ] n. cleft, high climbing pass, narrow passage cut through earth or rock, ravine, defile ◇ S/387, UT/426, TC/181, RC/334-335 ◈ criss N. [krˈiss] n. cleft, cut, slash ◇ Ety/365, VT/45:23 ◈ *falch S. [fˈɑlx] n. Geog. deep cleft, ravine ← Orfalch Echor UT/468 ◈ iau II N. [jˈɑu] n. Geog. ravine, cleft, gulf ◇ Ety/400, VT/46:22 ◈ thanc S., N. [θˈɑŋk] adj. cleft, split, forked ← Orthanc S/415, Ety/388

clever ◈ maen N. [mˈɑɛn] adj. skilled, clever ◇ Ety/371

cloak ◈ *coll III S. [kˈɔll] n. cloak, mantle ← Thingol S/421, MR/385

closed ◈ hollen S. [hˈɔllɛn] pp. closed ← Fen Hollen LotR/V:IV, RC/550 ◈ *tafnen S. [tˈɑvnɛn] adj. closed, blocked, stopped ← uidavnen WR/341 ◈ Orthography normalized to tafnen, as in lefnui ◈ *uidafnen S. [ujdˈɑvnɛn] (uidavnen N.) adj. ever-closed ◇ WR/341, X/Z ◈ Normalized to uidafnen, as in lefnui

clothe ◈ hab- N. [hˈɑb] v. to clothe ◇ Ety/363 ◈ hamma- N. [hˈɑmmɑ] v. to clothe ◇ Ety/363, VT/45:21 ◈ The form hamnia- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:21

clothing ◈ hammad N. [hˈɑmmɑd] ger. of hamma-, clothing ◇ Ety/363

cloud ◈ fain S. [fˈɑjn] (fein N.) n. and adj. 1. white ○ 2. as a noun, cloud ◇ Ety/387, WR/288, RC/268, VT/46:15, X/EI ◈ fân S. [fˈɑːn] n. 1. veil ○ 2. by ext., cloud (applied to clouds, floating as veils over the blue sky or the sun or moon, or resting on hills) ◇ RGEO/74 ◈ faun N. [fˈɑun] n. cloud ◇ Ety/387, VT/46:15

cloudy ◈ fanui S. [fˈɑnuj] adj. cloudy ◇ RGEO/74, RC/268

club ◈ grond N. [grˈɔnd] n. Mil. club ◇ Ety/384, X/ND1

coat ◈ heleth N. [hˈɛlɛθ] n. fur, fur-coat ◇ Ety/386

cobweb ◈ thling N. n. spider, spider's web, cobweb ◇ Ety/386, X/LH

coin ◈ canath II S. [kˈɑnɑθ] n. "quarter", silver coin used in Gondor, the fourth part of a "mirian" → mirian ◇ PM/45 ◈ mirian S. [mˈiri.ɑn] n. piece of money, coin used in Gondor → canath II ◇ PM/45

cold ◈ helch N. [hˈɛl̡x] n. bitter cold ◇ Ety/364 ◈ ring S. [rˈiŋ] (rhing N.) adj. cold ◇ Ety/383, S/436, VT/42:13, X/RH

come ◈ *tol- N. [tˈɔl] inf. teli N. [tˈɛli] v. to come ◇ Ety/395 ◈ tolo S. [tˈɔlɔ] v. imp. of tol-, come! ◇ VT/44:21,25

commanding ◈ *conui S. [kˈɔnuj] adj. commanding, (?) ruling ← Argonui LotR/A(ii)

compact ◈ gowest N. [gˈɔwɛst] n. contract, compact, treaty ◇ Ety/397, Ety/399 ◈ gwaedh N. [gwˈɑɛð] n. bond, troth, compact, oath ◇ Ety/397

compulsion ◈ thang S., N. [θˈɑŋ] n. compulsion, duress, need, oppression ◇ Ety/388, S/438

conceal ◈ delia- N. [dˈɛli.ɑ] inf. delio N. [dˈɛli.ɔ] (dœlio N.) v. to conceal ◇ Ety/355 ◈ doltha- N. [dˈɔlθɑ] pa. t. Arch. daul N. [dˈɑul] v. to conceal ◇ Ety/355

concealed ◈ dolen N. [dˈɔlɛn] pp. of doltha-, concealed, hidden ◇ Ety/355

conceive ◈ nautha- N. [nˈɑuθɑ] v. to conceive ◇ Ety/378

concerning ◈ o II N. [ɔ] prep. about, concerning ◇ Ety/378 ◈ The Etymologies state that h- is prefixed to the word following this preposition, when it begins with a vowel: o Hedhil "concerning the Elves". Some scholars consider that this rule is not valid in Sindarin, but that the preposition would perhaps become oh in such a case (hence oh Edhil, to be compared with ah in Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth)

confirm ◈ *tangada- N. [tˈɑŋgɑdɑ] inf. tangado N. [tˈɑŋgɑdɔ] v. to make firm, confirm, establish ◇ Ety/389

conquer ◈ *orthor- N. [ˈɔrθɔr] inf. ortheri N. [ˈɔrθɛri] v. to master, conquer ◇ Ety/395

contorted ◈ norn N. [nˈɔrn] pl. nyrn S. [nˈyrn] adj. 1. twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted ○ 2. hard ◇ Ety/387

contract ◈ gowest N. [gˈɔwɛst] n. contract, compact, treaty ◇ Ety/397, Ety/399

contrivance ◈ gaud N. [gˈɑud] n. device, contrivance, machine ◇ Ety/358

control ◈ *tortha- N. [tˈɔrθɑ] inf. tortho N. [tˈɔrθɔ] v. to wield, control ◇ Ety/395

converse ◈ athrabeth S. [ˈɑθrɑbɛθ] n. debate, converse ◇ MR/329

cool ◈ him II S. [hˈim] adj. cool ◇ S/432

copper ◈ goer N. adj. red, copper-coloured, ruddy ◇ Ety/358, X/OE ◈ ross S. [rˈɔss] adj. red-haired, copper coloured (especially used of animals, as fox, red deer, etc.) ◇ VT/41:10 ◈ rust S. [rˈust] n. copper ◇ VT/41:10 ◈ rustui S. [rˈustuj] adj. of copper ◇ VT/41:10

cord ◈ nordh N. [nˈɔrð] n. cord ◇ Ety/387

core ◈ ened S. [ˈɛnɛd] (enedh N.) n. core, centre, middle ◇ Ety/356, Ety/376, UT/450, Letters/224, VT/41:12,16 ◈ While the word is written enedh in the Etymologies, it seems that Tolkien considered and reconsidered its form throughout his life. Late rough jottings (c. 1968), as well as the text of letter no. 168 and the fact that the toponym Enedwaith was never changed on the LotR map, seem to imply that ened is the (most) definitive form. See also the possibly related preposition ned, which has sometimes been suggested to mean "in" (while again a prefix nedh- is seen in the Etymologies)

corn ◈ iau I N. [jˈɑu] pl. iui N. [jˈuj] n. Bot. corn ◇ Ety/399

corner ◈ bennas N. [bˈɛnnɑs] n. angle, corner ◇ Ety/352, Ety/375 ◈ nass N. [nˈɑss] n. 1. point, (sharp) end ○ 2. angle or corner ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37

corpse ◈ daen N. [dˈɑɛn] n. corpse ◇ Ety/375

corrupt ◈ thaw N. [θˈɑw] adj. corrupt, rotten ◇ Ety/393

counsel ◈ gûr I S. [gˈuːr] n. heart (in the moral sense), counsel ◇ VT/41:11,15

count ◈ gonod- N. [gˈɔnɔd] v. to count, count up, reckon, sum up ◇ Ety/378, Ety/399, VT/46:6 ◈ *nedia- S. [nˈɛdi.ɑ] (nœdia- N.) v. to count ◇ Ety/378, VT/46:6

countenance ◈ thîr S., N. [θˈiːr] n. look, face, expression, countenance ◇ Ety/392, VT/41:10

countless ◈ arnediad N. [ɑrnˈɛdi.ɑd] (arnœdiad S., N.) adj. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless ◇ Ety/349, Ety/378, S/428, VT/46:6 ◈ aronoded N. [ɑrˈɔnɔdɛd] adj. innumerable, countless, endless ◇ Ety/378

course ◈ iôr N. n. course ◇ Ety/400, X/IU ◈ rant S., N. [rˈɑnt] n. 1. lode, vein ○ 2. Geog. course, riverbed ◇ Ety/383, S/436 ◈ rath S., N. [rˈɑθ] n. 1. course, riverbed ○ 2. street (in a city) ◇ Ety/383, LotR/Index, RC/523,551

courtyard ◈ pann I N. n. courtyard ◇ Ety/380, X/ND1

cover ◈ esgal S. [ˈɛsgɑl] n. veil, screen, cover that hides ◇ S/431 ◈ *toba- N. [tˈɔbɑ] inf. tobo N. [tˈɔbɔ] v. to cover, roof over ◇ Ety/394

crabbed ◈ norn N. [nˈɔrn] pl. nyrn S. [nˈyrn] adj. 1. twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted ○ 2. hard ◇ Ety/387

craft ◈ curu N. [kˈuru] (curw N.) n. craft, skill ◇ Ety/366, X/W ◈ maenas N. [mˈɑɛnɑs] n. abst. of maen, craft ◇ Ety/371

creature ◈ raug S. [rˈɑug] (graug S., rhaug N.) n. a powerful, hostile and terrible creature, a demon ◇ Ety/384, S/436, WJ/415, X/RH ◈ ulund N. (ulun N.) n. monster, deformed and hideous creature ◇ Ety/396, X/ND4 ◈ ûn N. [ˈuːn] n. creature ◇ Ety/379 ◈ urug S. [ˈurug] n. 1. Orc (rarely used) ○ 2. Arch. "bogey", anything that caused fear to the Elves, any dubious shape or shadow, or prowling creature ◇ WJ/390

crescent ◈ cû S., N. [kˈuː] n. 1. arch, crescent ○ 2. Mil. by ext., bow ◇ Ety/365, S/429 ◈ cúran N. n. Astron. the crescent Moon ◇ Ety/365, X/Z

crest ◈ amloth S. [ˈɑmlɔθ] n. Mil. flower or floreate device used as crest fixed to the point of a tall helmet ◇ WJ/318

crook ◈ gamp S., N. [gˈɑmp] n. hook, claw, crook ◇ Ety/357, VT/47:20

crooked ◈ rhaen N. adj. crooked ◇ Ety/382, X/RH ◈ rhoeg N. adj. crooked, bent, wrong ◇ Ety/383, X/OE, X/RH

cross ◈ *athrada- N. [ˈɑθrɑdɑ] inf. athrado N. [ˈɑθrɑdɔ] v. to cross, traverse ◇ Ety/383

crossing ◈ athrad S., N. [ˈɑθrɑd] pl. ethraid S. [ˈɛθrɑjd] n. (river-)crossing, ford, way ◇ Ety/349, Ety/383, UT/437, VT/42:7 ◈ *iach S. [jˈɑx] n. ford, crossing ← Arossiach S/382, Brithiach S/286, Cirith Ninniach S/387

crow ◈ corch N. [kˈɔrx] n. Orn. crow ◇ Ety/362 ◈ *craban S. [krˈɑbɑn] pl. crebain S. [krˈɛbɑjn] n. Orn. kind of crow of large size, raven ◇ LotR/II:III

crowd ◈ hoth S., N. [hˈɔθ] n. Pej. host, crowd, horde (nearly always in a bad sense) ◇ Ety/364, S/432 ◈ ovras N. [ˈɔvrɑs] n. abst. of ovor, crowd, heap. ◇ Ety/396 ◈ rim S. [rˈim] (rhim N., rhimb N.) n. crowd, host, great number ◇ Ety/383, S/436, Letters/178, Letters/382, X/RH

crown ◈ rî S. [rˈiː] (rhî N.) n. crown, wreath, garland ◇ Ety/383, PM/347, X/RH

crowned ◈ rhîn N. (rhien N.) n. and adj. 1. crowned ○ 2. as a noun, by ext., crowned lady, queen ◇ Ety/393, Ety/389, X/RH

cruel ◈ balch N. [bˈɑlx] adj. cruel ◇ Ety/377 ◈ baug N. [bˈɑug] adj. tyrannous, cruel, oppressive ◇ Ety/372

cry ◈ can- S. [kˈɑn] v. to cry out, shout, call ◇ PM/361-362 ◈ hûl N. [hˈuːl] n. cry of encouragement in battle ◇ Ety/386 ◈ ial N. [jˈɑl] n. (?) a call, (?) a cry ◇ VT/46:22 ◈ *nalla- S. [nˈɑllɑ] v. to cry ← nallon LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278 ◈ nallon S. [nˈɑllɔn] v. pres. 1st of nalla-, I cry ◇ LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278

cunning ◈ corw N. adj. cunning, wily ◇ Ety/366, X/W

curse ◈ *rhach S. [ɹ̥ˈɑx] n. curse ← e-'Rach MR/373

cushion ◈ nedhw N. n. bolster, cushion ◇ Ety/378, X/W

custody ◈ band S., N. [bˈɑnd] (bann N.) n. duress, prison, custody, safe-keeping ◇ Ety/371, S/428, MR/350, X/ND1

custom ◈ haew N. [hˈɑɛw] n. custom, habit ◇ Ety/364, VT/45:22 ◈ Written hæw (with ae-ligature) in the Etymologies, rectified here according to VT/45:22

cut ◈ *osgar- N. [ˈɔsgɑr] inf. esgeri N. [ˈɛsgɛri] v. to cut round, to amputate ◇ Ety/379 ◈ rhest N. n. cut ◇ Ety/384, X/RH ◈ *rhista- N. inf. rhisto N. v. 1. to cut ○ 2. to rend, rip ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

cutlass ◈ lhang N. n. Mil. cutlass, sword ◇ Ety/367, X/LH

cycle ◈ anrand N. n. cycle, age (100 Valian Years) ◇ Ety/382, X/ND4 ◈ Helge Fauskanger noted that the element and "long" would normally be preserved before r-, but the -d is lost because there is another d in the word (VT/41:9); however, this second d later disappeared in the change from -nd to -nn, and it is unclear whether or not an- would then revert to and-

D

daddy ◈ ada N. [ˈɑdɑ] n. m. hypo. of adar, father, daddy ◇ Ety/349

dagger ◈ sigil I N. [sˈigil̡] n. Mil. dagger, knife ◇ Ety/385

daily ◈ ilaurui S. [ilˈɑuruj] adj. daily ◇ VT/44:21,28

daisy ◈ eirien S. [ˈɛjri.ɛn] n. Bot. daisy (flower) ◇ SD/129-31

damp ◈ nîd N. [nˈiːd] adj. damp, wet, tearful ◇ Ety/376

dangle ◈ gling- N. [glˈiŋ] v. to hang, dangle ◇ Ety/359, Ety/369, VT/45:15,27

dare ◈ *bertha- N. [bˈɛrθɑ] inf. bertho N. [bˈɛrθɔ] v. to dare ◇ Ety/352

dark ◈ doll N. [dˈɔll] (dolt N.) adj. dark, dusky, obscure ◇ Ety/355, Ety/376, Tengwestie/20031207 ◈ dûr S., N. [dˈuːr] pl. duir S. [dˈujr] adj. dark, sombre ◇ Ety/354, S/430, UT/434 ◈ môr S., N. [mˈɔːr] n. darkness, dark, night ◇ Ety/373, Letters/382 ◈ morn S., N. [mˈɔrn] pl. myrn S. [mˈyrn] adj. black, dark ◇ Ety/373, Letters/382, Letters/427, WJ/368, WR/113, UT/65

darkness ◈ dúath S., N. [dˈuːɑθ] (dúwath N.) n. coll. of dû, 1. darkness, shadow ○ 2. nightshade ◇ Ety/354, S/430 ◈ fuin S., N. [fˈujn] n. night, dead of night, gloom, darkness ◇ Ety/354, Ety/382, S/431 ◈ môr S., N. [mˈɔːr] n. darkness, dark, night ◇ Ety/373, Letters/382

dart ◈ hador S., N. [hˈɑdr̩] n. Mil. thrower (of spears and darts) ◇ Ety/363, WJ/234 ◈ hadron N. [hˈɑdrɔn] n. m. Mil. thrower (of spears and darts) ◇ Ety/363

daughter ◈ iell N. [jˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid ◇ Ety/385, Ety/400 ◈ Stated to be an alteration of sell, remodelled after ion "son" (OS *jondo). It was "a change assisted by the loss of s in compounds and patronymics", hence the ending -iel in several feminine words ◈ sell N. [sˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid (child) ◇ Ety/385 ◈ sellath S. [sˈɛl̡lɑθ] n. coll. of sell, all the daughters ◇ SD/129-31

dauntless ◈ thalion S., N. [θˈɑli.ɔn] pl. thelyn N. [θˈɛlyn] n. hero, dauntless man (especially as surname of Húrin Thalion) ◇ Ety/388, S/438

dawn ◈ minuial S. [minˈuj.ɑl] n. "morrowdim", the time near dawn, when the star fade ◇ LotR/D

day ◈ arad N. [ˈɑrɑd] n. daytime, a day ◇ Ety/349 ◈ aur S., N. [ˈɑur] n. day, sunlight, morning ◇ Ety/349, S/439 ◈ calan S. [kˈɑlɑn] n. day, period of actual daylight ◇ aLotR/D ◈ Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted from the second. ◈ oraearon S. [ɔrˈɑɛ.ɑrɔn] n. Cal. seventh day of the Númenórean week, Sea-day ◇ LotR/D ◈ oranor S. [ˈɔrɑnɔr] n. Cal. second day of the week, day of the Sun ◇ LotR/D ◈ orbelain S. [ˈɔrbɛlɑjn] n. Cal. sixth day of the week, day of the Powers or Valar ◇ LotR/D ◈ orgaladh S. [ˈɔrgɑlɑð] n. Cal. fourth day of the Númenórean week, day of the White Tree ◇ LotR/D ◈ This day was formerly called orgaladhad in the Elvish calendar ◈ orgaladhad S. [ɔrgˈɑlɑðɑd] n. Cal. fourth day of the Elvish week, day of the Two Trees ◇ LotR/D ◈ This day was renamed orgaladh in the Númenórean calendar ◈ orgilion S. [ɔrgˈili.ɔn] n. Cal. first day of the week, day of the Stars ◇ LotR/D ◈ orithil S. [ˈɔriθil̡] n. Cal. third day of the week, day of the Moon ◇ LotR/D ◈ ormenel S. [ˈɔrmɛnɛl̡] n. Cal. fifth day of the week, Heavens' day ◇ LotR/D ◈ penninar N. n. Cal. last day of the year ◇ Ety/400, X/Z

daylight ◈ calan S. [kˈɑlɑn] n. day, period of actual daylight ◇ aLotR/D ◈ Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted from the second.

daytime ◈ arad N. [ˈɑrɑd] n. daytime, a day ◇ Ety/349

dead ◈ fern N. [fˈɛrn] pl. firn N. [fˈirn] n. and adj. 1. dead (of mortals) ○ 2. as a noun, dead person ◇ Ety/381 ◈ *gorth II S. [gˈɔrθ] pl. gyrth S. [gˈyrθ] n. a dead person ← [Raith >] Fui 'Ngorthrim RC/526, gyrth Letters/417 ◈ *gorthrim S. [gˈɔrθrim] n. class pl. of gorth II, the dead ← [Raith >] Fui 'Ngorthrim RC/526 ◈ gwann N. [gwˈɑnn] adj. departed, dead ◇ Ety/397

deadly ◈ delw N. adj. hateful, deadly, fell ◇ Ety/355, X/W

deal ◈ maetha- II S. [mˈɑɛθɑ] v. to handle, wield, manage, deal with ◇ VT/47:6

dear ◈ mell N. [mˈɛl̡l] adj. dear ◇ Ety/372 ◈ muin N. [mˈujn] adj. dear ◇ Ety/374

death ◈ gûr II N. [gˈuːr] n. death ◇ Ety/377 ◈ gurth S. [gˈurθ] n. death ◇ S/432, UT/39, UT/54 ◈ guruth N. [gˈuruθ] n. death ◇ Ety/377 ◈ *guruthos S. [gˈuruθɔs] n. the shadow of death, death-horror ← di-nguruthos LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278 ◈ gwanath N. [gwˈɑnɑθ] n. death (act of dying, not death as a state or abstract) ◇ Ety/397 ◈ gwanw N. n. death (act of dying, not death as a state or abstract) ◇ Ety/397, X/W

debate ◈ athrabeth S. [ˈɑθrɑbɛθ] n. debate, converse ◇ MR/329

december ◈ girithron S. [girˈiθrɔn] n. Cal. december (month) ◇ LotR/D

declivity ◈ pend N. [pˈɛnd] (penn S., N.) pl. *pind N. [pˈind] (pinn N.) n. declivity, slope ◇ Ety/380, RC/525, X/ND1

decripit ◈ gern N. [gˈɛrn] adj. worn, old, decripit (used of things only) ◇ Ety/360 ◈ ingem N. [ˈiŋgɛm] adj. old (of person, in mortal sense: decripit, suffering from old age) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, Ety/400 ◈ New word coined by the Elves after meeting with Men

deed ◈ carth N. [kˈɑrθ] (cardh N.) n. deed, feat ◇ Ety/362

deep ◈ nûr I N. [nˈuːr] adj. deep ◇ Ety/378 ◈ tofn N. [tˈɔvn] adj. lowlying, deep, low ◇ Ety/394

deer ◈ aras S. [ˈɑrɑs] n. Zool. deer ◇ WJ/156-157

defile ◈ aglond N. (aglon N.) n. defile, pass between high walls ◇ Ety/348, X/ND4 ◈ cirith S. [kˈiriθ] n. cleft, high climbing pass, narrow passage cut through earth or rock, ravine, defile ◇ S/387, UT/426, TC/181, RC/334-335

dell ◈ im II S., N. [ˈim] (imm N., imb N.) n. Arch. Geog. dell, deep vale ← imlad, imloth, imrath, imrad, VT/45:18, VT/47:14 ◈ This word only survived in compounds (due to the clash with im I)

delving ◈ groth S. [grˈɔθ] n. 1. cave, tunnel, large excavation ○ 2. delving, underground dwelling ◇ WJ/415, S/431, VT/46:12

