Hiswelókë's Sindarin dictionary

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Description

Title

Hiswelókë's Sindarin dictionary

Compiled, edited and annotated by Didier Willis

Edition

Edition 1.9.1

Lexicon 0.9952

1584 entries.

Publication

1999-2008, Didier Willis and The Sindarin Dictionary Project

Availability

Status: free.

License: This material may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Creative Commons Attribution, Non-Commercial, Share-Alike License, version 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/).

Additional limitation of scope: Sindarin, as one of the languages invented by J.R.R. Tolkien, is his artistic and intellectual property. The editor does not claim any intellectual property on the Sindarin language itself and, as a whole, on this dictionary, beyond the editorial annotations, the arrangement of entries and the encyclopaedic discussions or interpretations appended to these entries. The above-mentioned license applies to such elements only.

J.R.R. Tolkien's texts and books are copyrighted by the Tolkien Estate and/or Tolkien's publishers. As of yet, this material is not approved by the Tolkien Estate or Tolkien's publishers, and is henceforth an unauthorized Sindarin dictionary. This material is however provided under the editor's assumption that compiling, arranging, analyzing, normalizing and annotating entries in order to produce a dictionary for a language, even if it is an invented one, does not violate the copyright of the inventor.

Shall any third party include this material in a derived work, under the above-mentioned license or under any other applicable license, the editor will not be liable for possible infringement of copyright on the derived work. Every derived use of this material is left under the sole responsability of the third party.

Notwithstanding, this material is neither a verbatim reproduction of information from Tolkien's published works, nor a simple rearrangement of such information in a different order. Many entries are deduced from indirect evidences (such as compounds, inflected forms, etc.) or are normalized according to our current knowledge of the Sindarin phonology and morphology. As a consequence, some deductions, as presented by the editor or by other contributors to the dictionary, might actually prove incorrect or inaccurate when new information is published.

Any violation of copyright regarding yet unpublished texts by J.R.R. Tolkien is unintended. The compiler does not have any access to hitherto unpublished texts. Would it be the case, such texts would not be used in the dictionary. Therefore, this dictionary only contains entries based on published texts, either from direct attestations or based on deductions and conclusions drawn from these texts by careful comparisons.

Notes

The editor would like to thank all the persons who made this work possible. This dictionary would not have existed without the efforts of many other peoples. Lisa Star (editor of Tyalië Tyelelliéva) and Helge Kåre Fauskanger (webmaster of Ardalambion) gave me precious advices and encouragements at the very beginning of the project. David Salo sent me his own lexicons and kindly answered some of my questions about them. Cédric Fockeu (webmaster of J.R.R. Tolkien en Version Française) offered his technical skill in scripting languages, as well as disk space to host the original on-line search engine. My thanks are also addressed to Ryszard Derdzinski, Dorothea Salo, B. Philip Jonsson, Sébastien Mallet and the members of the ELFLING mailing-list, for their support during the early phases of this long project; and later to Jim Allan (editor and co-author of An Introduction to Elvish), Bertrand Bellet, Carl Hostetter (editor of Vinyar Tengwar), Per Lindberg (from Mellonath Daeron), Elena Liria, Emanuele Vicentini, Patrick Wynne and all the other members of the Sindarin dictionary discussion group for their contributions and continual feedback, with a special mention for Javier Lorenzo for all the corrections he sent to the mailing-list.

The Dragon Flame application would not have existed without Benjamin Babut. Likewise, this revised edition of the dictionary would not have seen the light without Benjamin's work and enthousiasm for Dragon Flame and its set of related tools. I am also indebt to Sylvain Veyrié and Thomas Deniau for having ported Dragon Flame to other operating systems.

The German translation of this dictionary is based on the initial work of Christian Buzek, with further help and lots of improvements by Florian Dombach (Das Sindarin Lexikon) and other readers. Benjamin Babut and David Giraudeau contributed to the French translation. We also thank Stéphane Landais for all his corrections.

Last but not least, this work is dedicated to Christopher Tolkien and to the Vinyar Tengwar & Parma Eldalamberon editorial staffs, whose efforts to publish J.R.R. Tolkien's linguistic papers have made such a dictionary possible.

Source

This dictionary is based on J.R.R. Tolkien's works, extended with etymological notes, phonetics and other information.

Sindarin is the language of the Grey Elves, invented by J.R.R. Tolkien and exemplified in his masterful epic story The Lord of the Rings.

This work aims at being a complete Sindarin and Noldorin dictionary, addressing not only Tolkien's fans wishing to understand the elvish sentences from The Lord of the Rings or to build simple sentences in Sindarin, but also scholars wanting to study Sindarin for what it is: the complex linguistic invention of a philology professor, and also a beautiful piece of art.

The Sindarin dictionary project began on October 23, 1999, and is still under development. By no mean shall this version be regarded as definitive. The editor is all too well aware that the dictionary is not as perfect or complete as it might be. Nevertheless, it seems better to encourage the study of Sindarin by the provision of a working dictionary rather than delay the publication perhaps for years, until the editor's ideals are satisfied — a condition which might never be attained.

Encoding

Project declaration

Dictionary compiled and adapted from various sources.

Core file encoded manually in XML (TEI P4).

XHTML version automatically generated from the XML (TEI) source using XSLT.

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Sampling

Phonetics are transcribed using the X-SAMPA scheme for representing the IPA in 7-bit ASCII encoding.

Hypothetical words, either interpreted, reconstructed or deduced from mutated forms, are all marked as deduced.

Phonetics and special delimiters are rendered in Unicode (UTF-8) in the XHTML version. The Lucida Sans Unicode font is assumed, for the document to display correctly, as well a browser supporting Unicode.

Phonetics are rendered in IPA in the PDF version. Some symbols used as delimiters are rendered with glyphs available to the typesetter, and might differ from the XHTML version.

Correction

Status: high.

This document has been extensively checked, although a few casual errors or typos may still remain.

XML file validated with Richard Tobin's RXP software, for conformance to a subset of the TEI P4 DTD.

XHTML version validated with Richard Tobin's RXP software, for compliance with XHTML 1.0 Transitional.

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Interpretation

Probable errors in the sources have been corrected and marked with the <corr> tag.