demon ◈ raug S. [rˈɑug] (graug S., rhaug N.) n. a powerful, hostile and terrible creature, a demon ◇ Ety/384, S/436, WJ/415, X/RH

denial ◈ ubed N. [ˈubɛd] n. denial ◇ WR/132, WR/137-138

depart ◈ *gwanna- N. [gwˈɑnnɑ] inf. gwanno N. [gwˈɑnnɔ] v. to depart, die ◇ Ety/397

departed ◈ gwann N. [gwˈɑnn] adj. departed, dead ◇ Ety/397

deprive ◈ *neitha- S. [nˈɛjθɑ] v. to wrong, to deprive ← Neithan UT/456

deprived ◈ neithan S. [nˈɛjθɑn] adj. deprived, wronged ◇ UT/456

descendant ◈ ion S. [jˈɔn] (ionn N.) n. m. 1. son ○ 2. by ext., scion, male descendant ◇ Ety/400, MR/373, X/ND1, X/ND2 ◈ For the second meaning, cf. Hadorion, a Húrin's epithet in WJ/294, Hurinionath referring to the house of Húrin the Steward in PM/202-3,218, and Gil-Galad's epithet Ereinion, cf. also the gloss of the old Qenya cognate yondo "descendant of" in PE/12:106, or the use of the same suffix in later Quenya names such as Isildurioni and Anárioni "Heirs of Isildur (resp. Anárion)" in PM/192,196

desert ◈ eru N. [ˈɛru] n. waste, desert ◇ Ety/356

desire ◈ aníra- S. [ɑnˈiːrɑ] v. to desire ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ îr N. [ˈiːr] n. sexual desire ◇ VT/46:23

detestation ◈ delos N. [dˈɛlɔs] (deloth N.) n. abhorrence, detestation, loathing ◇ Ety/355

device ◈ gaud N. [gˈɑud] n. device, contrivance, machine ◇ Ety/358

dew ◈ mîdh N. [mˈiːð] n. dew ◇ Ety/373

diacritic ◈ gasdil N. [gˈɑsdil̡] n. Ling. "stopgap", name of a diacritic sign used to indicate that g had been lenited to zero ◇ Ety/354, Ety/357

die ◈ *gwanna- N. [gwˈɑnnɑ] inf. gwanno N. [gwˈɑnnɔ] v. to depart, die ◇ Ety/397

dim ◈ gwathra- S. [gwˈɑθrɑ] v. to overshadow, dim, veil, obscure ◇ VT/42:9 ◈ gwathren S. [gwˈɑθrɛn] pl. gwethrin S. [gwˈɛθrin] adj. shadowy, dim ← Ered Wethrin S/432, VT/42:9

dimness ◈ dû S., N. [dˈuː] n. nightfall, late evening, night, dimness ◇ Ety/354, S/430, VT/45:9

din ◈ glam S. [glˈɑm] (glamm S., N., glamb S., N.) n. 1. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise ○ 2. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts ○ 3. Pop. by ext., as a coll. noun, any body of Orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/377, WJ/390, WJ/416

dirty ◈ gwaur N. [gwˈɑur] adj. soiled, dirty ◇ Ety/397

disgust ◈ del N. [ˈdɛl̡] n. fear, disgust, loathing, horror ◇ Ety/355 ◈ *fuia- N. [fˈuj.ɑ] inf. fuio N. [fˈuj.ɔ] v. to feel disgust at, abhor ◇ Ety/381

distance ◈ haered S. [hˈɑɛrɛd] n. remote distance, the remote ← na-chaered LotR/II:I, RGEO/72

distant ◈ hae S., N. [hˈɑɛ] adj. far, remote, distant ← Gwahaedir PM/186, VT/45:21 ◈ haeron S. [hˈɑɛrɔn] adj. far, remote, distant ◇ PM/273

distinct ◈ minei N. adj. single, distinct, unique ◇ Ety/373, X/EI

district ◈ *trann S. [trˈɑnn] n. shire, administrative district, division of a realm ← i-Drann SD/129-31

disturb ◈ *presta- N. [prˈɛstɑ] inf. presto N. [prˈɛstɔ] v. to affect, trouble, disturb ◇ Ety/380

divinity ◈ balan S., N. [bˈɑlɑn] pl. belain S. [bˈɛlɑjn] (belein N., belen N.) n. Theo. Vala, divine power, divinity ◇ Ety/350, S/439, Letters/427, X/EI ◈ *rodon S. [rˈɔdɔn] pl. rodyn S. [rˈɔdyn] n. Theo. Vala, divinity ◇ LotR/D

do ◈ *car- S. [kˈɑr] irreg. pa. t. agor S. [ˈɑgɔr] v. to do ← avo garo WJ/371, WJ/415 ◈ caro S. [kˈɑrɔ] v. imp. of car-, do! make! ◇ VT/44:21,25

doer ◈ ceredir N. [kˈɛrɛdˌir] n. doer, maker ◇ Ety/354

dog ◈ hû N. [hˈuː] n. Zool. dog ◇ Ety/364

doing ◈ *cared N. [kˈɑrɛd] ger. of car-, making, doing ← ceredir Ety/354

dome ◈ telu N. [tˈɛlu] n. dome, high roof ◇ Ety/391

doom ◈ amarth S. [ˈɑmɑrθ] (ammarth N.) n. fate, doom ◇ Ety/372, S/427, LotR/A(i), TC/183 ◈ *bartha- N. [bˈɑrθɑ] inf. bartho N. [bˈɑrθɔ] v. to doom ◇ Ety/372 ◈ manadh N. [mˈɑnɑð] n. 1. doom, final end, fate, fortune ○ 2. by ext., final bliss ◇ Ety/371

doomed ◈ barad I N. [bˈɑrɑd] adj. doomed ◇ Ety/372

door ◈ annon S., N. [ˈɑnnɔn] pl. ennyn S., N. [ˈɛnnyn] n. augm. great door or gate ◇ Ety/348, S/428, LotR/II:IV, TAI/150 ◈ fen S. [fˈɛn] (fend N., fenn N.) n. door, threshold ◇ Ety/381, LotR/V:IV, WR/341, RC/550, X/ND1

doorway ◈ fennas S. [fˈɛnnɑs] n. abst. of fen, doorway, gateway ◇ LotR/II:IV, RS/463, RGEO/75

dot ◈ peg N. [pˈɛg] n. small spot, dot ◇ Ety/382

double ◈ edaid S. [ˈɛdɑjd] adj. num. quant. double ◇ VT/42:26-27 ◈ tadol N. [tˈɑdɔl] adj. num. quant. double ◇ Ety/391

dough ◈ moeas N. [mˈɔɛ.ɑs] n. abst. of moe, dough ◇ Ety/371

dove ◈ cugu N. [kˈugu] n. dove ◇ Ety/365

down ◈ dad N. [dˈɑd] adv. down, downwards ◇ Ety/354

downhill ◈ dadbenn N. [dˈɑdbɛnn] (dadben N.) adv. 1. downhill, inclined ○ 2. by ext., inclined, prone (to do something) ◇ Ety/354, Ety/380, VT/46:8, X/ND4

downs ◈ penneth S. [pˈɛnnɛθ] n. coll. of pend, ridges, group of downs ◇ RC/525 ◈ pinnath S. [pˈinnɑθ] n. coll. of pend, ridges, group of downs ◇ LotR/Index, RC/525 ◈ tyrn S. [tˈyrn] n. pl. Geog. downs ◇ LotR/A(iii), PM/194 ◈ Tyrn Gorthad "the Barrow-downs"

downwards ◈ dad N. [dˈɑd] adv. down, downwards ◇ Ety/354

dragon ◈ amlug N. [ˈɑmlug] n. dragon ◇ Ety/349, Ety/370 ◈ lhimlug N. n. fish-dragon, sea-serpent ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

drain ◈ sautha- N. [sˈɑuθɑ] v. to drain ◇ Ety/388

draught ◈ sûth N. n. draught ◇ Ety/388, X/Z

dread ◈ *achas S. [ˈɑxɑs] n. dread, fear ← Daerachas WJ/187 ◈ This might also be *gachas, mutated in composition ◈ gae N. [gˈɑɛ] n. dread ◇ Ety/358 ◈ gost N. [gˈɔst] n. dread ◇ Ety/359

dreadful ◈ gaer I N. [gˈɑɛr] adj. dreadful ◇ Ety/358 ◈ goeol S. [gˈɔɛ.ɔl] adj. dreadful, terrifying ◇ PM/363

dream ◈ ôl N. [ˈɔːl] pl. elei N. n. dream ◇ Ety/370, Ety/379 ◈ oltha- N. [ˈɔlθɑ] v. to dream ◇ Ety/370, Ety/379

drear ◈ muil S. [mˈujl] n. drear ← Emyn Muil RC/334

drink ◈ *sog- N. [sˈɔg] inf. sogo N. [sˈɔgɔ] pa. t. sogant N. [sˈɔgɑnt] (sunc N.) v. to drink ◇ Ety/388, VT/46:16

drunk ◈ sogannen (corr. sogennen) N. [sɔgˈɑnnɛn] pp. of sog-, drunk ◇ Ety/388

dry ◈ afarch N. adj. very dry, arid ◇ VT/45:5, X/PH ◈ parch N. [pˈɑrx] adj. dry ◇ Ety/380, VT/45:5

dungeon ◈ gador N. [gˈɑdr̩] (gadr N.) n. prison, dungeon ◇ Ety/358

Dunlendings ◈ gwathuirim S. [gwɑθˈujrim] n. class pl. of gwathui, Pop. The Dunlendings or People of Dunland ◇ PM/330

duress ◈ band S., N. [bˈɑnd] (bann N.) n. duress, prison, custody, safe-keeping ◇ Ety/371, S/428, MR/350, X/ND1 ◈ thang S., N. [θˈɑŋ] n. compulsion, duress, need, oppression ◇ Ety/388, S/438

dusk ◈ tinnu N. [tˈinnu] (tindu N.) n. 1. dusk, twilight, early night (without Moon) ○ 2. by ext., starry twilight ◇ Ety/355, Ety/393, X/ND2

dusky ◈ doll N. [dˈɔll] (dolt N.) adj. dark, dusky, obscure ◇ Ety/355, Ety/376, Tengwestie/20031207

dust ◈ ast N. [ˈɑst] n. dust ◇ Ety/349 ◈ lith S., N. [lˈiθ] n. ash, sand, dust ◇ Ety/369, S/434, TC/178

dwarf ◈ anfang N. [ˈɑnfɑŋ] pl. enfeng S., N. [ˈɛnfɛŋ] n. Pop. one of the Longbeards (a tribe of Dwarves) ◇ Ety/348, Ety/387, WJ/322 ◈ anfangrim S. [ɑnfˈɑŋgrim] n. class pl. of anfang, Pop. the Longbeards (a tribe of Dwarves) ◇ WJ/322 ◈ dornhoth S. [dˈɔrn.hɔθ] n. class pl. of dorn, Pop. the Dwarves, lit. "the Thrawn Folk" ◇ WJ/388 ◈ hadhod S. [hˈɑðɔd] n. Pop. Dwarf ◇ WJ/388, WJ/414 ◈ hadhodrim S. [hɑðˈɔdrim] n. class pl. of hadhod, Pop. the Dwarves (as a race) ◇ WJ/388 ◈ naug S., N. [nˈɑug] pl. noeg S. [nˈɔɛg] n. and adj. 1. stunted, dwarf ○ 2. Pop. as a noun, a Dwarf ◇ Ety/375, WJ/388, UT/100, UT/148 ◈ naugol N. [nˈɑugl̩] (naugl N.) pl. nauglin S. [nˈauglin] n. dim. of naug, dwarf ◇ Ety/375 ◈ naugrim S. [nˈɑugrim] n. class pl. of naug, Pop. Dwarves ◇ WJ/388 ◈ nawag N. [nˈɑwɑg] pl. neweg N. (neweig N.) n. Pop. Dwarf ◇ Ety/375 ◈ nogoth S. [nˈɔgɔθ] pl. negyth S. [nˈɛgyθ] (nœgyth S.) n. Pop. Dwarf, lit. "the Stunted Folk" ◇ S/435, WJ/338, WJ/388, WJ/408, WJ/413 ◈ nogotheg S. [nˈɔgɔθɛg] n. dim. of nogoth, Pop. lit. "dwarflet", a name of the Petty-Dwarves ◇ WJ/388 ◈ nogothrim S. [nɔgˈɔθrim] n. class pl. of nogoth, Pop. Dwarf-folk ◇ RGEO/75, UT/318, WJ/388 ◈ nornwaith S. [nˈɔrn.wɑjθ] n. class pl. of norn, Pop. the Dwarves ◇ MR/93, MR/106

dwell ◈ *dortha- N. [dˈɔrθɑ] inf. dortho N. [dˈɔrθɔ] v. to dwell, stay ◇ Ety/376

dwelling ◈ bar S. [bˈɑr] pl. bair S. [bˈɑjr] n. 1. dwelling, home ○ 2. by ext., inhabited land ◇ S/428, WR/379-80, SD/129-31 ◈ groth S. [grˈɔθ] n. 1. cave, tunnel, large excavation ○ 2. delving, underground dwelling ◇ WJ/415, S/431, VT/46:12

E

eager ◈ bara N. [bˈɑrɑ] adj. 1. fiery ○ 2. eager ◇ Ety/351

eagle ◈ thôr I S., N. [θˈɔːr] n. Orn. eagle ← Belecthor S/322,365, LotR/A(ii), Ety/392 ◈ thoron S., N. [θˈɔrɔn] pl. therein N. n. Orn. eagle ◇ Ety/392, S/438, X/Z ◈ thoronath S. [θˈɔrɔnɑθ] n. coll. of thoron, eagles ◇ S/387, S/438

ear ◈ lhaw S., N. [ɬˈɑw] n. pl. Biol. ears (referring to one person's pair of ears only) ◇ Ety/368, LotR/II:IX ◈ lhewig N. [ɬˈɛwig] n. sing. of lhaw, Biol. ear ◇ Ety/368, LotR/II:IX

earth ◈ amar N. [ˈɑmɑr] (ambar N.) n. earth ◇ Ety/372 ◈ ceven S. [kˈɛvɛn] n. Earth ◇ VT/44:21,27 ◈ coe N. n. earth ◇ Ety/363, X/OE ◈ This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies ◈ ennor S. [ˈɛnnɔr] n. central land, middle-earth ◇ LotR/E, X/ND2 ◈ ennorath S. [ˈɛnnɔrɑθ] n. coll. of ennor, central lands, middle-earth ◇ LotR/E, LotR/II:I, RGEO/72-75

earthen ◈ cevn N. adj. earthen ◇ Ety/363, X/Z

east ◈ amrûn S., N. [ˈɑmruːn] n. east, orient ◇ Ety/348, Ety/384, S/437, LotR/E ◈ rhufen N. n. Arch., Poet. east ◇ Ety/384, X/RH ◈ rhûn S., N. [ɹ̥ˈuːn] n. east ◇ Ety/384, S/436, LotR/E

eastern ◈ rhúnen S. [ɹ̥ˈuːnɛn] adj. eastern ← Talath Rhúnen S/420

eat ◈ *mad- N. [mˈɑd] inf. medi N. [mˈɛdi] v. to eat ◇ Ety/371

eavesdrop ◈ *lhathra- N. inf. lhathro N. v. to listen in, eavesdrop ◇ Ety/368, X/LH ◈ *lhathrada- N. inf. lhathrado N. v. to listen in, eavesdrop ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

eavesdropper ◈ lhathron N. n. hearer, listener, eavesdropper ◇ Ety/368, X/LH ◈ lhethril N. n. f. hearer, listener, eavesdropper ◇ VT/45:26, X/LH

ebb ◈ dannen II S. [dˈɑnnɛn] n. ebb, low tide ◇ VT/48:26

echo ◈ glamor N. [glˈɑmr̩] (glambr N.) n. echo ◇ Ety/358

echoing ◈ glamren N. [glˈɑmrɛn] adj. echoing ◇ Ety/358

eddy ◈ *chwinia- N. inf. chwinio N. v. to twirl, whirl, eddy ◇ Ety/388

edge ◈ lanc II S. [lˈɑŋk] n. sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end (as a cliff-edge, or the clean edge of things made by hand or built) ◇ VT/42:8 ◈ rhîf N. n. edge, hem, border ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

eight ◈ toloth N. [tˈɔlɔθ] (tolodh S.) adj. num. card. eight ◇ Ety/394, VT/42:25, VT/42:31, VT/48:6 ◈ Tolkien emended toloth to tolodh, cf. VT/42:31 (and also VT/48:6). If we are to follow him, a word such as tolothen would be incorrect, unless the two forms coexisted

eighth ◈ tollui S. [tˈɔɬuj] (Arch. tolhui S., Arch. tolthui S.) adj. num. ord. eighth ◇ VT/42:25, VT/42:27, VT/47:32, VT/42:10, Tengwestie/20031207 ◈ tolothen S. [tˈɔlɔθɛn] adj. num. ord. eighth ← erin dolothen SD/129-31

elder ◈ einior S. [ˈɛjni.ɔr] adj. elder ◇ PM/358

elephant ◈ annabon N. [ˈɑnnɑbɔn] (andabon N.) n. Zool. elephant ◇ Ety/372, X/ND2

eleven ◈ ∗mimp S. [mˈimp] adj. num. card. eleven ◇ PE/17:95 ◈ minib S. [mˈinib] adj. num. card. eleven ◇ VT/48:6-8

elf ◈ avar S. [ˈɑvɑr] pl. evair S. [ˈɛvɑjr] n. 1. refuser ○ 2. Pop. esp. in the pl., the Avari, Elves who refused the invitation of the Valar ◇ WJ/380, VT/47:12 ◈ This plural name was known to the loremasters, but went out of daily use at the time of the Exile ◈ calben S. [kˈɑlbɛn] pl. celbin S. [kˈɛl̡bin] n. 1. Pop. Elf of the Great Journey (lit. "light person") ○ 2. Pop. by ext., all Elves but the Avari ◇ WJ/362, WJ/376-377, WJ/408-409 ◈ danwaith S. [dˈɑnwɑjθ] n. class pl. Pop. the Nandor (a tribe of Elves) ◇ WJ/385 ◈ denwaith S. [dˈɛnwɑjθ] n. class pl. Pop. the Nandor (a tribe of Elves), the people of Denwe ◇ WJ/385 ◈ *dúnedhel S. [dˈuːnɛðɛl̡] pl. dúnedhil S. [dˈunːɛðil̡] n. Pop. Elf of the West, Elf of Beleriand (including Noldor and Sindar) ◇ WJ/378 ◈ edhel S., N. [ˈɛðɛl̡] pl. edhil S., N. [ˈɛðil̡] n. Pop. Elf ◇ Ety/356, S/430, WJ/363-364 ◈ edhelharn S. [ɛðˈɛl̡hɑrn] n. elf-stone ◇ SD/128-129 ◈ egladhrim S. [ɛglˈɑðrim] n. class pl. of eglan, Pop. "The Forsaken", Elves of the Falathrim ◇ WJ/189, WJ/365, WJ/379 ◈ eglan S. [ˈɛglɑn] pl. eglain S. [ˈɛglɑjn] n. and adj. 1. forsaken ○ 2. Pop. as a noun, an Elf of the Falathrim ◇ WJ/365, WJ/379-380 ◈ eglath S. [ˈɛglɑθ] n. coll. of egol, Pop. "The Forsaken", Elves of the Falathrim ◇ WJ/189, WJ/344 ◈ *egol S. [ˈɛgl̩] n. Pop. someone forsaken, an Elf of the Falathrim ← Eglath WJ/189, WJ/344 ◈ elleth S. [ˈɛl̡lɛθ] n. f. elf-maid ◇ WJ/148, WJ/256, WJ/363-364 ◈ ellon S. [ˈɛl̡lɔn] n. m. elf ◇ WJ/363-364 ◈ *elvellon S. [ɛl̡vˈɛl̡lɔn] pl. elvellyn S. [ɛl̡vˈɛl̡lyn] n. elf-friend ◇ WJ/412 ◈ galadhrim S. [gɑlˈɑðrim] n. class pl. of galadh, Pop. Elves of Lothlórien ◇ LotR ◈ glinnel S. [glˈinnɛl̡] pl. glinnil S. [glˈinnil̡] n. Pop. Elf, one of the Teleri ◇ WJ/378, WJ/385 ◈ gódhel S. [gˈɔːðɛl̡] pl. gódhil S. [ˈgɔːðil̡] n. Pop. "Deep Elf" or "Gnome", one of the Wise Folk ◇ WJ/364, WJ/379 ◈ gódhellim S. [gɔːðˈɛl̡lim] n. class pl. of gódhel, Pop. "Deep Elves" or "Gnomes", the Wise Folk ◇ WJ/364 ◈ golodh S., N. [gˈɔlɔð] pl. gelydh S. [gˈɛlyð] (gœlydh S., gœlœidh N., geleidh N.) n. Pop. "Deep Elf" or "Gnome", one of the Wise Folk ◇ Ety/377, S/431, WJ/364 ◈ golodhrim S., N. [gɔlˈɔðrim] n. class pl. of golodh, Pop. Deep Elves, Gnomes ◇ Ety/377, WJ/323 ◈ iathrim S. [jˈɑθrim] n. class pl. of iâth, Pop. Elves of Doriath ◇ WJ/378 ◈ lachend S. pl. lechind S. n. Pop. Deep Elf (Sindarin name for the Ñoldor) ◇ WJ/384, X/ND4 ◈ laegel S. [lˈɑɛgɛl̡] pl. laegil S. [lˈɑɛgil̡] n. Pop. a Green Elf ◇ WJ/385 ◈ laegrim S. [lˈɑɛgrim] (laegeldrim S.) n. class pl. of laegel, Pop. the people of the Green Elves ◇ WJ/385 ◈ miniel S. [mˈini.ɛl̡] pl. mínil S. [mˈiːnil̡] n. Pop. an Elf, one of the Vanyar ◇ WJ/383 ◈ mornedhel S. [mˈɔrnɛðɛl̡] n. Pop. Dark-Elf ◇ WJ/377, WJ/380 ◈ ódhel S. [ˈɔːðɛl̡] pl. ódhil S. [ˈɔːðil̡] n. Pop. Deep Elf or Gnome, one of the Wise Folk ◇ WJ/364, WJ/366, WJ/378-379 ◈ ódhellim S. [ɔːðˈɛl̡lim] n. class pl. of ódhel, Pop. Deep Elves or Gnomes, the Wise Folk ◇ WJ/364 ◈ tawarwaith S. [tɑwˈɑrwɑjθ] n. class pl. of tawar, Pop. Silvan elves ◇ UT/256 ◈ teler S. [tˈɛlɛr] pl. telir S. [tˈɛlir] n. Pop. an Elf, one of the Teleri ◇ PM/385 ◈ telerrim S. [tɛlˈɛrrim] n. class pl. of teler, Pop. the Teleri, a tribe of Elves ◇ PM/385

elm ◈ lalf N. [lˈɑlv] pl. lelf N. [lˈɛl̡v] n. Bot. elm-tree ◇ Ety/348 ◈ lalven N. [lˈɑlvɛn] pl. lelvin N. [lˈɛl̡vin] n. Bot. elm-tree ◇ Ety/348 ◈ lhalorn N. n. Bot. elm-tree ◇ Ety/367, X/LH ◈ lhalwen N. pl. lelwin N. [lˈɛl̡win] n. Bot. elm-tree ◇ Ety/367, X/LH

elvish ◈ edhellen S. [ɛðˈɛl̡lɛn] adj. elvish, of the Elves ◇ LotR/II:IV, RS/463

embers ◈ iûl N. [jˈuːl] n. embers ◇ Ety/400 ◈ The word is classed as Old Noldorin (ON) in the Etymologies, but rather seems to be Noldorin

eminent ◈ orchal S., N. [ˈɔrxl̩] (orchall N., orchel N.) adj. 1. superior, lofty, eminent ○ 2. tall ◇ Ety/363, Ety/379, WJ/305 ◈ In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

employ ◈ *iuitha- N. [jˈujθɑ] inf. iuitho N. [jˈujθɔ] v. to employ, to use ◇ Ety/400, VT/46:23 ◈ The gloss was hardly legible and Christopher Tolkien read "to enjoy" in Ety/400, but the meaning "to employ", much more probable (Cf. iuith), was later confirmed in VT/45:23

empty ◈ cofn N. [kˈɔvn] (caun N.) adj. empty, void ◇ Ety/366 ◈ lhost N. adj. empty ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

encampment ◈ estolad S. [ˈɛstɔlɑd] n. encampment ◇ UT/77, S/396

enchant ◈ lhútha- N. v. to enchant ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

encircling ◈ echor S. [ˈɛxɔr] n. outer circle, encircling, outer ring ◇ LotR/V:I, LotR/Index, S/430

enclose ◈ gleina- S. [glˈɛjnɑ] v. to bound, enclose, limit ◇ VT/42:8, VT/42:28 ◈ This entry should perhaps read gleinia-, cf. VT/42:28, note 13

enclosure ◈ cerin S., N. [kˈɛrin] n. 1. circular enclosure ○ 2. by ext., mound ◇ Ety/365, S/429

encouragement ◈ hûl N. [hˈuːl] n. cry of encouragement in battle ◇ Ety/386

end ◈ meth N. [mˈɛθ] n. end ◇ Ety/373 ◈ methed S. [mˈɛθɛd] n. end ◇ UT/452 ◈ methen N. [mˈɛθɛn] adj. end, final ◇ Ety/373, VT/45:34 ◈ tele N. [tˈɛlɛ] pl. telei N. [tˈɛlɛj] n. end, rear, hindmost part ◇ Ety/392

endless ◈ arnediad N. [ɑrnˈɛdi.ɑd] (arnœdiad S., N.) adj. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless ◇ Ety/349, Ety/378, S/428, VT/46:6 ◈ aronoded N. [ɑrˈɔnɔdɛd] adj. innumerable, countless, endless ◇ Ety/378

endurance ◈ bronwe S., N. [brˈɔnwɛ] n. endurance, lasting quality, faith ◇ Ety/353, SD/62

endure ◈ *brenia- N. [brˈɛni.ɑ] inf. brenio N. [brˈɛni.ɔ] v. to endure ◇ Ety/353, VT/45:7 ◈ The form bronio in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:7 ◈ dartha- N. [dˈɑrθɑ] v. to wait, stay, last, endure, remain ◇ Ety/353, VT/45:8

enduring ◈ bronadui N. [brˈɔnɑduj] adj. enduring, lasting ◇ Ety/353

enemy ◈ coth N. [kˈɔθ] n. 1. enmity ○ 2. enemy ◇ Ety/365

enfold ◈ *gwaeda- N. [gwˈɑɛdɑ] inf. gwaedo N. [gwˈɑɛdɔ] v. to enfold ◇ VT/46:21

enlaced ◈ raen S. [rˈɑɛn] adj. nettled, enlaced ◇ VT/42:11

enlarge ◈ *panna- N. [pˈɑnnɑ] inf. panno N. [pˈɑnnɔ] v. to open, to enlarge ◇ Ety/380

enmesh ◈ gonathra- N. [gɔnˈɑθrɑ] v. to entangle, enmesh ◇ Ety/375

enmity ◈ coth N. [kˈɔθ] n. 1. enmity ○ 2. enemy ◇ Ety/365

enough ◈ far N. [fˈɑr] adj. or adv. sufficient, enough, quite ◇ Ety/381 ◈ farn N. [fˈɑrn] adj. or adv. enough ◇ Ety/381

ent ◈ onod S. [ˈɔnɔd] pl. enyd S. [ˈɛnyd] n. Pop. Ent ◇ LotR/F, Letters/224 ◈ onodrim S. [ɔnˈɔdrim] n. class pl. of onod, Pop. the Ents, as a race ◇ Letters/224, TC/165

entangle ◈ gonathra- N. [gɔnˈɑθrɑ] v. to entangle, enmesh ◇ Ety/375

entanglement ◈ gonathras N. [gɔnˈɑθrɑs] n. abst. of gonathra-, entanglement ◇ Ety/375

enter ◈ minna- S. [mˈinnɑ] v. to enter ◈ minno S. [mˈinnɔ] v. imp. of minna-, enter! (lit. to the inside!) ◇ LotR/II:IV ◈ *neledh- N. [nɛlˈɛð] inf. neledhi N. [nɛlˈɛði] v. to enter ◇ TAI/150, HL/77 ◈ Hammond and Scull apparently understand this word as a derivative of neledh "three", hence their translation neledh neledhi "three by three". However, we have shown in Hiswelókë (third issue, pp. 74-78) that this word is conceivably a verb derived from LED "to go". The prefix ne- also occurs in nestegi "to insert, stick in"

envelope ◈ ui N. [ˈuj] n. Theo. envelope (especially of the Outer Sea or Air enfolding the world within the Ilurambar or world-walls) ◇ Ety/397

errant ◈ rhaun N. adj. errant ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

error ◈ mist N. [mˈist] n. error, wandering ◇ Ety/373 ◈ mistrad N. n. straying, error ◇ Ety/373, X/Z

especial ◈ edregol S. [ˈɛdrɛgl̩] adv. in especial ◇ SD/129-31

establish ◈ *tangada- N. [tˈɑŋgɑdɑ] inf. tangado N. [tˈɑŋgɑdɔ] v. to make firm, confirm, establish ◇ Ety/389

estuary ◈ ethir I S., N. [ˈɛθir] n. Geog. mouth (of a river), estuary ◇ LotR/II:X, Ety/356, RC/350

eternal ◈ uireb N. [ˈujrɛb] adj. eternal ◇ Ety/379

eternity ◈ uir N. [ˈujr] n. eternity ◇ Ety/379

evening ◈ aduial S. [ɑdˈuj.ɑl] n. the evening, time of star-opening, "evendim" ◇ LotR/D ◈ dû S., N. [dˈuː] n. nightfall, late evening, night, dimness ◇ Ety/354, S/430, VT/45:9 ◈ thîn N. [θˈiːn] n. Poet. evening ◇ Ety/392, VT/46:18 ◈ thinna- N. [θˈinnɑ] v. to fade, to grow towards evening ◇ Ety/392 ◈ The punctuation in The Etymologies is considered incorrect (the full dot after this word should conceivably be a comma)

ever ◈ *ui- S. [uj] pref. ever ← uidafnen, uilos (see these words)

evil ◈ ogol S. [ˈɔgl̩] adj. wicked, evil ◇ VT/48:32 ◈ um N. [ˈum] adj. bad, evil ◇ Ety/396

exalted ◈ *arth S. [ˈɑrθ] adj. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted) ← Arthedain LotR ◈ hall I N. [hˈɑll] adj. exalted, high ◇ Ety/363

excavate ◈ *rosta- N. [rˈɔstɑ] inf. rosto N. [rˈɔstɔ] v. to hollow out, excavate ◇ Ety/384

excavation ◈ groth S. [grˈɔθ] n. 1. cave, tunnel, large excavation ○ 2. delving, underground dwelling ◇ WJ/415, S/431, VT/46:12 ◈ torech N. [tˈɔrɛx] n. hole, excavation, lair ◇ WR/202, RC/490

exclamation ◈ elo S. [ˈɛlɔ] interj. an exclamation of wonder, admiration, delight ◇ WJ/362

excluded ◈ said S. [sˈɑjd] adj. private, separate, not common, excluded ◇ VT/42:20

exile ◈ *egledhia- N. [ɛglˈɛði.ɑ] (*egledh- N. [ˈɛglɛð]) inf. egledhio (corr. eglehio) N. [ɛglˈɛði.ɔ] (egledhi N. [ˈɛglɛði]) pa. t. egledhas N. [ˈɛglɛðɑs] (Arch. eglant N.) v. to go into exile ◇ Ety/368, VT/45:27, X/TL ◈ egledhron N. n. exile (person who is exiled) ◇ Ety/368, X/TL

exiled ◈ eglenn N. adj. exiled ◇ Ety/368, X/TL

expression ◈ thîr S., N. [θˈiːr] n. look, face, expression, countenance ◇ Ety/392, VT/41:10

eye ◈ hen II S. [hˈɛn] (henn S., hên N.) pl. hîn N. n. Biol. eye ◇ Ety/364, LotR/II:IX, WR/128, X/ND1 ◈ *heneb S. [hˈɛnɛb] adj. of eye, eyed, having eyes ← maecheneb "sharp-eyed", WJ/337 ◈ hent N. [hˈɛnt] n. dual pl. of hen II, Biol. the two eyes (referring to one person's eyes) ◇ VT/45:22

F

face ◈ nîf N. [nˈiːv] n. front, face ◇ Ety/378 ◈ thîr S., N. [θˈiːr] n. look, face, expression, countenance ◇ Ety/392, VT/41:10

fade ◈ thinna- N. [θˈinnɑ] v. to fade, to grow towards evening ◇ Ety/392 ◈ The punctuation in The Etymologies is considered incorrect (the full dot after this word should conceivably be a comma)

fading ◈ *peleth S. [pˈɛlɛθ] n. fading, withering ← Narbeleth LotR/D ◈ *pelin N. [pˈɛlin] n. fading, withering ← Lhasbelin Ety/366

faintness ◈ chwîn N. n. giddiness, faintness ◇ Ety/388, X/HW

fair ◈ bein N. adj. beautiful, fair ◇ Ety/351, Ety/359, X/EI ◈ fael I S. [fˈɑɛl] adj. fair minded, just, generous ◇ PM/352

faith ◈ bronwe S., N. [brˈɔnwɛ] n. endurance, lasting quality, faith ◇ Ety/353, SD/62

faithful ◈ *sador S. [sˈɑdr̩] n. faithful one ← Sador (name) ◈ Sador was Túrin's faithful servant. The meaning of this noun is deduced from sadron, assuming that these words are in the same kind of relation as hador and hadron ◈ *sadron S. [sˈɑdrɔn] pl. sedryn S. [sˈɛdryn] n. faithful one ◇ UT/431

fall ◈ dant S. [dˈɑnt] n. fall ◇ MR/373 ◈ dant- N. v. to fall ◇ Ety/354, X/Z ◈ Written dant- in the Etymologies ◈ dath N. [dˈɑθ] n. hole, pit, steep fall, abyss ◇ Ety/354, VT/45:8 ◈ *lant S. [lˈɑnt] n. fall ← Lanthir S/406, PM/349

fallen ◈ dannen I N. [dˈɑnnɛn] pp. of dant-, fallen ◇ Ety/354

falling ◈ talt N. [tˈɑlt] adj. slipping, falling, insecure ◇ Ety/390

fallow ◈ maidh N. [mˈɑjð] (meidh N.) adj. pale, fallow, fawn ◇ Ety/371, X/EI ◈ malw N. adj. fallow, pale ◇ Ety/386, X/W

family ◈ noss S., N. [nˈɔss] (nos N.) n. kindred, family, clan ◇ Ety/378, PM/320 ◈ nost S. [nˈɔst] n. kindred, family, house ◇ PM/360 ◈ nothlir N. [nˈɔθlir] n. family line (esp. as family tree, genealogical tree) ◇ WR/234, WR/237, WR/309 ◈ nothrim S. [nˈɔθrim] n. class pl. of nost, kindred, family, house ← Nothrim [> Nost] Finarfin PM/360 ◈ The word was rejected in favor of nost, but it may be interpreted as a valid class plural "those of the house"

fane ◈ iaun N. [jˈɑun] n. holy place, fane, sanctuary ◇ Ety/400

fang ◈ carch S., N. [kˈɑrx] n. Biol. tooth, fang ◇ Ety/362, S/429

fantastic ◈ chwiniol N. part. of chwinia-, whirling, giddy, fantastic ◇ Ety/388

far ◈ hae S., N. [hˈɑɛ] adj. far, remote, distant ← Gwahaedir PM/186, VT/45:21 ◈ haeron S. [hˈɑɛrɔn] adj. far, remote, distant ◇ PM/273 ◈ palan- S. [pˈɑlɑn] adv. afar, abroad, far and wide ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74

fashion ◈ *echad- N. [ˈɛxɑd] inf. echedi N. [ˈɛxɛdi] pa. t. echant S., N. [ˈɛxɑnt] v. to fashion, make ◇ Ety/363, LotR/II:IV

fast ◈ *avorn S. [ˈɑvɔrn] adj. staying, fast ← Baravorn Hamfast, SD/129-31

fasten ◈ *taetha- N. [tˈɑɛθɑ] inf. taetho N. [tˈɑɛθɔ] v. to fasten, tie ◇ Ety/389

fat ◈ tûg N. [tˈuːg] adj. thick, fat ◇ Ety/394

fate ◈ amarth S. [ˈɑmɑrθ] (ammarth N.) n. fate, doom ◇ Ety/372, S/427, LotR/A(i), TC/183 ◈ manadh N. [mˈɑnɑð] n. 1. doom, final end, fate, fortune ○ 2. by ext., final bliss ◇ Ety/371

fated ◈ amarthan N. [ɑmˈɑrθɑn] adj. fated ◇ VT/41:10

father ◈ ada N. [ˈɑdɑ] n. m. hypo. of adar, father, daddy ◇ Ety/349 ◈ adar S., N. [ˈɑdɑr] pl. edair S. [ˈɛdɑjr] (eder N., edeir N.) n. m. father ◇ Ety/349, PM/324, MR/373, LotR/II:II, VT/44:21-22, X/EI ◈ atheg S. [ˈɑθɛg] n. m. dim. of adar, 1. "litte father" ○ 2. Biol. thumb (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,17

fathom ◈ rhaew N. n. fathom ◇ Ety/382, X/RH

fawn ◈ maidh N. [mˈɑjð] (meidh N.) adj. pale, fallow, fawn ◇ Ety/371, X/EI

fear ◈ *achas S. [ˈɑxɑs] n. dread, fear ← Daerachas WJ/187 ◈ This might also be *gachas, mutated in composition ◈ del N. [ˈdɛl̡] n. fear, disgust, loathing, horror ◇ Ety/355 ◈ goe S. [gˈɔɛ] n. terror, great fear ◇ PM/363 ◈ gorgor S. [gˈɔrgɔr] n. extreme horror, terror, haunting fear ◇ WJ/415, RC/334-335 ◈ gosta- N. [gˈɔstɑ] v. to fear exceedingly ◇ Ety/359 ◈ niphred S. [nˈifrɛd] (nifred N.) n. pallor, fear ◇ Ety/378, S/435, X/PH

feast ◈ mereth S., N. [mˈɛrɛθ] n. feast, festival ◇ Ety/372, S/434 ◈ The word was changed to bereth in the Etymologies, but was never changed in the texts (cf. Mereth Aderthad and the compound Merethrond)

feat ◈ carth N. [kˈɑrθ] (cardh N.) n. deed, feat ◇ Ety/362

february ◈ nínui S. [nˈiːnuj] n. and adj. 1. watery ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of february ◇ LotR/D

feel ◈ plada- S. [plˈɑdɑ] v. to feel with the hand, to pass the sensitive palm over a surface ◇ VT/47:9

fell ◈ delw N. adj. hateful, deadly, fell ◇ Ety/355, X/W

female ◈ inw N. adj. female ◇ Ety/361, X/W

fence ◈ cail S. [kˈɑjl] n. fence or palisade of spikes and sharp stakes ◇ UT/282 ◈ ephel S., N. [ˈɛffɛl̡] n. outer fence, encircling fence ◇ S/436, LotR/E ◈ iâth S. [jˈɑːθ] (iath S.) n. fence ◇ S/433, WJ/370, WJ/378 ◈ *thora- N. [θˈɔrɑ] inf. thoro N. [θˈɔrɔ] v. to fence ◇ Ety/393

fenced ◈ thoren N. [θˈɔrɛn] pp. of thora-, fenced ◇ Ety/393

fenland ◈ lô S. [lˈɔː] n. Geog. shallow lake, fenland ◇ UT/263, VT/42:8-10

festival ◈ mereth S., N. [mˈɛrɛθ] n. feast, festival ◇ Ety/372, S/434 ◈ The word was changed to bereth in the Etymologies, but was never changed in the texts (cf. Mereth Aderthad and the compound Merethrond)

festive ◈ meren N. [mˈɛrɛn] adj. festive, gay, joyous ◇ Ety/372 ◈ The word was changed to beren in the Etymologies, but meren would be restored together with mereth

fetch ◈ *toltha- N. [tˈɔlθɑ] inf. toltho N. [tˈɔlθɔ] v. to fetch, summon, make come ◇ Ety/395

field ◈ parth S. [pˈɑrθ] n. Geog. field, enclosed grassland, sward ◇ UT/260, PM/330, RC/349 ◈ pel N. [pˈɛl̡] pl. peli N. [pˈɛli] n. fenced field (= Old English tún) ◇ Ety/380 ◈ rîdh N. [rˈiːð] n. sown field, acre ◇ Ety/383, VT/46:11 ◈ sant S. [sˈɑnt] n. garden, field, yard (or other place in private ownership whether enclosed or not) ◇ VT/42:20 ◈ talf S. [tˈɑlv] n. Geog. flat field, flat land ← Nindalf TC/195, LotR/Map

fierce ◈ braig N. [brˈɑjg] (breig N.) adj. wild, fierce ◇ Ety/373, VT/45:34 ◈ The form brerg in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:34 ◈ bregol N. [brˈɛgɔl] adj. violent, sudden, fierce ◇ Ety/352, Ety/373

fierceness ◈ bregolas N. [brˈɛgɔlɑs] n. abst. of bregol, fierceness ◇ Ety/352

fiery ◈ bara N. [bˈɑrɑ] adj. 1. fiery ○ 2. eager ◇ Ety/351 ◈ nórui S. [nˈɔːruj] n. and adj. 1. sunny, fiery ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of june ◇ LotR/D

fifth ◈ lefnui S. [lˈɛvnuj] (lhefneg N.) adj. num. ord. fifth ◇ WR/436, VT/42:25, TI/312

fight ◈ maeth N. [mˈɑɛθ] n. battle, fight (not of general host but of two or a few) ◇ Ety/371 ◈ maetha- I N. [mˈɑɛθɑ] v. to fight ◇ Ety/371

filament ◈ thlê N. n. fine thread, spider filament ◇ Ety/386, X/LH

fill ◈ pannod N. v. to fill ◇ Ety/366, X/Z ◈ *pathra- N. [pˈɑθrɑ] inf. pathro N. [pˈɑθrɔ] v. to fill ◇ Ety/366

final ◈ methen N. [mˈɛθɛn] adj. end, final ◇ Ety/373, VT/45:34

fine ◈ brand N. [brˈɑnd] (brann N.) adj. 1. lofty, noble, fine ○ 2. high (in size) ◇ Ety/351, TAI/150, X/ND1 ◈ thlind N. (thlinn N.) adj. fine, slender ◇ Ety/386, X/LH, X/ND1 ◈ trîw N. [trˈiːw] adj. fine, slender ◇ Ety/392

finger ◈ emig S. [ˈɛmig] n. f. dim. of emel, 1. "litte mother" ○ 2. Biol. index finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,17 ◈ gwinig S. [gwˈinig] n. dim. 1. "litte baby" ○ 2. Biol. little finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,16-17 ◈ honeg S. [hˈɔnɛg] n. m. dim. of hawn, 1. "litte brother" ○ 2. Biol. middle finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,16-17 ◈ Given as honig in VT/47:14, but see VT/48:17 n. 13 for discussion ◈ lebdas S. [lˈɛbdɑs] (tas S.) n. Biol. index finger ◇ VT/48:5 ◈ lebed S. [lˈɛbɛd] (lhebed N.) pl. lebid S. [lˈɛbid] n. Biol. finger ◇ Ety/368, X/LH, VT/47:23-24,27 ◈ Tolkien later seems to have replaced this form by leber ◈ lebenedh S. [lˈɛbɛnɛð] n. Biol. middle finger ◇ VT/48:5 ◈ lebent S. [lˈɛbɛnt] n. Biol. ring finger ◇ VT/48:5 ◈ leber S. [lˈɛbɛr] pl. lebir S. [lˈɛbir] n. Biol. finger ◇ VT/47:10,23-24, VT/48:5 ◈ lebig S. [lˈɛbig] n. dim. Biol. little finger ◇ VT/48:5,15 ◈ nethig S. [nˈɛθig] n. f. dim. of neth II, 1. "litte sister" ○ 2. Biol. ring finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/47:14, VT/47:38-39, VT/48:6,17 ◈ First given in the manuscript as netheg in VT/47:14-15, but see especially VT/48:17 n. 13 for discussion ◈ niben S. [nˈibɛn] pl. nibin S. [nˈibin] adj. 1. small, petty ○ 2. Biol. as a noun, little finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ S/435, WJ/388, WJ/408, VT/48:6 ◈ niged S. [nˈigɛd] n. Biol. little finger ◇ VT/48:5 ◈ nobad S. [nˈɔbɑd] n. dual pl. of nawb, Biol. the pair of fingers composed of the thumb and the index (grouped together as in the act of picking something) ◇ VT/48:5,16 ◈ toleg S. [tˈɔlɛg] (tolch S.) n. dim. 1. (?) "litte prominent one" ○ 2. Biol. middle finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,16-17