In the XHTML version, corrections are rendered using a specific markup (misreadings, etc.).

abandon ◈ awartha- N. [ɑwˈɑrθɑ] v. to forsake, abandon ◇ Ety/397

abandonment ◈ awarth N. [ˈɑwɑrθ] n. abandonment ◇ Ety/397

abhor ◈ *fuia- N. [fˈuj.ɑ] inf. fuio N. [fˈuj.ɔ] v. to feel disgust at, abhor ◇ Ety/381

abhorrence ◈ delos N. [dˈɛlɔs] (deloth N.) n. abhorrence, detestation, loathing ◇ Ety/355

abhorrent ◈ thaur S. [θˈɑur] adj. abominable, abhorrent ◇ S/438

abiding ◈ him I N. [hˈim] adj. 1. steadfast, abiding ○ 2. as an adverb, continually ◇ Ety/364 ◈ thand II N. [θˈɑnd] (thann N.) adj. firm, true, abiding ◇ Ety/388, VT/46:16 ◈ Misreading thenid, thenin rectified according to VT/46:16

abominable ◈ deleb N. [dˈɛlɛb] adj. horrible, abominable, loathsome ◇ Ety/355 ◈ thaur S. [θˈɑur] adj. abominable, abhorrent ◇ S/438

abound ◈ *ovra- N. [ˈɔvrɑ] inf. ovro N. [ˈɔvrɔ] v. to abound ◇ Ety/396

about ◈ o II N. [ɔ] prep. about, concerning ◇ Ety/378 ◈ The Etymologies state that h- is prefixed to the word following this preposition, when it begins with a vowel: o Hedhil "concerning the Elves". Some scholars consider that this rule is not valid in Sindarin, but that the preposition would perhaps become oh in such a case (hence oh Edhil, to be compared with ah in Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth) ◈ os- N. [ɔs] pref. about, around ◇ Ety/379

above ◈ or N. [ɔr] prep. above, over ◇ Ety/379 ◈ or- N. [ɔr] pref. above, over ◇ Ety/379

abroad ◈ palan- S. [pˈɑlɑn] adv. afar, abroad, far and wide ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74

abundant ◈ ovor N. [ˈɔvr̩] (ovr N., ofr N.) adj. abundant ◇ Ety/396

abyss ◈ dath N. [dˈɑθ] n. hole, pit, steep fall, abyss ◇ Ety/354, VT/45:8 ◈ iâ S. [jˈɑː] (ia N.) n. 1. gulf ○ 2. abyss, void ◇ Ety/400, S/432, Letters/383

account ◈ pennas N. [pˈɛnnɑs] n. abst. of pent II, history, historical account ◇ Ety/366, WJ/192, WJ/206 ◈ trenarn N. [trˈɛnɑrn] n. account, tale ◇ Ety/374

acre ◈ rîdh N. [rˈiːð] n. sown field, acre ◇ Ety/383, VT/46:11

across ◈ ath- N. [ɑθ] pref. on both sides, across ◇ Ety/349 ◈ athra- S. [ɑθrɑ] pref. across ← Athrabeth MR/329 ◈ thar- S., N. [θɑr] pref. across, athwart, over, beyond ◇ Ety/388, S/438

acute ◈ †laeg I *S. [lˈɑɛg] (lhaeg N., lhoeg N.) adj. keen, sharp, acute ◇ Ety/367, VT/45:25, X/OE, X/LH

afar ◈ palan- S. [pˈɑlɑn] adv. afar, abroad, far and wide ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74

affect ◈ *presta- N. [prˈɛstɑ] inf. presto N. [prˈɛstɔ] v. to affect, trouble, disturb ◇ Ety/380

affected ◈ prestannen N. [prɛstˈɑnnɛn] pp. of presta-, 1. affected ○ 2. Ling. mutated (of a mutated vowel) ◇ Ety/380

affection ◈ mîl N. [mˈiːl] n. love, affection ◇ Ety/372 ◈ prestanneth N. [prɛstˈɑnnɛθ] n. Ling. affection of vowels, mutation ◇ Ety/380

affliction ◈ caul S. [kˈɑul] n. great burden, affliction ◇ VT/39:10

after ◈ ab- S. [ɑb] pref. after, later ← Abonnen WJ/387

again ◈ ad- N. [ɑd] pref. back, again, re- ◇ Ety/349, VT/45:6

against ◈ dan S. [dɑn] prep. 1. against ○ 2. etym. back ◇ LotR/II:IV

age ◈ †andrann *S. [ˈɑndrɑnn] (anrand N.) n. cycle, age (100 Valian Years) ◇ Ety/382, X/ND4 ◈ Helge Fauskanger noted that the element and "long" would normally be preserved before r-, but the -d is lost because there is another d in the word (VT/41:9); however, this second d later disappeared in the change from -nd to -nn, and it is unclear whether or not an- would then revert to and-

aged ◈ †iphant *S. [ˈiffɑnt] (ifant N.) adj. aged, having lived long, old (with no connotation of weakness) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, VT/46:23, X/PH

agile ◈ celeg S., N. [kˈɛlɛg] adj. swift, agile, hasty ◇ Ety/366, PM/353, VT/41:10

ago ◈ io N. [jɔ] (ia N.) adv. ago ◇ Ety/399

ah ◈ ai I S. [ˈɑj] interj. ah! ◇ LotR/I:XII ◈ Though attested in LotR, this word might relate to ae, with the regular change from ai to ae between Noldorin and Sindarin

air ◈ †gwelu *S. [gwˈɛlu] (gwelw N.) n. air (as substance) ◇ Ety/398, X/W ◈ gwelwen N. [gwˈɛl̡wɛn] n. air, lower air (distinct from the upper air of the stars, or the outer) ◇ Ety/398 ◈ gwilith N. [gwˈiliθ] n. air (as a region) ◇ Ety/398 ◈ †lind *S. [lˈind] (lhind N., lhinn N.) n. air, tune ◇ Ety/369, X/LH, X/ND1

alas ◈ nae N. [nˈɑɛ] interj. alas ◇ Ety/375

alive ◈ cuin N. [kˈujn] adj. alive ◇ Ety/366 ◈ *cuina- N. [kˈujnɑ] inf. cuino N. [kˈujnɔ] v. to be alive ◇ Ety/366

all ◈ *pân II S. [pˈɑːn] pl. *pain S. [pˈɑjn] adj. all, in totality ← mhellyn în phain SD/129-31 ◈ As no other word beginning in ph- is attested, it is assumed that a nasal mutation is triggered by the pronoun în I, hence the form observed in the "King's Letter"

allegiance ◈ *buia- N. [bˈuj.ɑ] inf. buio N. [bˈuj.ɔ] v. to serve, to hold allegiance to ◇ Ety/353

alone ◈ er- S., N. [ɛr] pref. alone, one ◇ VT/42:19 ◈ erui S. [ˈɛruj] adj. 1. single, alone ○ 2. by ext., first (incorrect use by the Gondorians) ◇ TI/312, WR/436, VT/42:10 ◈ The proper word for first in Sindarin was minui

alphabet ◈ angerthas S. [ɑŋgˈɛrθɑs] n. Ling. runic alphabet, long rune-rows (extended version of the Certhas) ◇ S/427, LotR/E ◈ certhas S. [kˈɛrθɑs] n. abst. of certh, Ling. runic alphabet, rune-rows ◇ LotR/E ◈ tiwdi N. [tˈiwdi] n. Ling. alphabet ◇ VT/46:18