fire ◈ naur S., N. [nˈɑur] n. 1. flame ○ 2. fire ◇ Ety/374, S/435, LotR/II:IV ◈ ûr I N. [ˈuːr] n. fire, heat ◇ Ety/396

firm ◈ tanc N. [tˈɑŋk] adj. firm ◇ Ety/389 ◈ *tangada- N. [tˈɑŋgɑdɑ] inf. tangado N. [tˈɑŋgɑdɔ] v. to make firm, confirm, establish ◇ Ety/389 ◈ thala N. [θˈɑlɑ] adj. stalwart, steady, firm ◇ Ety/388 ◈ thand II N. [θˈɑnd] (thann N.) adj. firm, true, abiding ◇ Ety/388, VT/46:16 ◈ Misreading thenid, thenin rectified according to VT/46:16

firmament ◈ menel S. [mˈɛnɛl̡] n. sky, high heaven, firmament, the region of the stars ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, LB/354, RGEO/72, VT/44:21,23-24

first ◈ erui S. [ˈɛruj] adj. 1. single, alone ○ 2. by ext., first (incorrect use by the Gondorians) ◇ TI/312, WR/436, VT/42:10 ◈ The proper word for first in Sindarin was minui ◈ main S. [m'ɑjn] (mein S.) adj. num. ord. first, (only in the sense of) prime, chief, pre-eminent ◇ VT/42:10, VT/42:25 ◈ minui S. [mˈinuj] adj. num. ord. first ◇ VT/42:10, VT/42:25

fish ◈ hâl N. [hˈɑːl] n. Zool. fish ◇ VT/45:20 ◈ lhim N. (lhimb N.) n. Zool. fish ◇ Ety/369, X/LH

fist ◈ dond S. [dˈɔnd] (donn S.) n. Biol. fist, hand (especially in punching) ◇ VT/47:23 ◈ drambor N. [drˈɑm.bɔr] n. 1. clenched fist ○ 2. by ext., blow (with fist) ◇ Ety/354 ◈ paur S., N. [pˈɑur] n. Biol. fist (often used to mean "hand", its chief use was in reference of the tighly closed hand, as in using an implement or a craft-tool, rather than to the fist used in punching) ◇ Ety/366, S/429, PM/179, PM/318, VT/47:8

fit ◈ maer N. [mˈɑɛr] adj. useful, fit, good (of things) ◇ Ety/371

five ◈ leben S. [lˈɛbɛn] (lheben N.) adj. num. card. five ◇ Ety/368, TAI/150, VT/42:24-25, VT/47:10, VT/47:24, VT/48:6, X/LH

fix ◈ *penia- N. [pˈɛni.ɑ] inf. penio N. [pˈɛni.ɔ] v. to fix, to set ◇ Ety/380

flame ◈ *lacha- S. [lˈɑxɑ] v. to flame ◈ lacho S. [lˈɑxɔ] v. imp. of lacha-, flame! ◇ UT/65 ◈ lhach N. n. (leaping) flame ◇ S/433, X/LH ◈ naur S., N. [nˈɑur] n. 1. flame ○ 2. fire ◇ Ety/374, S/435, LotR/II:IV

flap ◈ *blab- N. [blˈɑb] inf. blebi N. [blˈɛbi] v. to beat, batter, flap (wings, etc.) ◇ Ety/380

flat ◈ dalw N. adj. flat ◇ Ety/353, X/W

flee ◈ *drega- S. [drˈɛgɑ] v. to flee ◈ Only the imperative drego is attested. Therefore, the verb may also be dreg- (inf. dregi) ◈ drego S. [drˈɛgɔ] v. imp. of drega-, flee! ◇ UT/65

flesh ◈ rhaw IV S. [ɹ̥ˈɑw] n. flesh, body ◇ MR/350, VT/47:12

float ◈ lhoda- N. v. to float ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

flood ◈ duinen S. [ˈdujnɛn] n. flood, high tide ◇ VT/48:26 ◈ *iôl S. [jˈɔːl] n. Geog. wash, flood-water ← Onodiôl RC/334, VT/48:33

floor ◈ pân I N. [pˈɑːn] pl. pein N. n. plank, fixed board (especially in floor) ◇ Ety/380, X/EI ◈ panas N. [pˈɑnɑs] n. abst. of pân I, floor ◇ Ety/380 ◈ talaf N. [tˈɑlɑv] pl. teleif N. n. ground, floor ◇ Ety/390, X/EI

flow ◈ rhib- N. v. to flow like a (torrent ?) ◇ Ety/384, X/RH ◈ The reading of the gloss is uncertain ◈ *siria- N. [sˈiri.ɑ] inf. sirio N. [sˈiri.ɔ] v. to flow ◇ Ety/385

flower ◈ alfirin S. [ˈɑlfirin] n. and adj. 1. immortal ○ 2. Bot. as a noun, name of a flower, bell-like and running through many soft and gentle colours ○ 3. Bot. as a noun, also used for another small white flower ◇ LotR/V:IX, Letters/402, UT/55, UT/303, UT/316, UT/417 ◈ *edlothia- S. [ɛdlˈɔθi.ɑ] v. to blossom, flower ← edlothiand WR/293, X/TL ◈ The sentence from WR/293 is hardly legible and is not translated, but this word is however a plausible form ◈ eirien S. [ˈɛjri.ɛn] n. Bot. daisy (flower) ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ elanor S. [ˈɛlɑnɔr] n. Bot. a flower, a kind of enlarged pimpernel bearing golden and silver flowers ◇ LotR/VI:IX, UT/432, Letters/402 ◈ elloth S. [ˈɛl̡lɔθ] n. sing. of loth, Bot. (single) flower ◇ VT/42:18 ◈ goloth S. [gˈɔlɔθ] n. Bot. inflorescence, a head of small flowers ◇ VT/42:18 ◈ gwaloth N. [gwˈɑlɔθ] n. Bot. blossom, collection of flowers ◇ Ety/370, VT/45:29 ◈ This form replaced deleted goloth in the manuscript of The Etymologies, see VT/45:29. The deleted form is however also later attested in VT/42:18 ◈ loth S. [lˈɔθ] (lhoth N.) n. Bot. flower, inflorescence, a head of small flowers ◇ Ety/370, LB/354, VT/42:18, X/LH ◈ The noun is collective, a single flower being lotheg ◈ lotheg S. [lˈɔθɛg] n. sing. of loth, Bot. (single) flower ◇ VT/42:18 ◈ lothod N. [lˈɔθɔd] (lhothod N.) n. sing. of loth, Bot. (single) flower ◇ VT/45:29, X/LH ◈ mallos S. [mˈɑllɔs] n. Bot. a golden flower ◇ UT/451, Letters/248 ◈ meril S. [mˈɛril̡] n. Bot. rose (flower) ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ ninglor S. [nˈiŋglɔr] n. Bot. golden water-flower, gladden ◇ UT/280-81, UT/450 ◈ nínim N. [nˈiːnim] n. Bot. snowdrop (flower) ◇ Ety/367 ◈ niphredil S. [nˈifrɛdil̡] (nifredil N.) n. Bot. a pale winter flower, snowdrop ◇ Ety/376, Ety/378, LotR/II:VI, Letters/402, X/PH ◈ seregon S. [sˈɛrɛgɔn] n. Bot. "Blood of Stone", a plant of the kind called in English "stonecrop", with deep red flowers, that grew on Amon Rûdh ◇ S/437 ◈ uilos S. [ˈujlɔs] n. and adj. 1. always white, ever white as snow ○ 2. Bot. as a noun, a small white everlasting flower also called simbelmynë or "evermind" ◇ RGEO/74, Letters/278, UT/55

flowering ◈ *edlothiad (corr. edlothiand) S. [ɛdlˈɔθi.ɑd] ger. of edlothia-, blossoming, flowering ← edlothiand WR/293 ◈ Actually, edlothiand might be a misreading, according to David Salo who checked the original manuscript at Marquette and reported that his reading was unmistakably edlothiad

flowing ◈ *cell S. [kˈɛl̡l] adj. 1. running ○ 2. by ext., flowing (of water) ← Celduin LotR/Map

fly ◈ *rhevia- N. inf. rhevio (corr. rhenio) N. v. 1. to fly, sail ○ 2. to wander ◇ Ety/382, X/RH

foam ◈ falf N. [fˈɑlv] n. foam, breaker ◇ Ety/381 ◈ *faltha- N. [fˈɑlθɑ] inf. faltho N. [fˈɑlθɔ] v. to foam ◇ Ety/381

foe ◈ *gûd S. n. foe ← Thuringud WJ/256

fog ◈ hîth S. [hˈiːθ] (hith N.) n. mist, fog ◇ Ety/364, S/432 ◈ hithw N. n. fog ◇ Ety/364, X/W ◈ mith I N. [mˈiθ] n. white fog, wet mist ◇ Ety/373

foggy ◈ hethw N. adj. foggy, obscure, vague ◇ Ety/364, X/W

follow ◈ aphad- S. [ˈɑffɑd] v. to follow ◇ WJ/387 ◈ In WJ/387, the verbal stem is given as aphad-, and the etymology as *ap-pata. If we follow the latter, the verb should perhaps read aphada-

follower ◈ aphadon S. [ˈɑffɑdɔn] pl. ephedyn S. [ˈɛffɛdyn] n. 1. follower ○ 2. Pop. by ext., man (elvish name for men) ◇ WJ/387 ◈ aphadrim S. [ɑffˈɑdrim] n. class pl. of aphadon, Pop. followers, men (elvish name for men) ◇ WJ/387 ◈ bior N. (beor N.) n. follower, vassal ◇ Ety/352, X/IU ◈ echil S. [ˈɛxil̡] n. 1. follower ○ 2. Pop. by ext., human being ◇ WJ/219

food ◈ aes N. [ˈɑɛs] n. cooked food, meat ◇ Ety/349

footprint ◈ rhein II N. (rhœin N.) n. slot, spoor, track, footprint ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

footstool ◈ tharas N. [θˈɑrɑs] n. hassock, footstool ◇ Ety/388

for ◈ an S. [ɑn] prep. to, towards, for ◇ LotR/II:IV, UT/39, SD/129-31 ◈ With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath

ford ◈ athrad S., N. [ˈɑθrɑd] pl. ethraid S. [ˈɛθrɑjd] n. (river-)crossing, ford, way ◇ Ety/349, Ety/383, UT/437, VT/42:7 ◈ *iach S. [jˈɑx] n. ford, crossing ← Arossiach S/382, Brithiach S/286, Cirith Ninniach S/387

forest ◈ taur II S., N. [tˈɑur] n. great wood, forest ◇ Ety/391, S/420, S/438 ◈ tawar S., N. [tˈɑwɑr] n. 1. wood (as a material) ○ 2. by ext., great wood, forest ← Tawar-in-Drúedain UT/467, Ety/391

forester ◈ tauron S. [tˈɑurɔn] n. forester ◇ S/421, PM/258

forgive ◈ díhena- S. [dˈiːhɛnɑ] v. to forgive (with matter forgiven as object?) ◇ VT/44:29 ◈ díheno S. [dˈiːhɛnɔ] v. imp. of díhena-, forgive! ◇ VT/44:21,28 ◈ gohena- S. [gˈɔhɛnɑ] v. to forgive (with person forgiven as object?) ◇ VT/44:29

forked ◈ thanc S., N. [θˈɑŋk] adj. cleft, split, forked ← Orthanc S/415, Ety/388

formation ◈ dírnaith S. [dˈiːrnɑjθ] n. Mil. a military wedge-formation launched over a short distance against an enemy massing but not yet arrayed, or against a defensive formation on open ground ◇ UT/282

formed ◈ cadw N. adj. shaped, formed ◇ Ety/362-363, X/W

former ◈ iaur S., N. [jˈɑur] adj. 1. ancient, old, original ○ 2. older, former ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, S/433, UT/384

forsake ◈ awartha- N. [ɑwˈɑrθɑ] v. to forsake, abandon ◇ Ety/397

forsaken ◈ eglan S. [ˈɛglɑn] pl. eglain S. [ˈɛglɑjn] n. and adj. 1. forsaken ○ 2. Pop. as a noun, an Elf of the Falathrim ◇ WJ/365, WJ/379-380 ◈ *egol S. [ˈɛgl̩] n. Pop. someone forsaken, an Elf of the Falathrim ← Eglath WJ/189, WJ/344

fort ◈ garth N. [gˈɑrθ] n. fort, fortress ◇ Ety/360 ◈ minas S. [mˈinɑs] (minnas N.) n. abst. 1. tower ○ 2. by ext., fort, city with a citadel and central watch-tower ◇ Ety/373, S/434, VT/42:24

forth ◈ ed- N. [ɛd] pref. forth, out ◇ Ety/356

fortress ◈ barad II S., N. [bˈɑrɑd] pl. beraid S. [bˈɛrɑjd] n. tower, fortress ◇ Ety/351, S/428, LotR/B ◈ garth N. [gˈɑrθ] n. fort, fortress ◇ Ety/360 ◈ ost S., N. [ˈɔst] n. 1. city, town with wall round ○ 2. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art ◇ Ety/379, S/435, WJ/414, RC/232 ◈ othrond S., N. n. fortress or city in underground caves, underground stronghold ◇ Ety/379, Ety/384, WJ/414, X/ND4

fortune ◈ galw N. n. (?) blessings, (?) blessedness, (?) good fortune (meaning not entirely clear) ◇ Ety/357, X/W ◈ manadh N. [mˈɑnɑð] n. 1. doom, final end, fate, fortune ○ 2. by ext., final bliss ◇ Ety/371

four ◈ canad S., N. [kˈɑnɑd] (∗canath N.) adj. num. card. four ◇ Ety/362, VT/42:24,25, VT/48:6, VT/46:3

fourth ◈ canthui S. [kˈɑnθuj] (Arch. cantui S., Arch. canhui S.) adj. num. ord. fourth ◇ VT/42:10, VT/42:25,27

fox ◈ rusc S. [rˈusk] n. Zool. fox ◇ VT/41:10

frail ◈ mîw N. [mˈiːw] adj. small, tiny, frail ◇ VT/45:35 ◈ nimp II S. [nˈimp] adj. small and frail ◇ VT/48:18

free ◈ lhein N. (lhain N.) adj. free, freed ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

freed ◈ lhein N. (lhain N.) adj. free, freed ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

freeing ◈ leithian S., N. [lˈɛjθi.ɑn] (lheithian N.) n. release, freeing, release from bondage ◇ Ety/368, S/406, X/LH

frequent ◈ lhaew N. adj. frequent, many ◇ VT/45:27, X/LH ◈ rhem N. (rhemb N.) adj. frequent, numerous ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

fresh ◈ cîw S. [kˈiːw] adj. fresh, new ◇ VT/48:7-8 ◈ laeg S. [lˈɑɛg] adj. "viridis", fresh and green ◇ Letters/282, Letters/382 ◈ Seldom used (replaced by calen) ◈ lhaeb N. (lhoeb N.) adj. fresh ◇ Ety/368, VT/45:26, X/OE, X/LH

friend ◈ *elvellon S. [ɛl̡vˈɛl̡lɔn] pl. elvellyn S. [ɛl̡vˈɛl̡lyn] n. elf-friend ◇ WJ/412 ◈ meldir N. [mˈɛl̡dir] n. m. friend ◇ Ety/372 ◈ meldis N. [mˈɛl̡dis] n. f. friend ◇ Ety/372 ◈ mellon S., N. [mˈɛl̡lɔn] pl. mellyn S. [mˈɛl̡lyn] n. friend ◇ Ety/372, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-31, Letters/424

friendly ◈ milui N. [mˈiluj] adj. friendly, loving, kind ◇ Ety/372

friendship ◈ gwend II N. [gwˈɛnd] n. bond, friendship ◇ Ety/397-398, X/ND1

frog ◈ cabor N. [kˈɑbr̩] (cabr N.) n. Zool. frog ◇ Ety/362

from ◈ o I S., N. [ɔ] (od S.) prep. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker) ◇ Ety/360, WJ/366, WJ/369-70, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-31, RGEO/72 ◈ According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

front ◈ nîf N. [nˈiːv] n. front, face ◇ Ety/378

full ◈ pant S., N. [pˈɑnt] adj. full ◇ Ety/366, SD/129-31

fullness ◈ pathred N. [pˈɑθrɛd] n. fullness ◇ Ety/366

fungus ◈ hwand N. [ʍˈɑnd] (chwand N., chwann N.) n. Bot. sponge, fungus ◇ Ety/388, X/ND1, X/HW

fur ◈ heleth N. [hˈɛlɛθ] n. fur, fur-coat ◇ Ety/386 ◈ helf N. [hˈɛl̡v] n. fur ◇ Ety/386

G

gap ◈ dîn II N. [dˈiːn] n. opening, gap, pass in mountains ◇ Ety/354 ◈ gas N. [gˈɑs] n. hole, gap ◇ Ety/357

garden ◈ sant S. [sˈɑnt] n. garden, field, yard (or other place in private ownership whether enclosed or not) ◇ VT/42:20

garland ◈ rî S. [rˈiː] (rhî N.) n. crown, wreath, garland ◇ Ety/383, PM/347, X/RH

garment ◈ hamp II N. [hˈɑmp] n. garment ◇ Ety/363

gate ◈ annon S., N. [ˈɑnnɔn] pl. ennyn S., N. [ˈɛnnyn] n. augm. great door or gate ◇ Ety/348, S/428, LotR/II:IV, TAI/150

gateway ◈ fennas S. [fˈɛnnɑs] n. abst. of fen, doorway, gateway ◇ LotR/II:IV, RS/463, RGEO/75

gay ◈ gelir S. [gˈɛlir] n. merry, happy, gay person ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ meren N. [mˈɛrɛn] adj. festive, gay, joyous ◇ Ety/372 ◈ The word was changed to beren in the Etymologies, but meren would be restored together with mereth

gaze ◈ *tir- N. [tˈir] inf. tiri N. [tˈiri] v. to watch, to gaze, look at ◇ Ety/394 ◈ *tiria- N. [tˈiri.ɑ] inf. tirio N. [tˈiri.ɔ] pa. t. tiriant N. [tˈiri.ɑnt] v. to watch, to gaze, look at ◇ Ety/394

gazed ◈ tíriel S. [tˈiːri.ɛl̡] perf. of tiria-, having gazed ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74

gazing ◈ tiriel S. [tˈiri.ɛl̡] part. of tiria-, gazing ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74

generous ◈ fael I S. [fˈɑɛl] adj. fair minded, just, generous ◇ PM/352

germ ◈ eredh N. [ˈɛrɛð] n. Bot. seed, germ ◇ Ety/356

giddiness ◈ chwîn N. n. giddiness, faintness ◇ Ety/388, X/HW

giddy ◈ chwiniol N. part. of chwinia-, whirling, giddy, fantastic ◇ Ety/388

gift ◈ ant N. [ˈɑnt] n. gift ◇ Ety/348

girdle ◈ lest S. [lˈɛst] n. girdle ◇ WJ/333, WJ/225, WJ/228

girl ◈ iell N. [jˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid ◇ Ety/385, Ety/400 ◈ Stated to be an alteration of sell, remodelled after ion "son" (OS *jondo). It was "a change assisted by the loss of s in compounds and patronymics", hence the ending -iel in several feminine words ◈ neth II S. [nˈɛθ] n. f. 1. hypo. of nîth II sister ○ 2. girl (in her teens, approaching the adult) ◇ VT/47:14-16,33, VT/48:6 ◈ sell N. [sˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid (child) ◇ Ety/385

give ◈ *anna- N. [ˈɑnnɑ] inf. anno N. [ˈɑnnɔ] v. to give ◇ Ety/348 ◈ anno II S. [ˈɑnnɔ] v. imp. of anna-, give! ◇ VT/44:21,27

giver ◈ *oneth S. [ˈɔnɛθ] n. f. giver ← besoneth PM/404-05

gladden ◈ ninglor S. [nˈiŋglɔr] n. Bot. golden water-flower, gladden ◇ UT/280-81, UT/450

glance ◈ glintha- S. v. to glance at ◇ WJ/337

glass ◈ cenedril N. [kɛnˈɛdril̡] n. looking-glass, mirror ◇ TI/184, RS/466 ◈ heledh S. [hˈɛlɛd] n. glass ◇ S/433

gleam ◈ glîn S. [glˈiːn] (glînn S.) n. gleam, glint (usually of fine slender but bright shafts of light, particularly applied to light of eyes) ◇ WJ/337, S/431

glimmering ◈ gael N. [gˈɑɛl] adj. pale, glimmering ◇ Ety/358

glint ◈ glîn S. [glˈiːn] (glînn S.) n. gleam, glint (usually of fine slender but bright shafts of light, particularly applied to light of eyes) ◇ WJ/337, S/431 ◈ *tinna- N. [tˈinnɑ] inf. tinno N. [tˈinnɔ] v. to glint ◇ Ety/393

glisten ◈ *thilia- N. [θˈili.ɑ] inf. thilio N. [θˈili.ɔ] v. to glisten ◇ Ety/392, VT/46:18

glittering ◈ galad S. [gˈɑlɑd] n. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished metal, or water) ◇ VT/45:13, PM/347, Letters/425 ◈ silivren S. [silˈivrɛn] adj. (white) glittering ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/72

globe ◈ coron S., N. [kˈɔrɔn] n. 1. globe, ball ○ 2. Geog. by ext., mound ◇ Ety/365, S/429

globed ◈ corn N. [kˈɔrn] adj. round, globed ◇ Ety/365

gloom ◈ daw N. [dˈɑw] n. night-time, gloom ◇ Ety/354 ◈ fuin S., N. [fˈujn] n. night, dead of night, gloom, darkness ◇ Ety/354, Ety/382, S/431 ◈ maur N. [mˈɑur] n. gloom ◇ Ety/373

gloomy ◈ dem N. [dˈɛm] adj. sad, gloomy ◇ Ety/354 ◈ No language indication in the Etymologies, but Noldorin from context and phonological evidence ◈ dofn N. [dˈɔvn] adj. gloomy ◇ Ety/355

glorify ◈ *egleria- S. [ɛglˈɛri.ɑ] v. to glorify, to praise ◈ eglerio S. [ɛglˈɛri.ɔ] v. imp. of egleria-, glorify! praise! ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308

glorious ◈ aglareb S., N. [ˈɑglɑrɛb] adj. glorious ◇ Ety/348, S/427, WJ/412

glory ◈ aglar S., N. [ˈɑglɑr] n. glory, brilliance, splendour ◇ Ety/348, S/427, LotR/II:I, LotR/VI:IV, RGEO/73, VT/47:13 ◈ claur N. [klˈɑur] n. Poet. splendour, glory ◇ Ety/362

goblet ◈ sûl II N. [sˈuːl] n. goblet ◇ Ety/388

goblin ◈ orch S., N. [ˈɔrx] pl. yrch S., N. [ˈyrx] (eirch N., erch N.) n. Pop. Goblin, Orc ◇ Ety/379, LR/406, WJ/390, LotR/II:VI, LotR/F, Letters/178

gold ◈ côl N. [kˈɔːl] n. gold (metal) ◇ Ety/365 ◈ mallen N. [mˈɑɬɛn] (Arch. malthen N.) adj. of gold, golden ◇ Ety/386, RC/625, VT/46:14, Tengwestie/20031207 ◈ malt N. [mˈɑlt] n. gold (as metal) ◇ Ety/386, VT/46:14, VT/42:27, Tengwestie/20031207

golden ◈ mallen N. [mˈɑɬɛn] (Arch. malthen N.) adj. of gold, golden ◇ Ety/386, RC/625, VT/46:14, Tengwestie/20031207

good ◈ maer N. [mˈɑɛr] adj. useful, fit, good (of things) ◇ Ety/371

goose ◈ gwaun N. [gwˈɑun] pl. guin N. n. Orn. goose ◇ Ety/397, X/Z

gore ◈ naith S., N. [nˈɑjθ] pl. natsai N. [nˈɑtsɑj] n. any formation or projection tapering to a point: a spearhead, triangle gore, wedge, narrow promontory ◇ Ety/387, UT/282, RC/307

gorge ◈ cabed S. [kˈɑbɛd] ger. of cab-, 1. leap ○ 2. by ext., deep gorge ◇ S/386, WJ/100 ◈ Emended by Tolkien from earlier cabad. This is our sole late example that basic verbs should perhaps form their gerund in -ed, whereas derived verbs are well attested to use -ad (cf. aderthad) ◈ cîl I N. [kˈiːl] n. Geog. cleft, pass between hills, gorge ◇ Ety/365

grass ◈ thâr N. [θˈɑːr] n. Bot. stiff grass ◇ Ety/388

grassland ◈ nan S. [nˈɑn] (nand S., N., nann N.) n. 1. Geog. wide grassland, land at foot of hills with many streams ○ 2. by ext., valley ◇ Ety/374, S/435, Letters/308, VT/45:36, X/ND1 ◈ parth S. [pˈɑrθ] n. Geog. field, enclosed grassland, sward ◇ UT/260, PM/330, RC/349

grave ◈ haudh S., N. [hˈɑuð] n. (burial) mound, grave, tomb ◇ Ety/363-364, S/432, LotR/A(iv) ◈ sarch S. [sˈɑrx] n. grave ◇ UT/463

gravel ◈ brith N. [brˈiθ] n. gravel ◇ Ety/353

great ◈ beleg S., N. [bˈɛlɛg] adj. great, mighty ◇ Ety/352, S/428 ◈ daer S. [dˈɑɛr] adj. great ◇ UT/450, WJ/187, WJ/335, VT/42:11

greedy ◈ melch N. [mˈɛl̡x] adj. greedy ◇ Ety/373

green ◈ calen S., N. [kˈɑlɛn] pl. celin S. [kˈɛlin] adj. green ◇ Ety/362, S/429, Letters/282, RC/349, VT/42:19 ◈ laeg S. [lˈɑɛg] adj. "viridis", fresh and green ◇ Letters/282, Letters/382 ◈ Seldom used (replaced by calen)

greet ◈ *suila- S. [sˈujlɑ] v. to greet ← suilad SD/129-31 ◈ *suilanna- S. [sujlˈɑnnɑ] v. to greet, to give greetings ← suilannad SD/129-31

greeting ◈ *suil S. [sˈujl] n. greeting ← Arassuil LotR/A(ii) ◈ Deduced from Arassuil, conceivably aran+suil. For the meaning, see suilad ◈ suilad S. [sˈujlɑd] ger. of suila-, greeting ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ suilannad S. [sujlˈɑnnɑd] ger. of suilanna-, greeting, giving of greetings ◇ SD/129-31

grey ◈ mith II S., N. [mˈiθ] adj. (pale) grey ◇ Ety/373, S/434, TC/187 ◈ *mithren S. [mˈiθrɛn] pl. mithrin S. [mˈiθrin] adj. grey ◇ UT/436 ◈ thind S., N. [θˈind] (thinn N.) adj. grey, pale ◇ Ety/392, S/438

gross ◈ host N. [hˈɔst] n. gross (144) ◇ Ety/364

ground ◈ talaf N. [tˈɑlɑv] pl. teleif N. n. ground, floor ◇ Ety/390, X/EI

grow ◈ *gala- N. [gˈɑlɑ] inf. galo N. [gˈɑlɔ] v. to grow ◇ Ety/357

growth ◈ galas N. [gˈɑlɑs] n. abst. of gala-, Bot. growth, plant ◇ Ety/357

guard ◈ tirith S., N. [tˈiriθ] n. watch, guard (abstract noun), vigilance ◇ Ety/394, S/437, Letters/158, VT/42:11

guarded ◈ *tirnen S. [tˈirnɛn] pp. of tir-, guarded ← Talath Dirnen UT/465, Ety/394, S/437

guess ◈ inc N. [ˈiŋk] n. guess, idea, notion ◇ Ety/361

gulf ◈ iâ S. [jˈɑː] (ia N.) n. 1. gulf ○ 2. abyss, void ◇ Ety/400, S/432, Letters/383 ◈ iau II N. [jˈɑu] n. Geog. ravine, cleft, gulf ◇ Ety/400, VT/46:22

gull ◈ gwael S. [gwˈɑɛl] n. Orn. gull ◇ WJ/418 ◈ maew N. [mˈɑɛw] n. Orn. gull ◇ Ety/373 ◈ mŷl S. [mˈyːl] n. Orn. gull ◇ WJ/379-380, WJ/418

H

habit ◈ haew N. [hˈɑɛw] n. custom, habit ◇ Ety/364, VT/45:22 ◈ Written hæw (with ae-ligature) in the Etymologies, rectified here according to VT/45:22

hack ◈ *hasta- N. [hˈɑstɑ] inf. hasto N. [hˈɑstɔ] v. to hack through ◇ Ety/389

hair ◈ fast N. [fˈɑst] n. shaggy hair ◇ Ety/381 ◈ fing S. [fˈiŋ] n. lock of hair ← Finglas "Leaflock" RC/386 ◈ finnel N. [fˈinnɛl̡] (findel N.) n. (braided) hair ◇ Ety/387, X/ND2 ◈ lhaws N. n. hair ringlet ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

half ◈ per- N. [pɛr] pref. half, divided in middle ◈ perin N. [pˈɛrin] adj. half, divided in middle ◇ Ety/380

halfling ◈ perian S. [pˈɛri.ɑn] pl. periain S. [pˈɛri.ɑjn] n. Pop. Hobbit, Halfling ◇ LotR/VI:IV, LotR/E, RGEO/75, Letters/308, X/ND4 ◈ periannath S. [pˌɛri.ˈɑnnɑθ] n. coll. of perian, Pop. the Hobbits, Halflings ◇ LotR/VI:IV, LotR/E-F, RGEO/75, Letters/308

hall ◈ tham N. [θˈɑm] (thamb N.) n. hall ◇ Ety/387 ◈ thamas N. [θˈɑmɑs] (thambas N.) n. abst. of tham, great hall ◇ Ety/387

halt ◈ daro S., N. [dˈɑrɔ] v. imp. of dar-, halt! stop! ◇ Ety/353, LotR/II:VI ◈ post N. [pˈɔst] n. pause, halt, rest, cessation, respite ◇ Ety/382

hammer ◈ dam N. [dˈɑm] n. hammer ◇ Ety/375 ◈ damma- N. [dˈɑmmɑ] pa. t. dammant N. [dˈɑmmant] v. to hammer ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37 ◈ It was long considered that damna-, dammint in the Etymologies might have been misreadings. VT/45:37 confirms this, though the exact reading actually remains rather uncertain ◈ *dring S. [drˈiŋ] n. hammer ← Glamdring H, Ety/355

hand ◈ cam S., N. [kˈɑm] (camb N., camm N.) n. Biol. hand ◇ Ety/361, Ety/371, S/429 ◈ camland N. n. Biol. palm of hand ◇ Ety/367, X/ND4 ◈ crum N. [krˈum] n. left hand ◇ Ety/366 ◈ dalf N. n. Biol. palm of hand ◇ Ety/353 ◈ dond S. [dˈɔnd] (donn S.) n. Biol. fist, hand (especially in punching) ◇ VT/47:23 ◈ feir II N. (fœir N.) n. right (hand) ◇ Ety/382, VT/46:10 ◈ forvo S. [fˈɔrvɔ] n. 1. right hand ○ 2. by ext., right side ◇ VT/47:6 ◈ harvo S. [hˈɑrvɔ] n. 1. left hand ○ 2. by ext., left side ◇ VT/47:6 ◈ heir N. n. and adj. left (hand) ◇ Ety/365, X/EI ◈ mâb S. [mˈɑːb] (mab- S.) n. Biol. a hand-full, complete hand (with all five fingers) ◇ Ety/371, VT/45:32, VT/47:6-7 ◈ maw I S. [mˈɑw] n. Biol. Arch. hand ◇ VT/47:6 ◈ paur S., N. [pˈɑur] n. Biol. fist (often used to mean "hand", its chief use was in reference of the tighly closed hand, as in using an implement or a craft-tool, rather than to the fist used in punching) ◇ Ety/366, S/429, PM/179, PM/318, VT/47:8 ◈ plad S. [plˈɑd] n. Biol. palm, flat of the hand, hand held upwards or forwards, flat and tensed (with fingers and thumb closed or spread) ◇ VT/47:9

handed ◈ crumui N. [krˈumuj] adj. left-handed ◇ Ety/366 ◈ erchamion S. [ɛrxˈɑmi.ɔn] adj. one-handed ◇ WJ/51, WJ/231, ◈ erchamon S. n. m. one-handed man ◇ VT/47:7, X/Z ◈ erchamui N. adj. one-handed ◇ Ety/361, X/Z ◈ forgam N. [fˈɔrgɑm] adj. right-handed ◇ Ety/382 ◈ hargam N. [hˈɑrgɑm] n. left-handed ◇ Ety/365

handle ◈ maetha- II S. [mˈɑɛθɑ] v. to handle, wield, manage, deal with ◇ VT/47:6

handy ◈ maed II S. [mˈɑɛd] (moed N.) adj. handy, skilled, skilful ◇ Ety/371, VT/47:6, X/OE

hang ◈ gling- N. [glˈiŋ] v. to hang, dangle ◇ Ety/359, Ety/369, VT/45:15,27

happy ◈ gelir S. [gˈɛlir] n. merry, happy, gay person ◇ SD/129-31

harass ◈ trasta- N. [trˈɑstɑ] v. to harass, trouble ◇ Ety/391

harbour ◈ hûb N. [hˈuːb] n. Geog. haven, harbour, small land-locked bay ◇ Ety/364 ◈ lhorn N. n. 1. quiet water ○ 2. by ext., anchorage, harbour ◇ VT/45:29, X/LH ◈ lond S., N. [lˈɔnd] (lonn S., N., lhonn N.) n. 1. narrow path or strait ○ 2. by ext., entrance to harbour, land-locked haven ◇ Ety/348, Ety/370, S/434, UT/450, VT/42:10, X/LH, X/ND1

harbourage ◈ hobas N. [hˈɔbɑs] n. abst. of hûb, harbourage ◇ Ety/364

hard ◈ norn N. [nˈɔrn] pl. nyrn S. [nˈyrn] adj. 1. twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted ○ 2. hard ◇ Ety/387

harp ◈ *ganna- N. [gˈɑnnɑ] inf. ganno N. [gˈɑnnɔ] v. to play a harp ◇ Ety/377 ◈ *gannada- N. [gˈɑnnɑdɑ] inf. gannado N. [gˈɑnnɑdɔ] v. to play a harp ◇ Ety/377 ◈ gannel N. [gˈɑnnɛl̡] (gandel N.) n. harp ◇ Ety/377, X/ND2

harper ◈ talagand N. n. harper ◇ Ety/377, X/ND4

hasp ◈ taew N. [tˈɑɛw] n. holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple ◇ Ety/390, VT/46:17

hassock ◈ tharas N. [θˈɑrɑs] n. hassock, footstool ◇ Ety/388

hasty ◈ celeg S., N. [kˈɛlɛg] adj. swift, agile, hasty ◇ Ety/366, PM/353, VT/41:10

hat ◈ carab S. [kˈɑrɑb] n. hat ◇ WJ/187

hateful ◈ delw N. adj. hateful, deadly, fell ◇ Ety/355, X/W

have ◈ *gar- N. [gˈɑr] inf. garo N. [gˈɑrɔ] v. to hold, have ◇ Ety/360 ◈ gerin N. [gˈɛrin] v. pres. 1st of gar-, I hold, I have ◇ Ety/360

haven ◈ cirban N. n. haven ◇ Ety/380, X/ND4 ◈ hûb N. [hˈuːb] n. Geog. haven, harbour, small land-locked bay ◇ Ety/364 ◈ lond S., N. [lˈɔnd] (lonn S., N., lhonn N.) n. 1. narrow path or strait ○ 2. by ext., entrance to harbour, land-locked haven ◇ Ety/348, Ety/370, S/434, UT/450, VT/42:10, X/LH, X/ND1 ◈ lonnath S. [lˈɔnnɑθ] n. coll. of lond, havens ◇ WR/294, WR/370

hawthorn ◈ toss N. [tˈɔss] n. Bot. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.) ◇ Ety/379, Ety/395

he ◈ e S. [ɛ] pron. 3rd he ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ The meaning "he" is deduced from the apparent function of this word in the so-called "King's Letter", but it also seems possible to interpret it as "indeed" (as in Q. e, LR/63, VT/45:11), used here in a way of formal address expressing the wishes or the will of the King ◈ ho N. [hɔ] (hon N., hono N.) pl. huin N. pron. 3rd m. he ◇ Ety/385, X/Z

headland ◈ *cast S. [kˈɑst] n. Geog. cape, headland ← Angast VT/42:28

heal ◈ *nesta- N. [nˈɛstɑ] v. to heal ← nestad WR/379-380

healing ◈ nestad N. [nˈɛstɑd] ger. of nesta-, healing ◇ WR/379-80 ◈ *nestadren N. [nɛstˈɑdrɛn] pl. nestedrin (corr. nestedriu) N. [nɛstˈɛdrin] adj. healing ◇ WR/380

heap ◈ cum N. [kˈum] (cumb N.) n. mound, heap ◇ Ety/365 ◈ ovras N. [ˈɔvrɑs] n. abst. of ovor, crowd, heap. ◇ Ety/396

hearer ◈ lhathron N. n. hearer, listener, eavesdropper ◇ Ety/368, X/LH ◈ lhethril N. n. f. hearer, listener, eavesdropper ◇ VT/45:26, X/LH

heart ◈ gûr I S. [gˈuːr] n. heart (in the moral sense), counsel ◇ VT/41:11,15 ◈ hûn N. [hˈuːn] n. Biol. heart (physical) ◇ Ety/364 ◈ ind N. [ˈind] (inn N.) n. inner thought, meaning, heart ◇ Ety/361, X/ND1

heat ◈ brass N. [brˈɑss] n. white heat ◇ Ety/351 ◈ ûr I N. [ˈuːr] n. fire, heat ◇ Ety/396

heaven ◈ menel S. [mˈɛnɛl̡] n. sky, high heaven, firmament, the region of the stars ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, LB/354, RGEO/72, VT/44:21,23-24

heavy ◈ lhong N. adj. heavy ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

hedge ◈ cai S. [kˈɑj] n. hedge ◇ UT/282

height ◈ taen I N. [tˈɑɛn] n. height, summit of high mountain ◇ Ety/389

heir ◈ *hîl S. [hˈiːl] n. heir ← Eluchíl PM/369

helm ◈ thôl S. [θˈɔːl] n. Mil. helm ◇ S/438

helmet ◈ harn IV N. [hˈɑrn] n. Mil. helmet ◇ VT/45:21

hem ◈ glân II S. [glˈɑːn] n. hem, border (of textile and other hand-made things) ◇ VT/42:8 ◈ rhîf N. n. edge, hem, border ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

herb ◈ athelas S. [ˈɑθɛlɑs] n. Bot. "kingsfoil", a healing herb brought to Middle-earth by the Númenóreans ◇ LotR/V:VIII ◈ salab N. [sˈɑlɑb] pl. seleb N. n. Bot. herb ◇ Ety/385, X/EI

here ◈ sí S. [sˈiː] adv. here ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/72

hero ◈ callon N. [kˈɑllɔn] n. hero ◇ Ety/362 ◈ thalion S., N. [θˈɑli.ɔn] pl. thelyn N. [θˈɛlyn] n. hero, dauntless man (especially as surname of Húrin Thalion) ◇ Ety/388, S/438

hew ◈ *draf- N. [drˈɑv] inf. dravo N. [drˈɑvɔ] pa. t. drammen N. [drˈɑmmɛn] (dravant N., Arch. dramp N.) v. to hew ◇ Ety/354, VT/45:8

hewn ◈ drafn N. [drˈɑvn] n. hewn log ◇ Ety/354

hidden ◈ dolen N. [dˈɔlɛn] pp. of doltha-, concealed, hidden ◇ Ety/355 ◈ hall II N. [hˈɑll] adj. veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady ◇ Ety/386 ◈ thurin N. [θˈurin] adj. secret, hidden ◇ LB/304, Ety/394

hideous ◈ uanui N. [ˈu.ɑnuj] adj. monstrous, hideous ◇ Ety/351

high ◈ ara- S. [ɑrɑ] (ar- S.) pref. high, noble, royal ◇ S/428 ◈ brand N. [brˈɑnd] (brann N.) adj. 1. lofty, noble, fine ○ 2. high (in size) ◇ Ety/351, TAI/150, X/ND1 ◈ taur III N. [tˈɑur] adj. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime ◇ Ety/395

hill ◈ amon S., N. [ˈɑmɔn] pl. emyn S., N. [ˈɛmyn] (emuin N.) n. Geog. hill, steep-sided mount ◇ Ety/348, LotR/E, RC/334 ◈ dôl N. [dˈɔːl] (dol S.) n. 1. head ○ 2. Geog. by ext., hill or mountain ◇ Ety/376, S/430, RC/268 ◈ mindon N. [mˈindɔn] n. 1. Geog. isolated hill, especially a hill with a watch tower ○ 2. by ext., tower ◇ Ety/373, Ety/395 ◈ tund N. [tˈund] (tunn N.) n. Geog. hill, mound ◇ Ety/395, X/ND1

hindmost ◈ tele N. [tˈɛlɛ] pl. telei N. [tˈɛlɛj] n. end, rear, hindmost part ◇ Ety/392

his ◈ în I S. [ˈiːn] adj. poss. 3rd his (referring to the subject) ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ *tîn I S. [tˈiːn] adj. poss. 3rd his ← bess dîn SD/129-31

historical ◈ gobennathren N. [gˌɔbɛnnˈɑθrɛn] adj. historical ◇ Ety/366

history ◈ gobennas N. [gɔbˈɛnnɑs] n. history ◇ Ety/366 ◈ pennas N. [pˈɛnnɑs] n. abst. of pent II, history, historical account ◇ Ety/366, WJ/192, WJ/206

hobbit ◈ perian S. [pˈɛri.ɑn] pl. periain S. [pˈɛri.ɑjn] n. Pop. Hobbit, Halfling ◇ LotR/VI:IV, LotR/E, RGEO/75, Letters/308, X/ND4 ◈ periannath S. [pˌɛri.ˈɑnnɑθ] n. coll. of perian, Pop. the Hobbits, Halflings ◇ LotR/VI:IV, LotR/E-F, RGEO/75, Letters/308

hold ◈ *gar- N. [gˈɑr] inf. garo N. [gˈɑrɔ] v. to hold, have ◇ Ety/360 ◈ gerin N. [gˈɛrin] v. pres. 1st of gar-, I hold, I have ◇ Ety/360

holder ◈ taew N. [tˈɑɛw] n. holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple ◇ Ety/390, VT/46:17

hole ◈ dath N. [dˈɑθ] n. hole, pit, steep fall, abyss ◇ Ety/354, VT/45:8 ◈ gas N. [gˈɑs] n. hole, gap ◇ Ety/357 ◈ tess N. [tˈɛss] (ters N.) n. (fine pierced) hole ◇ VT/46:18 ◈ torech N. [tˈɔrɛx] n. hole, excavation, lair ◇ WR/202, RC/490

hollow ◈ coll II S. [kˈɔll] adj. hollow ◇ WJ/414 ◈ rhaudh N. adj. hollow, cavernous ◇ Ety/384, X/RH ◈ *rosta- N. [rˈɔstɑ] inf. rosto N. [rˈɔstɔ] v. to hollow out, excavate ◇ Ety/384