amputate ◈ *osgar- N. [ˈɔsgɑr] inf. esgeri N. [ˈɛsgɛri] v. to cut round, to amputate ◇ Ety/379

anchorage ◈ †lorn *S. [lˈɔrn] (lhorn N.) n. 1. quiet water ○ 2. by ext., anchorage, harbour ◇ VT/45:29, X/LH

ancient ◈ iaur S., N. [jˈɑur] adj. 1. ancient, old, original ○ 2. older, former ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, S/433, UT/384

and ◈ a I S. [ɑ] (ar S.) conj. and ◇ LotR/II:IV, LotR/VI:IV, S/428, SD/129-31, LB/354, Letters/308 ◈ See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel ◈ ah S. [ɑh] prep. and conj. and, with ◇ MR/329 ◈ The title Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth is translated as "converse of Finrod and Andreth", but some scholars actually believe this word to be unrelated with the conjunction a I, ar "and", and they render it as "with". Other scholars consider that "and" and "with" (in the comitative sense) are not exclusive of each other, and regard ah as the form taken by this conjunction before a vowel. That a, ar and ah are etymologically related has finally been confirmed in VT/43:29-30. Compare also with Welsh, where the coordination "and" also takes different forms whether it occurs before a vowel or a consonant (respectively ac and a). In written Welsh, a often triggers the aspirate mutation: bara a chaws "bread and cheese". This usage is seldom applied in colloquial Welsh (Modern Welsh §510)

anger ◈ rûth S. [rˈuːθ] n. anger ◇ S/436

angle ◈ bennas N. [bˈɛnnɑs] n. angle, corner ◇ Ety/352, Ety/375 ◈ nass N. [nˈɑss] n. 1. point, (sharp) end ○ 2. angle or corner ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37

animal ◈ lavan S. [lˈɑvɑn] pl. levain S. [lˈɛvɑjn] n. Zool. animal (usually applied to four-footed beasts, and never to reptiles or birds) ◇ WJ/388, WJ/416 ◈ *tad-dal S. [tˈɑd.dɑl] pl. tad-dail S. [tˈɑd.dɑjl] n. and adj. Zool. biped, two-legged animal ◇ WJ/388

annal ◈ ínias N. [ˈiːni.ɑs] n. abst. of în II, annals ◇ Ety/400

anniversary ◈ †edinor *S. [ˈɛdinɑr] (edinar N.) n. Cal. anniversary day ◇ Ety/400, X/Z

answer ◈ dambeth S. [dˈɑmbɛθ] n. answer, response ◇ PM/395 ◈ In Tolkien's manuscript, this form was rejected in favor of dangweth, with a slightly different meaning. However, it may possibly be assumed that the word is valid per se (although it may be argued that this compound word does not show the regular mutation that one would have expected) ◈ dangweth S. [dˈɑŋgwɛθ] n. answer, reply giving new information ◇ PM/395

anybody ◈ pen II S. [pɛn] pron. one, somebody, anybody ◇ WJ/376 ◈ Usually enclitic and mutated as ben II

apparition ◈ auth II S. [ˈɑuθ] n. a dim shape, spectral or vague apparition ◇ VT/42:9

appear ◈ *thia- N. [θˈi.ɑ] inf. thio N. [θˈi.ɔ] v. to appear, seem ◇ Ety/392

apple ◈ cordof S. [kˈɔrdɔv] n. Bot. pippin (seed of certain fruits, or more probably small red apple) ◇ SD/129-31

approach ◈ *anglenna- S. [ɑŋglˈɛnnɑ] v. to approach ← anglennatha SD/129-31

appropriate ◈ seidia- S. [sˈɛjdi.ɑ] v. to set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner ◇ VT/42:20

april ◈ gwirith S. [gwˈiriθ] n. Cal. april (month) ◇ LotR/D, SD/129-31

arch ◈ cû S., N. [kˈuː] n. 1. arch, crescent ○ 2. Mil. by ext., bow ◇ Ety/365, S/429

area ◈ sad S. [sˈɑd] n. limited area naturally or artificially defined, a place, spot ◇ UT/425, VT/42:19-20

arid ◈ †apharch *S. [ˈɑffɑrx] (afarch N.) adj. very dry, arid ◇ VT/45:5, X/PH

arm ◈ †ranc *S. [rˈɑŋk] (rhanc N.) pl. †renc *S. [rˈɛŋk] (rhenc N., Arch. rhengy N.) n. arm ◇ Ety/382, X/RH

around ◈ os- N. [ɔs] pref. about, around ◇ Ety/379

article ◈ bach N. [bˈɑx] n. article (for exchange), ware, thing ◇ Ety/372

as ◈ sui II S. [sˈuj] conj. as, like ◇ VT/44:21,27

ash ◈ lith S., N. [lˈiθ] n. ash, sand, dust ◇ Ety/369, S/434, TC/178

ashen ◈ lithui S. [lˈiθuj] adj. ashen, ashy, of ash, ash-coloured, dusty ◇ S/434, UT/435, RGEO/74, TC/178, VT/42:10

ashy ◈ lithui S. [lˈiθuj] adj. ashen, ashy, of ash, ash-coloured, dusty ◇ S/434, UT/435, RGEO/74, TC/178, VT/42:10

assembly ◈ hûd N. [hˈuːd] n. assembly ◇ Ety/364

associate ◈ gwathel N. [gwˈɑθɛl̡] pl. gwethil N. [gwˈɛθil̡] n. f. sister, associate ◇ Ety/392

at ◈ na S., N. [nɑ] prep. 1. with, by (also used as a genitive sign) ○ 2. to, towards, at ◇ Ety/374, LotR/I:XII

athwart ◈ thar- S., N. [θɑr] pref. across, athwart, over, beyond ◇ Ety/388, S/438

august ◈ urui S. [ˈuruj] n. and adj. 1. hot ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of august ◇ LotR/D

autumn ◈ iavas S. [jˈɑvɑs] n. abst. of iau I, Cal. season of autumn ◇ LotR/D ◈ †lasbelin *S. [lˈɑsbɛlin] (lhasbelin N.) n. Cal. season of autumn ◇ Ety/366-367, X/LH

awakening ◈ echui S., N. [ˈɛxuj] (echuiw N.) n. awakening ◇ Ety/366, S/429

awe ◈ anwar S. [ˈɑnwɑr] n. awe ◇ UT/418, VT/42:23

awful ◈ taur III N. [tˈɑur] adj. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime ◇ Ety/395