holly ◈ ereg S., N. [ˈɛrɛg] pl. erig N. [ˈɛrig] n. Bot. holly-tree, thorn ◇ Ety/356, S/431 ◈ eregdos N. [ɛrˈɛgdɔs] n. Bot. holly, holly-tree ◇ Ety/356, Ety/379, Ety/395 ◈ toss N. [tˈɔss] n. Bot. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.) ◇ Ety/379, Ety/395

holy ◈ aer II S. [ˈɑɛr] adj. holy ◇ VT/44:21,24

home ◈ bar S. [bˈɑr] pl. bair S. [bˈɑjr] n. 1. dwelling, home ○ 2. by ext., inhabited land ◇ S/428, WR/379-80, SD/129-31

honey ◈ glî N. [glˈiː] n. honey ◇ Ety/369 ◈ meglin N. adj. honey-eater, bear-like ◇ Ety/369, X/DL

honeycomb ◈ nîdh N. [nˈiːð] n. honeycomb ◇ VT/45:38

hook ◈ gamp S., N. [gˈɑmp] n. hook, claw, crook ◇ Ety/357, VT/47:20

hop ◈ *laba- S. [lˈɑbɑ] v. to hop ← Labadal UT/60 ◈ This entry is interpolated from Sador's nickname, Labadal, which is rendered as "Hopafoot" in the text

hope ◈ amdir S. [ˈɑmdir] n. hope based on reason ◇ MR/320 ◈ estel S. [ˈɛstɛl̡] n. hope, trust, a temper of mind, steady fixed in purpose, and difficult to dissuade and unlikely to fall into despair or abandon its purpose ◇ WJ/318-319, LotR/A(v), MR/320 ◈ *hartha- S. [hˈɑrθɑ] v. to hope ← Harthad SD/62 ◈ harthad S. [hˈɑrθɑd] ger. of hartha-, hope ◇ SD/62

horde ◈ hoth S., N. [hˈɔθ] n. Pej. host, crowd, horde (nearly always in a bad sense) ◇ Ety/364, S/432

horn ◈ ras S. [rˈɑs] (rhas N.) pl. rais S. [rˈɑjs] n. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains) ◇ Ety/383, VT/46:10, LotR/E, S/436, X/RH ◈ The form rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10 ◈ rhafn N. n. wing (horn), extended point at side, etc. ◇ Ety/382, X/RH ◈ rhasg N. n. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains) ◇ Ety/383, X/RH ◈ rhomru N. n. sound of horns ◇ Ety/384, X/RH ◈ rom S. [rˈɔm] (rhom N.) n. horn, trumpet ◇ Ety/384, WJ/400, X/RH ◈ tarag N. [tˈɑrɑg] n. 1. horn ○ 2. by ext., steep mountain peak ◇ Ety/391, VT/46:17 ◈ till N. [tˈil̡l] (tild N.) n. horn, point ◇ Ety/393

horrible ◈ deleb N. [dˈɛlɛb] adj. horrible, abominable, loathsome ◇ Ety/355 ◈ gortheb (corr. gorthob) S. [gˈɔrθɛb] adj. horrible ◇ WJ/415

horror ◈ del N. [ˈdɛl̡] n. fear, disgust, loathing, horror ◇ Ety/355 ◈ girith S., N. [gˈiriθ] n. shuddering, horror ◇ Ety/358, S/431 ◈ gorgor S. [gˈɔrgɔr] n. extreme horror, terror, haunting fear ◇ WJ/415, RC/334-335 ◈ gorog S. [gˈɔrɔg] n. horror ◇ WJ/415 ◈ goroth N. [gˈɔrɔθ] n. horror ◇ Ety/377 ◈ gorth I S. [gˈɔrθ] n. horror ◇ WJ/415

horse ◈ lobor N. [lˈɔbr̩] n. Zool. horse ◇ VT/45:28 ◈ roch S., N. [rˈɔx] n. Zool. horse, swift horse for riding ◇ Ety/384, S/436, Letters/178, Letters/282, Letters/382

host ◈ gwaith S., N. [gwˈɑjθ] (gweith N.) n. 1. manhood ○ 2. by ext., man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people ○ 3. by ext., region, wilderness ◇ Ety/398, VT/46:21, X/E1 ◈ hoth S., N. [hˈɔθ] n. Pej. host, crowd, horde (nearly always in a bad sense) ◇ Ety/364, S/432 ◈ rim S. [rˈim] (rhim N., rhimb N.) n. crowd, host, great number ◇ Ety/383, S/436, Letters/178, Letters/382, X/RH

hot ◈ born S. [bˈɔrn] adj. hot, red ◇ Letters/426-27 ◈ urui S. [ˈuruj] n. and adj. 1. hot ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of august ◇ LotR/D

hound ◈ rhŷn N. n. Zool. "chaser", hound of chase ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

house ◈ adab N. [ˈɑdɑb] pl. edeb N. n. building, house ◇ Ety/390, WR/379-80, X/EI ◈ car N. [kˈɑr] (cardh N.) n. house, building ◇ Ety/362 ◈ gobel N. [gˈɔbɛl̡] n. walled house or village, town ◇ Ety/380 ◈ nost S. [nˈɔst] n. kindred, family, house ◇ PM/360 ◈ nothrim S. [nˈɔθrim] n. class pl. of nost, kindred, family, house ← Nothrim [> Nost] Finarfin PM/360 ◈ The word was rejected in favor of nost, but it may be interpreted as a valid class plural "those of the house" ◈ sennas S. [sˈɛnnɑs] n. abst. of send, guesthouse ◇ RC/523

household ◈ herth N. [hˈɛrθ] n. Mil. household, troop under a "hîr" (master, lord) ◇ Ety/364

howl ◈ gaul N. [gˈɑul] n. wolf-howl ◇ Ety/377 ◈ gaw- N. [gˈɑw] v. to howl ◇ Ety/377, X/Z

howling ◈ gawad N. [gˈɑwɑd] ger. of gaw-, howling ◇ Ety/377

huge ◈ taur III N. [tˈɑur] adj. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime ◇ Ety/395

human ◈ echil S. [ˈɛxil̡] n. 1. follower ○ 2. Pop. by ext., human being ◇ WJ/219 ◈ firen N. [fˈirɛn] adj. human ◇ Ety/381

hummock ◈ gwastar N. [gwˈɑstɑr] n. hummock ◇ Ety/388, Ety/399

hump ◈ tump N. [tˈump] n. hump ◇ Ety/395

hunt ◈ *fara- N. [fˈɑrɑ] inf. faro N. [fˈɑrɔ] v. to hunt ◇ Ety/387 ◈ rhui II N. (rhuiw N.) n. hunt, hunting ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

hunter ◈ faradrim N. [fɑrˈɑdrim] n. class pl. of feredir, hunters ◇ Ety/387 ◈ *faron N. [fˈɑrɔn] n. m. hunter ← Elfaron Ety/387 ◈ faroth S. [fˈɑrɔθ] n. (?) hunter, (?) group of hunters ← Taur-en-Faroth S/431, Ety/387 ◈ feredir N. [fˈɛrɛdˌir] n. hunter ◇ Ety/387

hunting ◈ *farad N. [fˈɑrɑd] ger. of fara-, hunting ← faradrim Ety/387 ◈ faras N. [fˈɑrɑs] n. abst. of fara-, hunting ◇ Ety/387 ◈ rhui II N. (rhuiw N.) n. hunt, hunting ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

hurl ◈ *had- N. [hˈɑd] inf. hedi N. [hˈɛdi] pa. t. hant N. [hˈɑnt] v. to hurl ◇ Ety/363

husband ◈ hervenn N. [hˈɛrvɛn] (herven N.) n. m. husband ◇ Ety/352, Ety/364, X/ND4

I

I ◈ im I S. [ˈim] pron. 1st I ◇ LotR/II:IV, LB/354, VT/47:14,37-38 ◈ In late writings (see esp. VT/47:37-38), Tolkien reinterpreted this form as a reflexive pronoun (= "self").

ice ◈ heleg N. [hˈɛlɛg] n. ice ◇ Ety/364

icicle ◈ aeglos S. [ˈɑɛglɔs] n. 1. Bot. snowthorn, a plant like furze (gorse), but larger and with white flowers ○ 2. Geol. icicle (a pendent spear of ice formed by the freezing of dripping water) ◇ UT/417, LotR/Index

idea ◈ inc N. [ˈiŋk] n. guess, idea, notion ◇ Ety/361 ◈ naw N. [nˈɑw] pl. nui N. n. idea ◇ Ety/378, X/Z

ill ◈ thlaew N. (thloew N., flaew N.) adj. sickly, sick, ill ◇ Ety/386, X/OE, X/LH

immortal ◈ alfirin S. [ˈɑlfirin] n. and adj. 1. immortal ○ 2. Bot. as a noun, name of a flower, bell-like and running through many soft and gentle colours ○ 3. Bot. as a noun, also used for another small white flower ◇ LotR/V:IX, Letters/402, UT/55, UT/303, UT/316, UT/417

impelled ◈ horn N. [hˈɔrn] adj. driven under compulsion, impelled ◇ Ety/364

impetuous ◈ alag N. [ˈɑlɑg] adj. rushing, impetuous ◇ Ety/348, VT/45:5 ◈ asgar N. [ˈɑsgɑr] (ascar N.) adj. violent, rushing, impetuous ◇ Ety/386 ◈ gorn I N. [gˈɔrn] adj. impetuous ◇ Ety/359

impetus ◈ gorf N. [gˈɔrv] n. impetus, vigour ◇ Ety/359

in ◈ mîn II S. [mˈiːn] (min- S.) prep. (in) between (referring to a gap, space, barrier or anything intervening between two other things) ← Minhiriath LotR/Map, VT/47:11,14 ◈ ned S. [nɛd] prep. (uncertain meaning) in, of (about time, e.g. giving a date) ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ [Another possible interpretation: "another, one more" (related to Q. net(e)), VT/47:40] ◈ nedh- N. [nɛð] pref. in, inside, mid- ◇ Ety/376 ◈ See also the preposition ned, and the noun ened for a discussion of this form ◈ vi S. [vi] prep. in ◇ VT/44:21,27

incline ◈ talad N. [tˈɑlɑd] n. an incline, slope ◇ Ety/390

inclined ◈ dadbenn N. [dˈɑdbɛnn] (dadben N.) adv. 1. downhill, inclined ○ 2. by ext., inclined, prone (to do something) ◇ Ety/354, Ety/380, VT/46:8, X/ND4

index ◈ emig S. [ˈɛmig] n. f. dim. of emel, 1. "litte mother" ○ 2. Biol. index finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,17 ◈ lebdas S. [lˈɛbdɑs] (tas S.) n. Biol. index finger ◇ VT/48:5 ◈ nobad S. [nˈɔbɑd] n. dual pl. of nawb, Biol. the pair of fingers composed of the thumb and the index (grouped together as in the act of picking something) ◇ VT/48:5,16

inflorescence ◈ goloth S. [gˈɔlɔθ] n. Bot. inflorescence, a head of small flowers ◇ VT/42:18 ◈ loth S. [lˈɔθ] (lhoth N.) n. Bot. flower, inflorescence, a head of small flowers ◇ Ety/370, LB/354, VT/42:18, X/LH ◈ The noun is collective, a single flower being lotheg

innumerable ◈ arnediad N. [ɑrnˈɛdi.ɑd] (arnœdiad S., N.) adj. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless ◇ Ety/349, Ety/378, S/428, VT/46:6 ◈ aronoded N. [ɑrˈɔnɔdɛd] adj. innumerable, countless, endless ◇ Ety/378

insecure ◈ talt N. [tˈɑlt] adj. slipping, falling, insecure ◇ Ety/390

insert ◈ *nestag- N. [nˈɛstɑg] inf. nestegi N. [nˈɛstɛgi] pa. t. nestanc N. [nˈɛstɑŋk] v. to insert, stick in ◇ Ety/388

inside ◈ nedh- N. [nɛð] pref. in, inside, mid- ◇ Ety/376 ◈ See also the preposition ned, and the noun ened for a discussion of this form

instead ◈ sennui S. [sˈɛnnuj] adv. (?) rather, (?) instead (used as an adverb?) ◇ SD/129-31

insult ◈ eitha- S. [ˈɛjθɑ] v. 1. to prick with a sharp point, to stab ○ 2. by ext., to treat with scorn, insult ◇ WJ/365 ◈ eithad S. [ˈɛjθɑd] ger. of eitha-, insult ◇ WJ/365

intelligence ◈ hannas N. [hˈɑnnɑs] n. abst. of hand, understanding, intelligence ◇ Ety/363 ◈ heniad N. [hˈɛni.ɑd] ger. of henia-, understanding, intelligence ◇ VT/45:21

intelligent ◈ hand N. [hˈɑnd] (hann N.) adj. intelligent ◇ Ety/363, X/ND1

intend ◈ thel- S. [θˈɛl̡] v. to intend, mean, purpose, resolve, will ◇ WJ/318-319

iron ◈ ang S., N. [ˈɑŋ] n. iron ◇ Ety/348, S/428, PM/347 ◈ angren S., N. [ˈɑŋgrɛn] pl. engrin S., N. [ˈɛŋgrin] adj. of iron ◇ Ety/348, S/428

island ◈ tol S. [tˈɔl] (toll N.) pl. tyll N. [tˈyll] n. Geog. island, (steep) isle rising with sheer sides from the sea or from a river ◇ Ety/394, S/438, VT/47:13, RC/333-334

isle ◈ tol S. [tˈɔl] (toll N.) pl. tyll N. [tˈyll] n. Geog. island, (steep) isle rising with sheer sides from the sea or from a river ◇ Ety/394, S/438, VT/47:13, RC/333-334

isolated ◈ ereb S., N. [ˈɛrɛb] pl. erib S. [ˈɛrib] adj. isolated, lonely ◇ Ety/356, S/431, UT/422, VT/42:10

it ◈ ha N. [hɑ] (hana N.) pl. hain S. [hɑjn] (hein N.) pron. 3rd it ◇ Ety/385, LotR/II:IV, X/EI ◈ *ten S. [dɛn] pron. (?) it (as object) ← caro den VT/44:21,25-6

J

january ◈ narwain S. [nˈɑrwɑjn] n. Cal. the month of January ◇ LotR/D

jaw ◈ anc N. [ˈɑŋk] n. Biol. jaw, row of teeth ◇ Ety/348, Ety/374 ◈ carach S. [kˈɑrɑx] n. Biol. jaw, row of teeth ◇ S/429, RC/607 ◈ naew N. [nˈɑɛw] n. Biol. jaw ◇ Ety/374

jerk ◈ rhinc N. n. twitch, jerk, trick, sudden move ◇ Ety/383, X/RH ◈ *rhitha- N. inf. rhitho N. v. to jerk, twitch, snatch ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

jewel ◈ mîr S., N. [mˈiːr] n. jewel, precious thing, treasure ◇ Ety/373, LotR/E, S/434, PM/348, LB/354, RGEO/73 ◈ *mírdan S. [mˈiːrdɑn] pl. mírdain S. [mˈiːrdɑjn] n. jewel-smith ◇ S/401 ◈ mirion N. [mˈiri.ɔn] pl. miruin N. [mˈirujn] n. augm. of mîr, Theo. great jewel, Silmaril ◇ Ety/373

journey ◈ *lend S. [lˈɛnd] (lenn- S.) n. journey ← lenn-mbas PM/404, X/ND1

joy ◈ gell N. [gˈɛl̡l] n. joy, triumph ◇ Ety/359 ◈ glass N. [glˈɑss] (glas N.) n. joy ◇ Ety/357

joyous ◈ meren N. [mˈɛrɛn] adj. festive, gay, joyous ◇ Ety/372 ◈ The word was changed to beren in the Etymologies, but meren would be restored together with mereth

jubilation ◈ gellam N. [gˈɛl̡lɑm] n. jubilation ◇ Ety/359

judge ◈ badhor N. [bˈɑðr̩] n. judge ◇ Ety/350 ◈ badhron N. [bˈɑðrɔn] n. judge ◇ Ety/350

judgement ◈ baudh N. [bˈɑuð] n. judgement ◇ Ety/350

juice ◈ peich N. n. juice, syrup ◇ Ety/382, X/EI ◈ saw N. [sˈɑw] pl. sui N. n. juice ◇ Ety/385, X/Z

juicy ◈ pichen N. adj. juicy ◇ Ety/382, X/Z

july ◈ cerveth S. [kˈɛrvɛθ] n. Cal. july (month) ◇ LotR/D

june ◈ nórui S. [nˈɔːruj] n. and adj. 1. sunny, fiery ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of june ◇ LotR/D

just ◈ fael I S. [fˈɑɛl] adj. fair minded, just, generous ◇ PM/352

K

keen ◈ lhaeg N. (lhoeg N.) adj. keen, sharp, acute ◇ Ety/367, VT/45:25, X/OE, X/LH

keep ◈ *heb- S. [hˈɛb] v. to retain, keep, do not give away or release, keep hold of ← *khep VT/41:6 ◈ *hebin S. [hˈɛbin] v. pres. 1st of heb-, I keep, I have kept ← ú-chebin LotR/A(v), VT/41:6 ◈ Because of the mutation triggered by the first person pronominal ending, it is impossible to guess whether the stem of this should be heb-, *hab- or *hob-. The root KHEP listed in VT/41:6 apparently implies that heb- is the correct form

kind ◈ milui N. [mˈiluj] adj. friendly, loving, kind ◇ Ety/372

kindle ◈ *nartha- N. [nˈɑrθɑ] inf. nartho N. [nˈɑrθɔ] v. to kindle ◇ VT/45:37

kindler ◈ *toniel S. [tˈɔni.ɛl̡] n. f. kindler ← Gilthoniel LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74

kindred ◈ noss S., N. [nˈɔss] (nos N.) n. kindred, family, clan ◇ Ety/378, PM/320 ◈ nost S. [nˈɔst] n. kindred, family, house ◇ PM/360 ◈ nothrim S. [nˈɔθrim] n. class pl. of nost, kindred, family, house ← Nothrim [> Nost] Finarfin PM/360 ◈ The word was rejected in favor of nost, but it may be interpreted as a valid class plural "those of the house"

king ◈ âr N. [ˈɑːr] n. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region) ◇ Ety/389 ◈ aran S., N. [ˈɑrɑn] pl. erain S., N. [ˈɛrɑjn] n. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region) ◇ Ety/360, S/428, LotR/II:IV, LotR/VI:VII, SD/129-31, Letters/426 ◈ taur I N. [tˈɑur] n. king (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes) ◇ Ety/389, Ety/395 ◈ In LotR/IV:IV, Frodo is called Daur, which might be the mutated form of this word

kingdom ◈ aranarth S. [ˈɑrɑnɑrθ] n. kingdom, "king-holding" ◇ VT/44:22,25 ◈ In Tolkien's manuscript, this form was rejected in favor of arnad ◈ arnad S. [ˈɑrnɑd] n. kingdom ◇ VT:44:21,25

kingfisher ◈ heledir N. [hˈɛlɛdˌir] (heledirn N.) n. Orn. kingfisher (bird) ◇ Ety/363, Ety/386, Ety/394

kingsfoil ◈ athelas S. [ˈɑθɛlɑs] n. Bot. "kingsfoil", a healing herb brought to Middle-earth by the Númenóreans ◇ LotR/V:VIII

kinsman ◈ gwanur N. [gwˈɑnur] n. 1. a pair of twins ○ 2. brother or kinsman, kinswoman ◇ Ety/378, Ety/392, VT/46:6, LotR/A(iv)

kinswoman ◈ gwanur N. [gwˈɑnur] n. 1. a pair of twins ○ 2. brother or kinsman, kinswoman ◇ Ety/378, Ety/392, VT/46:6, LotR/A(iv)

knife ◈ sigil I N. [sˈigil̡] n. Mil. dagger, knife ◇ Ety/385

knob ◈ dolt II N. [dˈɔlt] pl. dylt N. [dˈylt] n. round knob, boss ◇ Ety/376

knock ◈ *tamma- N. [tˈɑmmɑ] inf. tammo N. [tˈɑmmɔ] v. to knock ◇ Ety/390, VT/46:17

knot ◈ nardh N. [nˈɑrð] n. knot ◇ Ety/387

knotted ◈ norn N. [nˈɔrn] pl. nyrn S. [nˈyrn] adj. 1. twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted ○ 2. hard ◇ Ety/387

knowledge ◈ gûl S., N. [gˈuːl] n. 1. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who made wonderful things) ○ 2. by ext., perverted or evil knowledge, sorcery, necromancy ◇ Ety/377, S/432, MR/350, WJ/383 ◈ ist N. [ˈist] n. lore, knowledge ◇ Ety/361 ◈ *ista- N. [ˈistɑ] inf. isto N. [ˈistɔ] pa. t. istas N. [ˈistɑs] (Arch. sint N.) v. to have knowledge ◇ Ety/361, VT/45:18

L

labour ◈ *muda- N. [mˈudɑ] inf. mudo N. [mˈudɔ] pa. t. mudas N. [mˈudɑs] v. to labour, toil ◇ Ety/373 ◈ tass N. [tˈɑss] (tars N.) n. labour, task ◇ Ety/391

lacking ◈ *pen I S. [pɛn] prep. without, lacking, -less ← Iarwain ben-adar LotR/II:II

lady ◈ brennil N. [brˈɛnnil̡] n. f. lady ◇ Ety/351 ◈ dî N. [dˈiː] n. f. Poet. woman, lady ◇ Ety/352, Ety/354 ◈ *heryn S. [hˈɛryn] n. f. lady ← Roheryn S/436 ◈ hiril N. [hˈiril̡] n. f. lady ◇ Ety/364 ◈ rhîn N. (rhien N.) n. and adj. 1. crowned ○ 2. as a noun, by ext., crowned lady, queen ◇ Ety/393, Ety/389, X/RH

lair ◈ caew N. [kˈɑɛw] n. lair, resting-place ◇ Ety/363 ◈ torech N. [tˈɔrɛx] n. hole, excavation, lair ◇ WR/202, RC/490

lake ◈ lô S. [lˈɔː] n. Geog. shallow lake, fenland ◇ UT/263, VT/42:8-10 ◈ nen S., N. [nˈɛn] pl. nîn S., N. [nˈiːn] n. 1. water (used of a lake, pool or lesser river) ○ 2. Geog. by ext., waterland ◇ Ety/376, S/435, UT/457, RC/327-328 ◈ oel N. pl. aelin S. [ˈɑɛlin] (oelin N.) n. Geog. lake, pool, mere ◇ Ety/349, S/427, X/OE ◈ rhim II N. (rhimb N.) n. Geog. cold pool or lake (in mountains) ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

lament ◈ naergon S. [nˈɑɛrgɔn] n. woeful lament ◇ PM/362

lamentable ◈ noer N. adj. sad, lamentable ◇ Ety/375, X/OE

lamentation ◈ conath S. [kˈɔnɑθ] n. coll. of caun II, 1. many voices ○ 2. by ext., lamentation ◇ PM/361-362 ◈ nírnaeth N. [nˈiːrnɑɛθ] n. (tearful) lamentation ◇ Ety/376

lamp ◈ calar S. [kˈɑlɑr] n. (portable) lamp ← celerdain LotR/V:I, WR/287, RC/523

lampwright ◈ calardan S. [kɑlˈɑrdɑn] pl. celerdain S. [kɛlˈɛrdɑjn] n. lampwright ◇ LotR/V:I, WR/287, RC/523

land ◈ dôr S. [dˈɔːr] (dor S., N.) n. Geog. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live ◇ Ety/376, S/430, WJ/413, Letters/417, VT/45:38, RC/384 ◈ The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor ◈ talath S. [tˈɑlɑθ] (dalath N.) n. 1. flat surface, plane ○ 2. Geog. flat land, plain, (wide) valley ← Talath Dirnen UT/465, Ety/353, S/437 ◈ talf S. [tˈɑlv] n. Geog. flat field, flat land ← Nindalf TC/195, LotR/Map

language ◈ annúnaid S. [ɑnnˈuːnɑjd] n. Ling. the "Westron" language (one of the names for Common Speech) ◇ PM/316 ◈ falathren S., N. [fɑlˈɑθrɛn] n. and adj. 1. of the shore ○ 2. Ling. as a noun, Shore-language (one of the names for Common Speech) ◇ Ety/381, PM/32, PM/55 ◈ lam II S. [lˈɑm] n. Ling. language ◇ WJ/394

last ◈ *brona- N. [brˈɔnɑ] inf. brono N. [brˈɔnɔ] v. to last, to survive ◇ Ety/353 ◈ dartha- N. [dˈɑrθɑ] v. to wait, stay, last, endure, remain ◇ Ety/353, VT/45:8 ◈ *medui S. [mˈɛduj] adj. last ← na vedui, Arvedui LotR/I:XII, LotR/A(iv)

lasting ◈ bronadui N. [brˈɔnɑduj] adj. enduring, lasting ◇ Ety/353 ◈ bronwe S., N. [brˈɔnwɛ] n. endurance, lasting quality, faith ◇ Ety/353, SD/62

later ◈ ab- S. [ɑb] pref. after, later ← Abonnen WJ/387

laugh ◈ gladh- S. [glˈɑð] v. to laugh ← gladh- PM/359

laughter ◈ lalaith S. [lˈɑlɑjθ] n. laughter ◇ S/406

lay ◈ glaer N. [glˈɑɛr] n. long lay, narrative poem ◇ Ety/359, VT/45:15 ◈ Written glær (with ae-ligature) in the Etymologies, rectified here according to VT/45:15 ◈ glîr N. [glˈiːr] n. song, poem, lay ◇ Ety/359 ◈ laer II S. [lˈɑɛr] (lhaer N.) n. song, long lay ← Laer Cú Beleg S/406, VT/45:28, X/LH ◈ lhîr II N. n. song, poem, lay ◇ VT/45:28, X/LH

lead ◈ *tog- N. [tˈɔg] inf. tegi N. [tˈɛgi] v. to lead, bring ◇ Ety/395

leaf ◈ galenas S. [gˈɑlɛnɑs] n. Bot. pipe-weed (leaf) or "westmansweed", a variety of Nicotiana ◇ LotR/V:VIII ◈ lass S. [lˈɑss] (lhass N.) n. Bot. leaf ◇ Ety/367, Letters/282, TC/169, X/LH

league ◈ daur S. [dˈɑur] n. 1. pause, stop ○ 2. by ext., league (about 3 miles) ◇ UT/279, UT/285

lean ◈ thlein N. pl. thlîn N. adj. lean, thin, meagre ◇ Ety/386, X/LH

leap ◈ *cab- S. [kˈɑb] v. to leap ← cabed S/386, WJ/100 ◈ cabed S. [kˈɑbɛd] ger. of cab-, 1. leap ○ 2. by ext., deep gorge ◇ S/386, WJ/100 ◈ Emended by Tolkien from earlier cabad. This is our sole late example that basic verbs should perhaps form their gerund in -ed, whereas derived verbs are well attested to use -ad (cf. aderthad)

learned ◈ golwen N. [gˈɔlwɛn] adj. wise, learned in deep arts ◇ Ety/377 ◈ istui N. [ˈistuj] adj. learned ◇ Ety/361

leather ◈ lhath N. n. (?) thong of leather ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

left ◈ crom N. [krˈɔm] n. left ◇ Ety/366 ◈ crum N. [krˈum] n. left hand ◇ Ety/366 ◈ crumui N. [krˈumuj] adj. left-handed ◇ Ety/366 ◈ hargam N. [hˈɑrgɑm] n. left-handed ◇ Ety/365 ◈ harvo S. [hˈɑrvɔ] n. 1. left hand ○ 2. by ext., left side ◇ VT/47:6 ◈ heir N. n. and adj. left (hand) ◇ Ety/365, X/EI

letter ◈ têw S. [tˈɛːw] pl. tîw S., N. [tˈiːw] n. Ling. letter, written sign ◇ Ety/391, WJ/396, LotR/II:IV, LotR/E, Letters/427

level ◈ lhand II N. adj. open space, level ◇ Ety/368, X/LH, X/ND1 ◈ pathw N. n. level space, sward ◇ Ety/380, X/W

lick ◈ *lhaf- N. inf. lhefi N. v. to lick ◇ Ety/367, X/LH

life ◈ cuil N. [kˈujl] n. life ◇ Ety/366

lift ◈ *hal- N. [hˈɑl] inf. heli N. [hˈɛli] pa. t. haul N. [hˈɑul] v. to lift ◇ VT/45:20

light ◈ calad S., N. [kˈɑlɑd] ger. light ◇ Ety/362, UT/65 ◈ gail N. [gˈɑjl] n. bright light ◇ Ety/362 ◈ gal- N. [gɑl] pref. light ← galvorn, etc. ◈ galad S. [gˈɑlɑd] n. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished metal, or water) ◇ VT/45:13, PM/347, Letters/425 ◈ glaur N. [glˈɑur] (glor- N.) n. Theo. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/368 ◈ lim II S. [lˈim] adj. clear, sparkling, light ◇ WJ/337

like ◈ sui II S. [sˈuj] conj. as, like ◇ VT/44:21,27

limit ◈ gleina- S. [glˈɛjnɑ] v. to bound, enclose, limit ◇ VT/42:8, VT/42:28 ◈ This entry should perhaps read gleinia-, cf. VT/42:28, note 13 ◈ taeg S. [tˈɑɛg] n. boundary, limit, boundary line ◇ WJ/309

line ◈ taeg S. [tˈɑɛg] n. boundary, limit, boundary line ◇ WJ/309 ◈ tê N. [tˈɛː] n. line, way ◇ Ety/391 ◈ tî N. [tˈiː] n. line, row ◇ Ety/392

lion ◈ rhaw II N. pl. rhui N. n. Zool. lion ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

listen ◈ *lasta- S. [lˈɑstɑ] v. to listen ◈ lasto S. [lˈɑstɔ] v. imp. of lasta-, listen! ◇ LotR/II:IV, RS/463, LB/354 ◈ *lhathra- N. inf. lhathro N. v. to listen in, eavesdrop ◇ Ety/368, X/LH ◈ *lhathrada- N. inf. lhathrado N. v. to listen in, eavesdrop ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

listener ◈ lhathron N. n. hearer, listener, eavesdropper ◇ Ety/368, X/LH ◈ lhethril N. n. f. hearer, listener, eavesdropper ◇ VT/45:26, X/LH

little ◈ pîn S. [pˈiːn] adj. little ← Cûl Bîn RC/536 ◈ Similar words occur in Gnomish (pinig "tiny, little", PE/11:64) and in Qenya (pinea "small" etc., PE/12:73) ◈ tithen N. [tˈiθɛn] pl. tithin N. [tˈiθin] adj. little, tiny ◇ Ety/394

live ◈ *cuinar S. [kˈujnɑr] v. pres. 3rd pl. of cuina-, (they) live ← i-chuinar Letters/417

load ◈ cûl S. [kˈuːl] n. load ← Cûl Veleg, Cûl Bîn RC/536

loaf ◈ basgorn N. [bˈɑsgɔrn] n. loaf (of bread) ◇ Ety/372, Ety/365

loathing ◈ del N. [ˈdɛl̡] n. fear, disgust, loathing, horror ◇ Ety/355 ◈ delos N. [dˈɛlɔs] (deloth N.) n. abhorrence, detestation, loathing ◇ Ety/355

loathsome ◈ deleb N. [dˈɛlɛb] adj. horrible, abominable, loathsome ◇ Ety/355

lock ◈ fing S. [fˈiŋ] n. lock of hair ← Finglas "Leaflock" RC/386

lode ◈ rant S., N. [rˈɑnt] n. 1. lode, vein ○ 2. Geog. course, riverbed ◇ Ety/383, S/436

lofty ◈ *arth S. [ˈɑrθ] adj. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted) ← Arthedain LotR ◈ brand N. [brˈɑnd] (brann N.) adj. 1. lofty, noble, fine ○ 2. high (in size) ◇ Ety/351, TAI/150, X/ND1 ◈ orchal S., N. [ˈɔrxl̩] (orchall N., orchel N.) adj. 1. superior, lofty, eminent ○ 2. tall ◇ Ety/363, Ety/379, WJ/305 ◈ In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

log ◈ drafn N. [drˈɑvn] n. hewn log ◇ Ety/354

lonely ◈ ereb S., N. [ˈɛrɛb] pl. erib S. [ˈɛrib] adj. isolated, lonely ◇ Ety/356, S/431, UT/422, VT/42:10

long ◈ anann S. [ˈɑnɑnn] adv. long, for a long time ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308 ◈ and S. [ˈɑnd] (ann N.) adj. long ◇ Ety/348, S/427, X/ND1 ◈ taen II N. [tˈɑɛn] adj. long (and thin) ◇ Ety/391

look ◈ thîr S., N. [θˈiːr] n. look, face, expression, countenance ◇ Ety/392, VT/41:10 ◈ *tir- N. [tˈir] inf. tiri N. [tˈiri] v. to watch, to gaze, look at ◇ Ety/394 ◈ *tiria- N. [tˈiri.ɑ] inf. tirio N. [tˈiri.ɔ] pa. t. tiriant N. [tˈiri.ɑnt] v. to watch, to gaze, look at ◇ Ety/394 ◈ tiro S. [tˈirɔ] v. imp. of tir-, look! ◇ LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278-79, Letters/427

loose ◈ *adleg- N. [ˈɑdlɛg] inf. adlegi N. [ˈɑdlɛgi] pa. t. adlenc N. [ˈɑdlɛŋk] v. Arch., Poet. to loose, let loose, release ◇ VT/45:27

lord ◈ brannon N. [brˈɑnnɔn] n. m. lord ◇ Ety/351 ◈ hîr S., N. [hˈiːr] n. m. master, lord ◇ Ety/364, S/432, SD/129-31, Letters/382, LB/354, VT/45:22

lore ◈ angol II N. [ˈɑŋgɔl] n. Arch., Poet. deep lore, magic ◇ Ety/377 ◈ ist N. [ˈist] n. lore, knowledge ◇ Ety/361

loud ◈ *brui S. [brˈuj] adj. loud, noisy ← Bruinen LotR/Index

love ◈ *mel- N. [mˈɛl] inf. melo N. [mˈɛlɔ] pa. t. melant N. [mˈɛlɑnt] v. to love ◇ VT/45:34 ◈ meleth N. [mˈɛlɛθ] n. love ◇ Ety/372 ◈ mîl N. [mˈiːl] n. love, affection ◇ Ety/372

lovely ◈ melui S. [mˈɛluj] adj. lovely, sweet ◇ LotR/V:VIII, VT/42:18, RC/582 ◈ This word only occurs in the place name Imloth Melui, a vale where roses grew

lover ◈ melethril N. [mɛlˈɛθril̡] n. f. lover ◇ Ety/372 ◈ melethron N. [mɛlˈɛθrɔn] n. m. lover ◇ Ety/372 ◈ seron S. [sˈɛrɔn] n. lover ◇ PM/348

loving ◈ milui N. [mˈiluj] adj. friendly, loving, kind ◇ Ety/372

low ◈ tofn N. [tˈɔvn] adj. lowlying, deep, low ◇ Ety/394

lowlying ◈ tofn N. [tˈɔvn] adj. lowlying, deep, low ◇ Ety/394

lust ◈ moel N. n. lust ◇ Ety/373, X/OE

lustful ◈ moelui N. adj. lustful ◇ Ety/373, X/OE

M

machine ◈ gaud N. [gˈɑud] n. device, contrivance, machine ◇ Ety/358

magic ◈ angol II N. [ˈɑŋgɔl] n. Arch., Poet. deep lore, magic ◇ Ety/377 ◈ gûl S., N. [gˈuːl] n. 1. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who made wonderful things) ○ 2. by ext., perverted or evil knowledge, sorcery, necromancy ◇ Ety/377, S/432, MR/350, WJ/383

magician ◈ gollor N. [gˈɔllɔr] n. magician ◇ Ety/377

maid ◈ elleth S. [ˈɛl̡lɛθ] n. f. elf-maid ◇ WJ/148, WJ/256, WJ/363-364 ◈ iell N. [jˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid ◇ Ety/385, Ety/400 ◈ Stated to be an alteration of sell, remodelled after ion "son" (OS *jondo). It was "a change assisted by the loss of s in compounds and patronymics", hence the ending -iel in several feminine words ◈ sell N. [sˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid (child) ◇ Ety/385

make ◈ caro S. [kˈɑrɔ] v. imp. of car-, do! make! ◇ VT/44:21,25 ◈ *echad- N. [ˈɛxɑd] inf. echedi N. [ˈɛxɛdi] pa. t. echant S., N. [ˈɛxɑnt] v. to fashion, make ◇ Ety/363, LotR/II:IV

maker ◈ ceredir N. [kˈɛrɛdˌir] n. doer, maker ◇ Ety/354

making ◈ *cared N. [kˈɑrɛd] ger. of car-, making, doing ← ceredir Ety/354

male ◈ anw N. adj. male ◇ Ety/360, X/W ◈ A literal interpretation of the Etymologies would class this word as a noun, but David Salo notes that the punctuation in The Etymologies is not always reliable. Noldorin anw cannot be cognate to the Quenya noun hanu (*3anû) because the final -u would drop. It must rather be cognate to the Quenya adjective hanwa (*3anwâ) attested under the stem INI, where it is also stated that inw, corresponding to Quenya inya "female", has been remodelled after anw. The combination of these two entries, along with the phonological evidences, clearly indicates that anw is actually an adjective ◈ benn N. [bˈɛnn] n. m. man, male ◇ Ety/352, VT/45:9

man ◈ abonnen S. [ɑbˈɔnnɛn] pl. ebœnnin S. [ɛbˈɛnnin] n. and adj. 1. born later, born after ○ 2. as a noun, man, one born later than the Elves, a human being (elvish name for men) ◇ WJ/387 ◈ adan S. [ˈɑdɑn] pl. edain S. [ˈɛdɑjn] n. man, one of the Second People (elvish name for men) ◇ LotR/A(v), S/427, PM/324, WJ/387, Letters/282 ◈ *adanadar S. [ɑdˈɑnɑdɑr] pl. edenedair S. [ɛdˈɛnɛdɑjr] n. man, one of the Fathers of Men ◇ MR/373 ◈ adanath S. [ˈɑdɑnɑθ] n. coll. of adan, men ◇ MR/373 ◈ aphadon S. [ˈɑffɑdɔn] pl. ephedyn S. [ˈɛffɛdyn] n. 1. follower ○ 2. Pop. by ext., man (elvish name for men) ◇ WJ/387 ◈ aphadrim S. [ɑffˈɑdrim] n. class pl. of aphadon, Pop. followers, men (elvish name for men) ◇ WJ/387 ◈ benn N. [bˈɛnn] n. m. man, male ◇ Ety/352, VT/45:9 ◈ dîr N. [dˈiːr] n. m. Arch. man, referring to an adult male (elf, mortal, or of any other speaking race) ◇ Ety/354, Ety/352 ◈ drû S. [drˈuː] pl. drúin S. [drˈuː.in] n. Pop. wild man, Wose, Púkel-Man ◇ UT/385 ◈ In PE/11:31, an older Gnomish word drû, drui meant "wood, forest", and in PE/13:142, the early Noldorin word drú was assigned the meaning "dark". Drû pl. Drúin later came to be used for the name of the Woses, with other derivatives (Drúadan, etc.). "Wose" is actually the modernization of an Anglo-Saxon word wasa only found in the compound wudu-wasa "wild man of the woods", cf. UT/385 sq. In the drafts of the "Ride of the Rohirrim" in WR/343-346, the Woses first appeared as "the dark men of Eilenach". Though internally said to derive from drughu in their own tongue, Tolkien's choice for the Sindarin name of the Woses was apparently influenced by earlier meanings assigned to this word ◈ drúadan S. [drˈuːɑdɑn] pl. drúedain S. [drˈuːɛdɑjn] n. Pop. wild man, one of the Woses ◇ UT/385 ◈ dúnadan S. [dˈuːnɑdɑn] pl. dúnedain S. [dˈuːnɛdɑjn] n. Pop. Man of the west, Númenórean ◇ LotR/I:XII, WJ/378, S/390 ◈ forodrim N. [fɔrˈɔdrim] n. class pl. of forod, Pop. Northmen ◇ Ety/392 ◈ forodwaith N. [fɔrˈɔdwɑjθ] (forodweith N.) n. class pl. of forod, 1. Pop. Northmen ○ 2. by ext., the lands of the North ◇ Ety/382, Ety/398, X/EI

manage ◈ maetha- II S. [mˈɑɛθɑ] v. to handle, wield, manage, deal with ◇ VT/47:6

manhood ◈ gwaith S., N. [gwˈɑjθ] (gweith N.) n. 1. manhood ○ 2. by ext., man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people ○ 3. by ext., region, wilderness ◇ Ety/398, VT/46:21, X/E1

mantle ◈ *coll III S. [kˈɔll] n. cloak, mantle ← Thingol S/421, MR/385

many ◈ lhaew N. adj. frequent, many ◇ VT/45:27, X/LH

maple ◈ toss N. [tˈɔss] n. Bot. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.) ◇ Ety/379, Ety/395

march ◈ gwaeron S. [gwˈɑɛrɔn] n. Cal. march (month) ◇ LotR/D

mark ◈ andaith S. [ˈɑndɑjθ] (andeith N.) n. Ling. long-mark, sign used in writing alphabetic tengwar over a vowel, to indicate that it is lengthened. ◇ LotR/E, Ety/391, X/EI ◈ glandagol S. [glˈɑndɑgɔl] n. boundary mark ◇ VT/42:8,28 ◈ *tagol S. [tˈɑgl̩] n. post, mark ← glandagol VT/42:8, VT/42:28 ◈ teith N. n. mark ◇ Ety/391, X/EI

master ◈ *herdir S. [hˈɛrdir] n. m. master ← i-Cherdir SD/129-31 ◈ heron N. [hˈɛrɔn] n. m. master ◇ VT/45:22 ◈ hîr S., N. [hˈiːr] n. m. master, lord ◇ Ety/364, S/432, SD/129-31, Letters/382, LB/354, VT/45:22 ◈ *orthor- N. [ˈɔrθɔr] inf. ortheri N. [ˈɔrθɛri] v. to master, conquer ◇ Ety/395

mastery ◈ tûr N. [tˈuːr] n. mastery, victory ◇ Ety/395

maxim ◈ linnod S. [lˈinnɔd] n. 1. (?) a single verse used as a maxim ○ 2. (?) a chant of a certain metrical type, where each (half-)verse is composed of seven syllables ◇ LotR/A(iv) ◈ The word is not translated by Tolkien. The first meaning assumes that -od is a singulative affix (cf. filigod). The second meaning is proposed by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne in Tolkien's Legendarium p. 132, based on the metrical characteristics of Gilraen's linnod