axe ◈ hast N. [hˈɑst] n. axe-stroke ◇ Ety/389 ◈ hathol S. [hˈɑθl̩] (hathel N., *hathal N.) n. 1. Mil. broadsword-blade, axe-blade ○ 2. Mil. by ext., axe ◇ Ety/389, WJ/234, UT/444, LR/433 ◈ See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants and their vocalization

babble ◈ *glavra- N. [glˈɑvrɑ] inf. glavro N. [glˈɑvrɔ] v. to babble ◇ Ety/358

babbling ◈ glavrol N. [glˈɑvrɔl] part. of glavra-, babbling ◇ Ety/358

babe ◈ †laes *S. [lˈɑɛs] (lhaes N.) n. babe ◇ Ety/367, X/LH

baby ◈ gwinig S. [gwˈinig] n. dim. 1. "litte baby" ○ 2. Biol. little finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,16-17

back ◈ ad- N. [ɑd] pref. back, again, re- ◇ Ety/349, VT/45:6 ◈ dan S. [dɑn] prep. 1. against ○ 2. etym. back ◇ LotR/II:IV

bad ◈ †faeg *S. [fˈɑɛg] (foeg N.) adj. mean, poor, bad ◇ Ety/387, X/OE ◈ um N. [ˈum] adj. bad, evil ◇ Ety/396

bald ◈ rûdh S. [rˈuːð] adj. bald ◇ S/379, WJ/187

ball ◈ coron S., N. [kˈɔrɔn] n. 1. globe, ball ○ 2. Geog. by ext., mound ◇ Ety/365, S/429

bane ◈ dagnir S. [dˈɑgnir] n. 1. slayer ○ 2. by ext., bane ◇ S/430

bank ◈ duirro N. [dˈujrrɔ] n. Geog. river-bank ◇ VT/46:10 ◈ †raw I *S. [rˈɑw] (rhaw N.) n. Geog. bank (especially of a river) ◇ Ety/382, X/RH

bark ◈ *rîf S. [rˈiːv] n. bark ← Fladrif LotR/E, TC/169, TC/173

barrow ◈ gorthad S. [gˈɔrθɑd] pl. gœrthaid S. [gˈɛrθɑjd] n. barrow ◇ LotR/A(iii), PM/194

batter ◈ *blab- N. [blˈɑb] inf. blebi N. [blˈɛbi] v. to beat, batter, flap (wings, etc.) ◇ Ety/380

battle ◈ ∗auth I N. [ˈɑuθ] n. war, battle ◇ Ety/365, Ety/379, VT/45:23 ◈ dagor S., N. [dˈɑgr̩] (dagr N.) n. battle ◇ Ety/375, S/430 ◈ *dagra- N. [dˈɑgrɑ] inf. dagro N. [dˈɑgrɔ] v. to battle ◇ Ety/375 ◈ maeth N. [mˈɑɛθ] n. battle, fight (not of general host but of two or a few) ◇ Ety/371

bay ◈ côf S. [kˈɔːv] n. Geog. bay ◇ VT/42:15 ◈ hûb N. [hˈuːb] n. Geog. haven, harbour, small land-locked bay ◇ Ety/364

be ◈ *na- S. [nˈɑ] v. to be ← no aer i eneth lín VT/44:21,24 ◈ no II S. [nˈɔ] v. imp. of na-, be! ◇ VT/44:21,24

beach ◈ falas S., N. [fˈɑlɑs] pl. †felais *S. [fˈɛlɑjs] (feles N.) n. 1. Geog. beach, wave-beaten shore, line of surf ○ 2. Geog. as a proper noun, the western coast of Beleriand ◇ Ety/381, S/431, RC/18, X/EI ◈ faur N. [fˈɑur] n. Geog. beach, shore ◇ VT/46:15

beacon ◈ *narthan S. [nˈɑrθɑn] n. beacon, signal fire to notify of the approach of an enemy ← Fornarthan VT/42:30

bear ◈ brôg N. [brˈɔːg] n. Zool. bear ◇ Ety/374 ◈ graw S. [grˈɑw] n. Zool. bear ◇ VT/47:12 ◈ †medli *S. [mˈɛdli] (megli N.) n. Zool. bear ◇ Ety/369, Ety/371, X/DL ◈ †medlin *S. [mˈɛdlin] (meglin N.) adj. honey-eater, bear-like ◇ Ety/369, X/DL

beard ◈ fang N. [fˈɑŋ] n. beard ◇ Ety/387

bearer ◈ *cyll S. [kˈyll] n. bearer ← Taengyl, Tengyl MR/385

beat ◈ *blab- N. [blˈɑb] inf. blebi N. [blˈɛbi] v. to beat, batter, flap (wings, etc.) ◇ Ety/380 ◈ *dringa- N. [drˈiŋgɑ] inf. dringo N. [drˈiŋgɔ] v. to beat (with a hammer, etc.) ◇ Ety/355

beautiful ◈ †bain *S. [bˈɑjn] (bein N.) adj. beautiful, fair ◇ Ety/351, Ety/359, X/EI

bed ◈ haust N. [hˈɑust] n. bed ◇ Ety/364

bedridden ◈ caeleb N. [kˈɑɛlɛb] adj. bedridden, sick ◇ Ety/363

beech ◈ brethil II S. [brˈɛθil̡] (brethel N.) pl. brethil S., N. n. Bot. beech, beech-tree, silver birch ◇ Ety/352, Ety/376, S/429 ◈ fêr N. [fˈɛːr] pl. ferin N. [fˈɛrin] n. Bot. beech-tree ◇ Ety/352, Ety/381

beget ◈ edonna- N. [ɛdˈɔnnɑ] v. to beget ◇ Ety/379 ◈ *onna- S. [ˈɔnnɑ] v. to beget ← Abonnen, Eboennin WJ/387

begin ◈ *heria- N. [hˈɛri.ɑ] inf. herio N. [hˈɛri.ɔ] (hœrio N.) v. to begin suddenly and vigorously ◇ Ety/364, VT/45:22 ◈ The forms heno, hœno in the Etymologies are misreadings according to VT/45:22

behind ◈ adel N. [ɑdɛl̡] prep. behind, in rear (of) ◇ Ety/392

behold ◈ alae S. [ˈɑlɑɛ] interj. (?) behold! ◇ UT/40 ◈ Uncertain meaning, but compare with Quenya ela! "imperative exclamation directing sight to an actually visible object" (WJ/362)

bell ◈ nell N. [nˈɛl̡l] n. bell ◇ Ety/379 ◈ nelladel N. [nˈɛl̡lɑdɛl̡] n. ringing of bells ◇ Ety/379

bellowing ◈ glam S. [glˈɑm] (glamm S., N., glamb S., N.) n. 1. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise ○ 2. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts ○ 3. Pop. by ext., as a coll. noun, any body of Orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/377, WJ/390, WJ/416