May ◈ lothron S. [lˈɔθrɔn] n. Cal. the month of May ◇ LotR/D

mayor ◈ condir S. [kˈɔndir] n. m. mayor ◇ SD/129-31

me ◈ enni S. [ˈɛnni] pron. 1st to me ◇ VT/41:11 ◈ nin S. [nin] pron. me ◇ LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72

meagre ◈ thlein N. pl. thlîn N. adj. lean, thin, meagre ◇ Ety/386, X/LH

mean ◈ foeg N. adj. mean, poor, bad ◇ Ety/387, X/OE ◈ thel- S. [θˈɛl̡] v. to intend, mean, purpose, resolve, will ◇ WJ/318-319

meaning ◈ ind N. [ˈind] (inn N.) n. inner thought, meaning, heart ◇ Ety/361, X/ND1

meat ◈ aes N. [ˈɑɛs] n. cooked food, meat ◇ Ety/349

meet ◈ *govad- S. [gˈɔvɑd] v. to meet ← mae govannen LotR/I:XII, Letters/308

mere ◈ oel N. pl. aelin S. [ˈɑɛlin] (oelin N.) n. Geog. lake, pool, mere ◇ Ety/349, S/427, X/OE

merry ◈ gelir S. [gˈɛlir] n. merry, happy, gay person ◇ SD/129-31

mesh ◈ rem S. [rˈɛm] n. mesh, net (esp. for catching, hunter's or fisher's net) ◇ LotR/E, VT/42:29

met ◈ govannen S. [gɔvˈɑnnɛn] pp. of govad-, met ◇ LotR/I:XII, Letters/308

metal ◈ côl N. [kˈɔːl] n. gold (metal) ◇ Ety/365 ◈ rhaud N. n. metal ◇ Ety/383, X/RH ◈ tinc N. [tˈiŋk] n. metal ◇ Ety/394

middle ◈ ened S. [ˈɛnɛd] (enedh N.) n. core, centre, middle ◇ Ety/356, Ety/376, UT/450, Letters/224, VT/41:12,16 ◈ While the word is written enedh in the Etymologies, it seems that Tolkien considered and reconsidered its form throughout his life. Late rough jottings (c. 1968), as well as the text of letter no. 168 and the fact that the toponym Enedwaith was never changed on the LotR map, seem to imply that ened is the (most) definitive form. See also the possibly related preposition ned, which has sometimes been suggested to mean "in" (while again a prefix nedh- is seen in the Etymologies) ◈ per- N. [pɛr] pref. half, divided in middle ◈ perin N. [pˈɛrin] adj. half, divided in middle ◇ Ety/380

mighty ◈ beleg S., N. [bˈɛlɛg] adj. great, mighty ◇ Ety/352, S/428 ◈ taur III N. [tˈɑur] adj. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime ◇ Ety/395

military ◈ dírnaith S. [dˈiːrnɑjθ] n. Mil. a military wedge-formation launched over a short distance against an enemy massing but not yet arrayed, or against a defensive formation on open ground ◇ UT/282

mine ◈ *sabar S. [sˈɑbɑr] n. delved mine ← Nornhabar, Anghabar WJ/209, WJ/419, S/380 ◈ The unmutated form is reconstructed from the place name Nornhabar, assuming that the second word is mutated in composition. Though habar as the regular form might be possible as well, in the Qenyaqetsa we find the root SAPA "dig, excavate" (PE/12:82), so it seems most likely that Tolkien re-used this old base, and that the underlying form in those names would indeed be sabar

mirror ◈ cenedril N. [kɛnˈɛdril̡] n. looking-glass, mirror ◇ TI/184, RS/466

mist ◈ hîth S. [hˈiːθ] (hith N.) n. mist, fog ◇ Ety/364, S/432 ◈ hithlain S. [hˈiθlɑjn] n. mist-thread (a substance used by the Elves of Lothlórien to make strong ropes) ◇ LotR/II:VIII, LotR/Index ◈ mith I N. [mˈiθ] n. white fog, wet mist ◇ Ety/373

mocking ◈ iaew N. [jˈɑɛw] n. mocking, scorn ◇ Ety/400

moisten ◈ lhimmid N. pa. t. lhimmint N. v. to moisten ◇ Ety/369, X/LH

money ◈ mirian S. [mˈiri.ɑn] n. piece of money, coin used in Gondor → canath II ◇ PM/45

monster ◈ úan N. [ˈuː.ɑn] n. monster ◇ Ety/351 ◈ ulund N. (ulun N.) n. monster, deformed and hideous creature ◇ Ety/396, X/ND4

monstrous ◈ uanui N. [ˈu.ɑnuj] adj. monstrous, hideous ◇ Ety/351

month ◈ cerveth S. [kˈɛrvɛθ] n. Cal. july (month) ◇ LotR/D ◈ girithron S. [girˈiθrɔn] n. Cal. december (month) ◇ LotR/D ◈ gwaeron S. [gwˈɑɛrɔn] n. Cal. march (month) ◇ LotR/D ◈ gwirith S. [gwˈiriθ] n. Cal. april (month) ◇ LotR/D, SD/129-31 ◈ hithui S. [hˈiθuj] n. and adj. 1. foggy, misty ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of november ◇ LotR/D ◈ ivanneth S. [ivˈɑnnɛθ] n. Cal. september (month) ◇ LotR/D ◈ lothron S. [lˈɔθrɔn] n. Cal. the month of May ◇ LotR/D ◈ narbeleth S. [nˈɑrbɛlɛθ] n. Cal. october (month) ◇ LotR/D ◈ narwain S. [nˈɑrwɑjn] n. Cal. the month of January ◇ LotR/D ◈ nínui S. [nˈiːnuj] n. and adj. 1. watery ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of february ◇ LotR/D ◈ nórui S. [nˈɔːruj] n. and adj. 1. sunny, fiery ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of june ◇ LotR/D ◈ urui S. [ˈuruj] n. and adj. 1. hot ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of august ◇ LotR/D

moon ◈ cúran N. n. Astron. the crescent Moon ◇ Ety/365, X/Z ◈ cýron S. [kˈiːrɔn] (cýrawn S.) n. Astron. new moon ◇ VT/48:7 ◈ ithil S., N. [ˈiθil̡] n. Astron. the (full) Moon, lit. 'The Sheen' ◇ Ety/361, Ety/385, Ety/392, LotR/E, LB/354, RC/232

morning ◈ aur S., N. [ˈɑur] n. day, sunlight, morning ◇ Ety/349, S/439

mortal ◈ feir I S., N. pl. fîr S., N. [fˈiːr] n. mortal ◇ Ety/381, WJ/387, X/EI ◈ fíreb S. [fˈiːrɛb] pl. fírib S. [fˈiːrib] adj. mortal ◇ WJ/387 ◈ firiath S. [fˈiri.ɑθ] n. coll. of feir I, mortals, human beings ◇ WJ/219, WJ/387 ◈ fíriel S. [fˈiri.ɛl̡] (firiel N.) n. f. mortal maid ◇ Ety/382, PM/195, PM/232 ◈ firieth S. [fˈiri.ɛθ] n. f. mortal woman ◇ WJ/387 ◈ firion S. [fˈiri.ɔn] n. m. mortal man ◇ WJ/387

mother ◈ emel S. [ˈɛmɛl] (emmel S.) n. f. mother ◇ Emeldir S/155, VT/48:17 ◈ emig S. [ˈɛmig] n. f. dim. of emel, 1. "litte mother" ○ 2. Biol. index finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,17 ◈ emil N. [ˈɛmil] n. f. Poet. mother ◇ VT/45:5 ◈ nana N. [nˈɑnɑ] n. hypo. mother, mummy ◇ Ety/348, Ety/374 ◈ naneth N. [nˈɑnɛθ] n. mother ◇ Ety/348, Ety/374

mound ◈ cerin S., N. [kˈɛrin] n. 1. circular enclosure ○ 2. by ext., mound ◇ Ety/365, S/429 ◈ coron S., N. [kˈɔrɔn] n. 1. globe, ball ○ 2. Geog. by ext., mound ◇ Ety/365, S/429 ◈ cum N. [kˈum] (cumb N.) n. mound, heap ◇ Ety/365 ◈ haudh S., N. [hˈɑuð] n. (burial) mound, grave, tomb ◇ Ety/363-364, S/432, LotR/A(iv) ◈ tund N. [tˈund] (tunn N.) n. Geog. hill, mound ◇ Ety/395, X/ND1

mount ◈ amon S., N. [ˈɑmɔn] pl. emyn S., N. [ˈɛmyn] (emuin N.) n. Geog. hill, steep-sided mount ◇ Ety/348, LotR/E, RC/334

mountain ◈ aeglir S. [ˈɑɛglir] (oeglir N.) n. Geog. range of mountain peaks ← Hithaeglir LotR, Ety/349, X/OE ◈ dôl N. [dˈɔːl] (dol S.) n. 1. head ○ 2. Geog. by ext., hill or mountain ◇ Ety/376, S/430, RC/268 ◈ *menniath N. [m'ɛnni.ɑθ] n. coll. of ment, 1. many points ○ 2. Geog. by ext., range of mountains ← Mornvenniath TI/124, Lambengolmor/799 ◈ oegas N. pl. oeges N. n. abst. of aeg, Geog. mountain peak ◇ Ety/349, X/OE ◈ orod S., N. [ˈɔrɔd] pl. ered S., N. [ˈɛrɛd] (eryd S., N., ereid N.) n. Geog. mountain ◇ Ety/379, S/435, Letters/263, TC/178, RC/621 ◈ orodrim N. [ɔrˈɔdrim] n. class pl. of orod, Geog. range of mountains ◇ Ety/379 ◈ taen I N. [tˈɑɛn] n. height, summit of high mountain ◇ Ety/389 ◈ tarag N. [tˈɑrɑg] n. 1. horn ○ 2. by ext., steep mountain peak ◇ Ety/391, VT/46:17

mountaineer ◈ orodben S. [ɔrˈɔdbɛn] pl. œrydbin S. [ɛrˈydbin] n. mountaineer, one living in the mountains ◇ WJ/376

mouth ◈ ethir I S., N. [ˈɛθir] n. Geog. mouth (of a river), estuary ◇ LotR/II:X, Ety/356, RC/350

move ◈ rhinc N. n. twitch, jerk, trick, sudden move ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

mummy ◈ nana N. [nˈɑnɑ] n. hypo. mother, mummy ◇ Ety/348, Ety/374

muscle ◈ tû N. [tˈuː] n. muscle, sinew, vigour, physical strength ◇ Ety/394

mutated ◈ prestannen N. [prɛstˈɑnnɛn] pp. of presta-, 1. affected ○ 2. Ling. mutated (of a mutated vowel) ◇ Ety/380

mutation ◈ prestanneth N. [prɛstˈɑnnɛθ] n. Ling. affection of vowels, mutation ◇ Ety/380

my ◈ nín S. [nˈiːn] adj. poss. 1st my ◇ UT/40, VT/44:22 ◈ The acute accent in nín has sometimes been regarded as an error for a slanted macron in the manuscript, since all the other attested personal adjectives from Sauron defeated all have a circumflex accent. It was however noted that if the acute accent is confirmed, then this word is probably an enclitic, see HL/73. The acute accent is now confirmed by VT/44

myself ◈ anim S. [ˈɑnim] pron. 1st for myself ◇ LotR/A(v)

N

nail ◈ taes N. [tˈɑɛs] n. nail ◇ Ety/390

naked ◈ hell N. [hˈɛl̡l] adj. naked ◇ Ety/386 ◈ lanc I S. [lˈɑŋk] n. naked ◇ UT/418

name ◈ eneth S. [ˈɛnɛθ] n. name ◇ VT/44:21,24 ◈ *esta- S. [ˈɛstɑ] v. to name ← estathar SD/129-31

narrator ◈ pethron N. [pˈɛθrɔn] n. narrator ◇ Ety/366

narrow ◈ agor II N. [ˈɑgr̩] (agr N.) adj. narrow ◇ Ety/348

neat ◈ puig N. [pˈujg] adj. clean, tidy, neat ◇ Ety/382

neck ◈ achad S. [ˈɑxɑd] n. Biol. neck (properly referring only to the bony vertebral part not including the throat) ◇ RC/537 ◈ iaeth N. [jˈɑɛθ] n. neck ◇ Ety/400

necklace ◈ sigil II N. [sˈigil̡] n. necklace ← Sigil Elu-naeth WJ/258

necromancy ◈ gûl S., N. [gˈuːl] n. 1. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who made wonderful things) ○ 2. by ext., perverted or evil knowledge, sorcery, necromancy ◇ Ety/377, S/432, MR/350, WJ/383 ◈ morgul S. [mˈɔrgul] n. black arts, sorcery, necromancy ◇ Ety/377, S/432, WJ/383, MR/350, RC/482

need ◈ baur N. [bˈɑur] n. need ◇ Ety/372 ◈ bui N. v. impers. to need ◇ Ety/372, X/Z ◈ thang S., N. [θˈɑŋ] n. compulsion, duress, need, oppression ◇ Ety/388, S/438

neighbour ◈ samarad S. [sˈɑmɑrɑd] n. dual pl. of sammar, two neighbours ◇ VT/48:20 ◈ sammar S. [sˈɑmmɑr] (ahamar S.) n. neighbour ◇ VT/48:20

net ◈ gwî N. [gwˈiː] n. net, web ◇ Ety/398 ◈ raef S. [rˈɑɛv] (raew S. [rˈɑɛw]) n. net ◇ VT/42:12 ◈ rem S. [rˈɛm] n. mesh, net (esp. for catching, hunter's or fisher's net) ◇ LotR/E, VT/42:29

netted ◈ *remmen S. [rˈɛmmɛn] pl. remmin S. [rˈɛmmin] pp. woven, netted, tangled ← galadhremmin LotR/E, LotR/II:I, RGEO/72

nettled ◈ raen S. [rˈɑɛn] adj. nettled, enlaced ◇ VT/42:11

new ◈ cîr S. [kˈiːr] (cýr S.) adj. renewed ◇ VT/48:7-8 ◈ cîw S. [kˈiːw] adj. fresh, new ◇ VT/48:7-8 ◈ eden N. [ˈɛdɛn] adj. new, begun again ◇ Ety/349 ◈ *gwain S. [gwˈɑjn] pl. *gwîn S. [gwˈiːn] adj. new ← Narwain (Narvinyë) LotR/D, Cf. Ety/399 ◈ sein N. pl. sîn N. [sˈiːn] adj. new ◇ Ety/385, X/EI

news ◈ siniath N. [sˈini.ɑθ] n. coll. news, tidings ◇ Ety/385

night ◈ daw N. [dˈɑw] n. night-time, gloom ◇ Ety/354 ◈ dû S., N. [dˈuː] n. nightfall, late evening, night, dimness ◇ Ety/354, S/430, VT/45:9 ◈ fuin S., N. [fˈujn] n. night, dead of night, gloom, darkness ◇ Ety/354, Ety/382, S/431 ◈ môr S., N. [mˈɔːr] n. darkness, dark, night ◇ Ety/373, Letters/382 ◈ tinnu N. [tˈinnu] (tindu N.) n. 1. dusk, twilight, early night (without Moon) ○ 2. by ext., starry twilight ◇ Ety/355, Ety/393, X/ND2

nightfall ◈ dû S., N. [dˈuː] n. nightfall, late evening, night, dimness ◇ Ety/354, S/430, VT/45:9

nightingale ◈ dúlinn N. [dˈuːlinn] (dúlind N., dúlin S., N.) n. Orn. nightingale ◇ Ety/354, Ety/369, S/430, X/ND4 ◈ merilin N. [mˈɛrilˌin] (mœrilind N.) n. Orn. nightingale ◇ Ety/394, X/ND4

nine ◈ neder S., N. [nˈɛdɛr] adj. num. card. nine ◇ Ety/376, VT/42:25, VT/48:6, PE/17:95

ninth ◈ nedrui S. [nˈɛdruj] adj. num. ord. ninth ◇ VT/42:25 ◈ nerthui S. [nˈɛrθuj] adj. num. ord. ninth ◇ VT/42:10

no ◈ al- N. [ɑl] pref. no, not ◇ Ety/367 ◈ ú S. [ˈuː] pref. no, not (negative prefix or particle) ◇ WJ/369, LotR/A(v)

noble ◈ ara- S. [ɑrɑ] (ar- S.) pref. high, noble, royal ◇ S/428 ◈ arod S. [ˈɑrɔd] adj. noble ◇ PM/363, VT/41:9 ◈ arphen S. [ˈɑrfɛn] pl. erphin S. [ˈɛrfin] n. a noble ◇ WJ/376 ◈ *arth S. [ˈɑrθ] adj. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted) ← Arthedain LotR ◈ brand N. [brˈɑnd] (brann N.) adj. 1. lofty, noble, fine ○ 2. high (in size) ◇ Ety/351, TAI/150, X/ND1 ◈ rodwen S. [rˈɔdwɛn] n. high virgin noble ◇ WJ/317

noise ◈ glam S. [glˈɑm] (glamm S., N., glamb S., N.) n. 1. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise ○ 2. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts ○ 3. Pop. by ext., as a coll. noun, any body of Orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/377, WJ/390, WJ/416

noisy ◈ *brui S. [brˈuj] adj. loud, noisy ← Bruinen LotR/Index

noose ◈ hniof N. n. noose ◇ Ety/387, X/IU

north ◈ forn S., N. [fˈɔrn] n. right, north ◇ Ety/382, UT/426, S/431 ◈ forod S., N. [fˈɔrɔd] n. north ◇ Ety/382, S/431, LotR/E ◈ forven N. [fˈɔrvɛn] n. north ◇ Ety/382 ◈ fuir S. [fˈujr] adj. north ◇ VT/42:20

northern ◈ forodren N. [fɔrˈɔdrɛn] adj. northern ◇ Ety/382

nose ◈ bund N. [bˈund] (bunn N.) n. 1. Biol. snout, nose ○ 2. Geog. by ext., cape (of land) ◇ Ety/372, X/ND2 ◈ nem N. [nˈɛm] (nemb N.) n. Biol. nose ◇ Ety/376

not ◈ al- N. [ɑl] pref. no, not ◇ Ety/367 ◈ ú S. [ˈuː] pref. no, not (negative prefix or particle) ◇ WJ/369, LotR/A(v)

notion ◈ inc N. [ˈiŋk] n. guess, idea, notion ◇ Ety/361

novel ◈ sinnarn N. [sˈinnɑrn] n. novel tale ◇ Ety/385

november ◈ hithui S. [hˈiθuj] n. and adj. 1. foggy, misty ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of november ◇ LotR/D

now ◈ si S. [si] adv. now ◇ LotR/IV:X, LB/354

number ◈ gwanod N. [gwˈɑnɔd] n. tale, number ◇ Ety/378 ◈ lhae N. n. great number ◇ VT/45:27, X/LH

numberless ◈ arnediad N. [ɑrnˈɛdi.ɑd] (arnœdiad S., N.) adj. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless ◇ Ety/349, Ety/378, S/428, VT/46:6

numerous ◈ rhem N. (rhemb N.) adj. frequent, numerous ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

O

oak ◈ doron N. [dˈɔrɔn] pl. deren N. (dœrœn N.) n. Bot. oak ◇ Ety/355, VT/45:11

oath ◈ gwaedh N. [gwˈɑɛð] n. bond, troth, compact, oath ◇ Ety/397 ◈ gwest N. [gwˈɛst] n. oath ◇ Ety/397

oblique ◈ atlant N. adj. oblique, slanting ◇ Ety/390, X/TL

obscure ◈ doll N. [dˈɔll] (dolt N.) adj. dark, dusky, obscure ◇ Ety/355, Ety/376, Tengwestie/20031207 ◈ gwathra- S. [gwˈɑθrɑ] v. to overshadow, dim, veil, obscure ◇ VT/42:9 ◈ hethw N. adj. foggy, obscure, vague ◇ Ety/364, X/W

obstinate ◈ tarlanc N. [tˈɑrlɑŋk] adj. stiff-necked, obstinate ◇ Ety/390

occasion ◈ lhû N. n. a time, occasion ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

ocean ◈ gaearon S. [gˈɑɛ.ɑrɔn] (gaeron S.) n. augm. of gaear, Geog. great sea, ocean ◇ PM/363, PM/348, RGEO/72-73

october ◈ narbeleth S. [nˈɑrbɛlɛθ] n. Cal. october (month) ◇ LotR/D

odour ◈ ûl N. [ˈuːl] n. odour ◇ Ety/378

of ◈ ned S. [nɛd] prep. (uncertain meaning) in, of (about time, e.g. giving a date) ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ [Another possible interpretation: "another, one more" (related to Q. net(e)), VT/47:40] ◈ o I S., N. [ɔ] (od S.) prep. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker) ◇ Ety/360, WJ/366, WJ/369-70, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-31, RGEO/72 ◈ According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin ◈ uin S. [ujn] prep. of the ◇ SD/129-31

off ◈ ego S. [ˈɛgɔ] interj. be off! ◇ WJ/365

old ◈ brûn N. [brˈuːn] adj. old, that has long endured, or been established, or in use ◇ Ety/353 ◈ gern N. [gˈɛrn] adj. worn, old, decripit (used of things only) ◇ Ety/360 ◈ iaur S., N. [jˈɑur] adj. 1. ancient, old, original ○ 2. older, former ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, S/433, UT/384 ◈ ifant N. adj. aged, having lived long, old (with no connotation of weakness) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, VT/46:23, X/PH ◈ ingem N. [ˈiŋgɛm] adj. old (of person, in mortal sense: decripit, suffering from old age) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, Ety/400 ◈ New word coined by the Elves after meeting with Men

older ◈ iaur S., N. [jˈɑur] adj. 1. ancient, old, original ○ 2. older, former ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, S/433, UT/384

on ◈ bo S. [bɔ] prep. on ◇ VT/44:21,26 ◈ erin S. [ɛrin] prep. on the ◇ SD/129-31

one ◈ er- S., N. [ɛr] pref. alone, one ◇ VT/42:19 ◈ mîn S. [mˈiːn] (min S., N. [mˈin]) adj. num. card. one (first of a series) ◇ Ety/373, VT/42:24-25, VT/48:6 ◈ pen II S. [pɛn] pron. one, somebody, anybody ◇ WJ/376 ◈ Usually enclitic and mutated as ben II

open ◈ *edra- S., N. [ˈɛdrɑ] v. to open ◈ edro S., N. [ˈɛdrɔ] v. imp. of edra-, open! ◇ Ety/357, LotR/II:IV ◈ lhaden N. pl. lhedin N. adj. open, cleared ◇ Ety/368, X/LH ◈ *panna- N. [pˈɑnnɑ] inf. panno N. [pˈɑnnɔ] v. to open, to enlarge ◇ Ety/380

opening ◈ dîn II N. [dˈiːn] n. opening, gap, pass in mountains ◇ Ety/354

oppress ◈ *baugla- N. [bˈɑuglɑ] inf. bauglo N. [bˈɑuglɔ] v. to oppress ◇ Ety/372

oppression ◈ thang S., N. [θˈɑŋ] n. compulsion, duress, need, oppression ◇ Ety/388, S/438

oppressive ◈ baug N. [bˈɑug] adj. tyrannous, cruel, oppressive ◇ Ety/372

oppressor ◈ bauglir N. [bˈɑuglir] n. tyrant, oppressor ◇ Ety/372

or ◈ egor S. [ˈɛgɔr] conj. or ◇ SD/129-31

orc ◈ glam S. [glˈɑm] (glamm S., N., glamb S., N.) n. 1. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise ○ 2. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts ○ 3. Pop. by ext., as a coll. noun, any body of Orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/377, WJ/390, WJ/416 ◈ glamhoth S., N. [glˈɑm.hɔθ] n. class pl. of glam, Pop. barbaric host of Orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/364, Ety/377, UT/39, UT/54, WJ/390 ◈ glamog S. [glˈɑmɔg] n. sing. of glam, Pop. an Orc, "a yelling one" ◇ WJ/390 ◈ orch S., N. [ˈɔrx] pl. yrch S., N.