beneath ◈ di- S. [di] pref. beneath, under ← di-nguruthos LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278, VT/45:37 ◈ The only known usage of this word is as prefix, but VT/45:37 lists it as a unitary word di

bent ◈ cûn N. [kˈuːn] adj. bowed, bow-shaped, bent ◇ Ety/365 ◈ †raeg *S. [rˈɑɛg] (rhoeg N.) adj. crooked, bent, wrong ◇ Ety/383, X/OE, X/RH

beside ◈ ar- II N. [ɑr] pref. 1. Arch. etym. beside ○ 2. by ext., without ◇ Ety/349

betray ◈ *gweria- N. [gwˈɛri.ɑ] inf. gwerio N. [gwˈɛri.ɔ] v. to betray, cheat ◇ Ety/397

betrayer ◈ gwarth N. [gwˈɑrθ] n. betrayer ◇ Ety/397

between ◈ mîn II S. [mˈiːn] (min- S.) prep. (in) between (referring to a gap, space, barrier or anything intervening between two other things) ← Minhiriath LotR/Map, VT/47:11,14

beyond ◈ athan S. [ɑθɑn] prep. beyond ◇ SD/62 ◈ thar- S., N. [θɑr] pref. across, athwart, over, beyond ◇ Ety/388, S/438

bind ◈ *gwedh- N. [gwˈɛð] inf. gwedhi (corr. gwedi) N. [gwˈɛði] pa. t. gwedhant N. [gwˈɛðɑnt] (gwend N., gwenn N.) v. to bind ◇ Ety/397, X/ND1 ◈ †nod- *S. [nˈɔd] (nud- N.) v. to tie, bind ◇ Ety/378, X/Z

biped ◈ *tad-dal S. [tˈɑd.dɑl] pl. tad-dail S. [tˈɑd.dɑjl] n. and adj. Zool. biped, two-legged animal ◇ WJ/388

birch ◈ brethil II S. [brˈɛθil̡] (brethel N.) pl. brethil S., N. n. Bot. beech, beech-tree, silver birch ◇ Ety/352, Ety/376, S/429

bird ◈ aew S., N. [ˈɑɛw] n. Orn. (small) bird ◇ Ety/348, S/434 ◈ *aewen S. [ˈɑɛwɛn] adj. of birds ← Linaewen S/434 ◈ emlin N. [ˈɛmlin] (emmelin N., emelin N.) n. Orn. yellow bird, "yellow hammer" ◇ Ety/386 ◈ fileg N. [fˈilɛg] pl. filig N. [fˈilig] n. Orn. small bird ◇ Ety/381 ◈ filigod N. [fˈiligɔd] n. sing. of fileg, Orn. small bird ◇ Ety/381 ◈ heledir N. [hˈɛlɛdˌir] (heledirn N.) n. Orn. kingfisher (bird) ◇ Ety/363, Ety/386, Ety/394 ◈ tavor N. [tˈɑvr̩] (tavr N., tafr N.) n. Orn. woodpecker (bird) ◇ Ety/390 ◈ tuilinn N. [tˈujlinn] (tuilind N., tuilin N.) n. Orn. swallow (bird) ◇ Ety/395, X/ND4

bite ◈ nag- N. [nˈɑg] v. to bite ◇ Ety/374

biting ◈ naeth S., N. [nˈɑɛθ] n. 1. biting ○ 2. by ext., woe (gets sense of gnashing teeth in grief) ← Elu-naeth WJ/258, Ety/374-375 ◈ narch S. [nˈɑrx] n. (bitter-) biting ← Narchost LotR, RC/601

bitter ◈ saer N. [sˈɑɛr] adj. bitter ◇ Ety/385

black ◈ morn S., N. [mˈɔrn] pl. myrn S. [mˈyrn] adj. black, dark ◇ Ety/373, Letters/382, Letters/427, WJ/368, WR/113, UT/65

blackthorn ◈ toss N. [tˈɔss] n. Bot. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.) ◇ Ety/379, Ety/395

blade ◈ hathol S. [hˈɑθl̩] (hathel N., *hathal N.) n. 1. Mil. broadsword-blade, axe-blade ○ 2. Mil. by ext., axe ◇ Ety/389, WJ/234, UT/444, LR/433 ◈ See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants and their vocalization

blessedness ◈ †galu *S. [gˈɑlu] (galw N.) n. (?) blessings, (?) blessedness, (?) good fortune (meaning not entirely clear) ◇ Ety/357, X/W

blessings ◈ †galu *S. [gˈɑlu] (galw N.) n. (?) blessings, (?) blessedness, (?) good fortune (meaning not entirely clear) ◇ Ety/357, X/W

bliss ◈ manadh N. [mˈɑnɑð] n. 1. doom, final end, fate, fortune ○ 2. by ext., final bliss ◇ Ety/371

blocked ◈ *tafnen S. [tˈɑvnɛn] adj. closed, blocked, stopped ← uidavnen WR/341 ◈ Orthography normalized to tafnen, as in lefnui

blood ◈ *agar S. [ˈɑgɑr] n. blood ← Agarwaen S/378 ◈ iâr N. [jˈɑːr] n. blood ◇ Ety/400 ◈ sereg S. [sˈɛrɛg] n. blood ◇ S/437

bloodstained ◈ agarwaen S. [ɑgˈɑrwɑɛn] adj. bloodstained ◇ S/378

blossom ◈ *edlothia- S. [ɛdlˈɔθi.ɑ] v. to blossom, flower ← edlothiand WR/293, X/TL ◈ The sentence from WR/293 is hardly legible and is not translated, but this word is however a plausible form ◈ gwaloth N. [gwˈɑlɔθ] n. Bot. blossom, collection of flowers ◇ Ety/370, VT/45:29 ◈ This form replaced deleted goloth in the manuscript of The Etymologies, see VT/45:29. The deleted form is however also later attested in VT/42:18

blossoming ◈ *edlothiad (corr. edlothiand) S. [ɛdlˈɔθi.ɑd] ger. of edlothia-, blossoming, flowering ← edlothiand WR/293 ◈ Actually, edlothiand might be a misreading, according to David Salo who checked the original manuscript at Marquette and reported that his reading was unmistakably edlothiad

blow ◈ †dram *S. [drˈɑm] (dramm N., dramb N.) n. heavy stroke, a blow (of axe, etc.) ◇ Ety/354, X/MB ◈ drambor N. [drˈɑm.bɔr] n. 1. clenched fist ○ 2. by ext., blow (with fist) ◇ Ety/354

blue ◈ †elu *S. [ˈɛlu] (elw N.) adj. (pale) blue ◇ Ety/360, X/W ◈ lhûn N. [ɬˈuːn] adj. (unknown meaning) ◇ Ety/370, VT/48:24-29 ◈ This word, which also appears on the map of Middle-earth in LotR, is glossed as "blue" in The Etymologies, but Tolkien later rejected this meaning (as luin was already used in that sense). He then proposed several explanations for it, including the possible adaptation of a Dwarvish name into Sindarin, but he apparently never reached a definitive solution. ◈ luin S. [lˈujn] adj. invar. blue ◇ LotR (misc.), S/434, UT/390, Ety/370, VT/48:24

board ◈ pân I N. [pˈɑːn] pl. †pain *S. [pˈɑjn] (pein N.) n. plank, fixed board (especially in floor) ◇ Ety/380, X/EI

boat ◈ †lunt *S. [lˈunt] (lhunt N.) n. boat ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

body ◈ rhaw IV S. [ɹ̥ˈɑw] n. flesh, body ◇ MR/350, VT/47:12

bold ◈ beren II N. [bˈɛrɛn] adj. bold ◇ Ety/352 ◈ †cand *S. [kˈɑnd] (cann N.) adj. bold ◇ Ety/362, X/ND1

bolster ◈ †nedhu *S. [nˈɛðu] (nedhw N.) n. bolster, cushion ◇ Ety/378, X/W

bond ◈ gwaedh N. [gwˈɑɛð] n. bond, troth, compact, oath ◇ Ety/397 ◈ gwedh N. [gwˈɛð] n. bond ◇ Ety/397 ◈ gwend II N. [gwˈɛnd] n. bond, friendship ◇ Ety/397-398, X/ND1

book ◈ parf N. [pˈɑrv] pl. perf N. [pˈɛrv] n. book ◇ Ety/380

border ◈ †edrain *S. [ˈɛdrɑjn] (edrein N.) n. border ◇ Ety/383, X/EI ◈ glân II S. [glˈɑːn] n. hem, border (of textile and other hand-made things) ◇ VT/42:8 ◈ †rain I *S. [rˈɑjn] (rhain N., rhein N.) n. border ◇ Ety/383, X/RH ◈ †rîw *S. [rˈiːw] (rhîf N.) n. edge, hem, border ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

born ◈ *onnen S. [ˈɔnnɛn] pl. *ennin S. [ˈɛnnin] pp. of onna-, born ← Abonnen, Eboennin WJ/387

boss ◈ dolt II N. [dˈɔlt] pl. dylt N. [dˈylt] n. round knob, boss ◇ Ety/376

bound ◈ gleina- S. [glˈɛjnɑ] v. to bound, enclose, limit ◇ VT/42:8, VT/42:28 ◈ This entry should perhaps read gleinia-, cf. VT/42:28, note 13 ◈ naud N. [nˈɑud] adj. bound ◇ Ety/378

boundary ◈ gland S. [glˈɑnd] (glann S.) n. boundary ← Glanduin, Glanhír UT/264, UT/318, UT/441, VT/42:8, X/ND1 ◈ taeg S. [tˈɑɛg] n. boundary, limit, boundary line ◇ WJ/309

bow ◈ cû S., N. [kˈuː] n. 1. arch, crescent ○ 2. Mil. by ext., bow ◇ Ety/365, S/429 ◈ peng N. [pˈɛŋ] n. Mil. bow (for shooting) ◇ Ety/366

bowed ◈ cûn N. [kˈuːn] adj. bowed, bow-shaped, bent ◇ Ety/365

bowstring ◈ tang N. [tˈɑŋ] n. Mil. bowstring ◇ Ety/394

branch ◈ golf N. [gˈɔlv] n. Bot. branch ◇ Ety/359

brand ◈ †ylf I *S. [ˈylv] (iolf N.) n. brand ◇ Ety/400, X/IU ◈ The word is classed as Old Noldorin (ON) in the Etymologies, but rather seems to be Noldorin

bread ◈ basgorn N. [bˈɑsgɔrn] n. loaf (of bread) ◇ Ety/372, Ety/365 ◈ *bass S. [bˈɑss] n. bread ← besain, besoneth, imbas PM/404-405, VT/44:21 ◈ In the Etymologies, the word for "bread" is given as bast, Quenya masta, but it seems that Tolkien later changed his mind and updated the word to bass, as shown in Quenya massánie, Sindarin besain, besoneth "bread-giver", and in the mutated form (i)mbas (apparently prefixed with the article). These latter Sindarin forms are however dubious, as we would rather have expected bessain (as a regular cognate of Quenya massánie) and bassoneth (without i-affection), and possibly a different mutation pattern after the article ◈ †bassoneth *S. [bˈɑssonɛθ] (besoneth S.) n. f. bread-giver ◇ PM/404-405, X/Z ◈ See bass for a discussion regarding this word ◈ bast N. [bˈɑst] n. bread ◇ Ety/372 ◈ †bessain *S. [bˈɛssɑjn] (besain S.) n. f. bread-giver ◇ PM/404-405, X/Z ◈ See bass for a discussion regarding this word ◈ lembas S. [lˈɛmbɑs] n. journey bread made by the Elves ◇ PM/404, LotR/II:VIII

break ◈ *breitha- N. [brˈɛjθɑ] inf. breitho N. [brˈɛjθɔ] v. to break out suddenly ◇ Ety/352

breath ◈ †hwest *S. [ʍˈɛst] (chwest N.) n. puff, breath, breeze ◇ Ety/388, X/HW ◈ thûl N. [θˈuːl] n. breath ◇ Ety/393

breathe ◈ *thuia- N. [θˈuj.ɑ] inf. thuio N. [θˈuj.ɔ] v. to breathe ◇ Ety/393

breeze ◈ †hwest *S. [ʍˈɛst] (chwest N.) n. puff, breath, breeze ◇ Ety/388, X/HW

bride ◈ dineth N. [dˈinɛθ] n. bride ◇ Ety/377-378 ◈ dîs N. [dˈiːs] n. f. bride ◇ Ety/352, Ety/375

bridegroom ◈ †daer II *S. [dˈɑɛr] (doer N.) n. bridegroom ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:9, X/OE

bridge ◈ iant S., N. [jˈɑnt] n. bridge ◇ Ety/400, S/432

bright ◈ *glân I S. [glˈɑːn] adj. bright, shining white ← Curunír 'Lân UT/390 ◈ The word is deduced from its mutated form, but it is worth mentioning that a stem GALÁN "bright", with glan "daylight" (and later "clear") as derivative, is listed in the Etymologies (not included in the published text, but see VT/45:13). Most of the words meaning "white" in the Indo-Eureopean languages come from the original notion of "brightness", e.g. Greek leukós "white" is cognate with Latin lucere "to shine", lux "light". This association of sense is also found in Gnomish, PE/11:39 (glan "clean, pure", from "bright" originally) and in Early Noldorin (PE/13:144, glann "clean"). The similarity with Welsh glan (where the vowel, incidentally, is also long, though this is concealed by Welsh orthographic convention) is also striking

brilliance ◈ aglar S., N. [ˈɑglɑr] n. glory, brilliance, splendour ◇ Ety/348, S/427, LotR/II:I, LotR/VI:IV, RGEO/73, VT/47:13 ◈ *fael II S. [fˈɑɛl] n. gleaming brilliance (of the sun) ← Faelivrin LB/376, S/209-210

brilliant ◈ †celair *S. [kˈɛlɑjr] (celeir N.) adj. brilliant ◇ Ety/362, X/EI

bring ◈ *tog- N. [tˈɔg] inf. tegi N. [tˈɛgi] v. to lead, bring ◇ Ety/395

broad ◈ land II S. [lˈɑnd] (lhand N., lhann N.) adj. wide, broad ← Landroval LotR/VI:IV, Ety/367, X/LH, X/ND1

broadsword ◈ hathol S. [hˈɑθl̩] (hathel N., *hathal N.) n. 1. Mil. broadsword-blade, axe-blade ○ 2. Mil. by ext., axe ◇ Ety/389, WJ/234, UT/444, LR/433 ◈ See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants and their vocalization

brooch ◈ tachol N. [tˈɑxl̩] (tachl N.) n. pin, brooch ◇ Ety/389

broth ◈ †salph *S. [sˈɑlf] (salff N.) n. broth, liquid food, soup ◇ Ety/385, VT/46:12, X/PH ◈ The form salf in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45:12

brother ◈ gwador N. [gwˈɑdɔr] pl. gwedeir N. n. m. brother (especially used of those not brothers by blood, but sworn brothers or associates) ◇ Ety/394 ◈ gwanur N. [gwˈɑnur] n. 1. a pair of twins ○ 2. brother or kinsman, kinswoman ◇ Ety/378, Ety/392, VT/46:6, LotR/A(iv) ◈ hanar S. [hˈɑnɑr] n. m. brother ◇ VT/47:14 ◈ hawn S. [hˈɑwn] n. m. Arch. brother ◇ VT/47:14 ◈ honeg S. [hˈɔnɛg] n. m. dim. of hawn, 1. "litte brother" ○ 2. Biol. middle finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,16-17 ◈ Given as honig in VT/47:14, but see VT/48:17 n. 13 for discussion ◈ muindor N. [mˈujndɔr] pl. muindyr N. [mˈujndyr] n. m. brother ◇ Ety/394 ◈ tôr N. [tˈɔːr] pl. †teryn *S. [tˈɛryn] (terein N.) n. m. Arch. brother ◇ Ety/394, X/Z ◈ The word muindor is more usual

brown ◈ baran I S., N. [bˈɑrɑn] adj. brown, swart, dark brown, golden brown, yellow brown ◇ Ety/351, LotR/F, TC/179, RC/343 ◈ †rhosg *S. [ɹ̥ˈɔsg] (rhosc N.) adj. brown ◇ Ety/385, X/Z

bud ◈ tuiw N. [tˈujw] (tui N.) n. Bot. a sprout, bud ◇ Ety/395

builder ◈ thavron N. [θˈɑvrɔn] n. carpenter, wright, builder ◇ Ety/388

building ◈ adab N. [ˈɑdɑb] pl. †edaib *S. [ˈɛdɑjb] (edeb N.) n. building, house ◇ Ety/390, WR/379-80, X/EI ◈ car N. [kˈɑr] (cardh N.) n. house, building ◇ Ety/362

bull ◈ mund S. [mˈund] n. Zool. bull ◇ Letters/422-423

burden ◈ caul S. [kˈɑul] n. great burden, affliction ◇ VT/39:10

bush ◈ toss N. [tˈɔss] n. Bot. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.) ◇ Ety/379, Ety/395

butterfly ◈ gwilwileth N. [gwˈil̡wilɛθ] n. Zool. butterfly ◇ Ety/398

by ◈ an- N. [ɑn] pref. with, by ◇ Ety/374 ◈ na S., N. [nɑ] prep. 1. with, by (also used as a genitive sign) ○ 2. to, towards, at ◇ Ety/374, LotR/I:XII

cairn ◈ sarnas N. [sˈɑrnɑs] n. abst. of sarn, cairn, pile of stones ◇ LR/406

cake ◈ cram S., N. [krˈɑm] (cramb N.) n. cake of compressed flour or meal (often containing honey and milk) ◇ Ety/365, LotR/II:VIII

calendar ◈ genediad S. [gɛnˈɛdi.ɑd] ger. of genedia-, 1. reckoning ○ 2. by ext., calendar ◇ SD/129-31

call ◈ can- S. [kˈɑn] v. to cry out, shout, call ◇ PM/361-362 ◈ ial N. [jˈɑl] n. (?) a call, (?) a cry ◇ VT/46:22 ◈ ialla- N. [jˈɑllɑ] v. to call ◇ VT/46:22

calligrapher ◈ tegilbor S. [tɛgˈil̡bɔr] n. one skilled in calligraphy, a calligrapher ◇ PM/318, VT/47:8

camp ◈ echad S. [ˈɛxɑd] n. camp ◇ UT/431

canopy ◈ daedelu N. [dˈɑɛdɛlu] n. canopy ◇ Ety/391 ◈ orthelian N. [ɔrθˈɛli.ɑn] n. canopy ◇ Ety/391

cape ◈ bund N. [bˈund] (bunn N.) n. 1. Biol. snout, nose ○ 2. Geog. by ext., cape (of land) ◇ Ety/372, X/ND2 ◈ *cast S. [kˈɑst] n. Geog. cape, headland ← Angast VT/42:28

carpenter ◈ thavron N. [θˈɑvrɔn] n. carpenter, wright, builder ◇ Ety/388

catch ◈ gad- N. [gˈɑd] inf. gedi N. [gˈɛdi] v. to catch ◇ Ety/358 ◈ raeda- S. [rˈɑɛdɑ] v. to catch in a net ◇ VT/42:12

cave ◈ fela N. [fˈɛlɑ] pl. fili N. [fˈili] n. cave ◇ Ety/381 ◈ gathrod N. [gˈɑθrɔd] n. cave ◇ Ety/358 ◈ groth S. [grˈɔθ] n. 1. cave, tunnel, large excavation ○ 2. delving, underground dwelling ◇ WJ/415, S/431, VT/46:12 ◈ rond S. [rˈɔnd] (rhond N., rhonn N.) n. 1. cave roof ○ 2. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed ◇ Ety/384, VT/46:12, S/437, WJ/414, X/RH, X/ND1

cavern ◈ gath N. [gˈɑθ] n. cavern ◇ Ety/358

cavernous ◈ †raudh *S. [rˈɑuð] (rhaudh N.) adj. hollow, cavernous ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

centre ◈ ened S. [ˈɛnɛd] (enedh N.) n. core, centre, middle ◇ Ety/356, Ety/376, UT/450, Letters/224, VT/41:12,16 ◈ While the word is written enedh in the Etymologies, it seems that Tolkien considered and reconsidered its form throughout his life. Late rough jottings (c. 1968), as well as the text of letter no. 168 and the fact that the toponym Enedwaith was never changed on the LotR map, seem to imply that ened is the (most) definitive form. See also the possibly related preposition ned, which has sometimes been suggested to mean "in" (while again a prefix nedh- is seen in the Etymologies)

cessation ◈ post N. [pˈɔst] n. pause, halt, rest, cessation, respite ◇ Ety/382

chain ◈ angwedh N. [ˈɑŋgwɛð] n. chain ◇ Ety/397

chair ◈ ham N. [hˈɑm] n. (?) chair ◇ VT/45:20

chamber ◈ *sam S. [sˈɑm] n. chamber ← Sammath LotR/VI:III, S/435 ◈ sammath S. [sˈɑmmɑθ] n. coll. of sam, chambers ◇ LotR/VI:III, S/435

chant ◈ linnathon S. [lˈinnɑθɔn] v. fut. 1st of linna-, I will sing, I will chant ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/72 ◈ linnod S. [lˈinnɔd] n. 1. (?) a single verse used as a maxim ○ 2. (?) a chant of a certain metrical type, where each (half-)verse is composed of seven syllables ◇ LotR/A(iv) ◈ The word is not translated by Tolkien. The first meaning assumes that -od is a singulative affix (cf. filigod). The second meaning is proposed by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne in Tolkien's Legendarium p. 132, based on the metrical characteristics of Gilraen's linnod

charm ◈ †lûth *S. [lˈuːθ] (lhûth N.) n. spell, charm ◇ Ety/370, X/LH

chaser ◈ †rŷn *S. [rˈyːn] (rhŷn N.) n. Zool. "chaser", hound of chase ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

cheat ◈ *gweria- N. [gwˈɛri.ɑ] inf. gwerio N. [gwˈɛri.ɔ] v. to betray, cheat ◇ Ety/397

child ◈ hên II S. [hˈɛːn] pl. hîn S. [hˈiːn] n. child (mostly used as a prefix in patronymics or metronymics) ◇ WJ/403 ◈ sell N. [sˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid (child) ◇ Ety/385

circle ◈ echor S. [ˈɛxɔr] n. outer circle, encircling, outer ring ◇ LotR/V:I, LotR/Index, S/430 ◈ †rind *S. [rˈind] (rhind N., rhinn N.) n. circle ◇ Ety/383, X/RH, X/ND1 ◈ †ringorn *S. [rˈiŋgɔrn] (rhingorn N.) n. circle ◇ Ety/365, X/RH

circular ◈ †rend *S. [rˈɛnd] (rhenn N.) adj. circular ◇ Ety/383, VT/46:11, X/RH, X/ND1

citadel ◈ ost S., N. [ˈɔst] n. 1. city, town with wall round ○ 2. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art ◇ Ety/379, S/435, WJ/414, RC/232

city ◈ caras S., N. [kˈɑrɑs] n. 1. circular earthwall with dike ○ 2. city (built above ground) ◇ Ety/362, LotR/II:VII, RC/311 ◈ minas S. [mˈinɑs] (minnas N.) n. abst. 1. tower ○ 2. by ext., fort, city with a citadel and central watch-tower ◇ Ety/373, S/434, VT/42:24 ◈ ost S., N. [ˈɔst] n. 1. city, town with wall round ○ 2. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art ◇ Ety/379, S/435, WJ/414, RC/232 ◈ †othronn *S. [ˈɔθrɔnn] (othrond S., N.) n. fortress or city in underground caves, underground stronghold ◇ Ety/379, Ety/384, WJ/414, X/ND4

clamor ◈ caun II S. [kˈɑun] n. outcry, clamor ◇ PM/361-362

clan ◈ noss S., N. [nˈɔss] (nos N.) n. kindred, family, clan ◇ Ety/378, PM/320

clasp ◈ taew N. [tˈɑɛw] n. holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple ◇ Ety/390, VT/46:17

claw ◈ gamp S., N. [gˈɑmp] n. hook, claw, crook ◇ Ety/357, VT/47:20

clean ◈ puig N. [pˈujg] adj. clean, tidy, neat ◇ Ety/382

clear ◈ lim II S. [lˈim] adj. clear, sparkling, light ◇ WJ/337

cleared ◈ †laden *S. [lˈɑdɛn] (lhaden N.) pl. †ledin *S. [lˈɛdin] (lhedin N.) adj. open, cleared ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

clearing ◈ †lant I *S. [lˈɑnt] (lhant N.) n. clearing in forest ◇ Ety/368, X/LH

cleaver ◈ crist N. [krˈist] n. Mil. cleaver, sword ◇ Ety/365 ◈ hâdh N. [hˈɑːð] n. Arch., Poet. (?) cleaver ◇ Ety/389

cleft ◈ cîl I N. [kˈiːl] n. Geog. cleft, pass between hills, gorge ◇ Ety/365 ◈ cirith S. [kˈiriθ] n. cleft, high climbing pass, narrow passage cut through earth or rock, ravine, defile ◇ S/387, UT/426, TC/181, RC/334-335 ◈ criss N. [krˈiss] n. cleft, cut, slash ◇ Ety/365, VT/45:23 ◈ *falch S. [fˈɑlx] n. Geog. deep cleft, ravine ← Orfalch Echor UT/468 ◈ iau II N. [jˈɑu] n. Geog. ravine, cleft, gulf ◇ Ety/400, VT/46:22 ◈ thanc S., N. [θˈɑŋk] adj. cleft, split, forked ← Orthanc S/415, Ety/388

clever ◈ maen N. [mˈɑɛn] adj. skilled, clever ◇ Ety/371

cloak ◈ *coll III S. [kˈɔll] n. cloak, mantle ← Thingol S/421, MR/385

closed ◈ hollen S. [hˈɔllɛn] pp. closed ← Fen Hollen LotR/V:IV, RC/550 ◈ *tafnen S. [tˈɑvnɛn] adj. closed, blocked, stopped ← uidavnen WR/341 ◈ Orthography normalized to tafnen, as in lefnui ◈ *uidafnen S. [ujdˈɑvnɛn] (uidavnen N.) adj. ever-closed ◇ WR/341, X/Z ◈ Normalized to uidafnen, as in lefnui

clothe ◈ hab- N. [hˈɑb] v. to clothe ◇ Ety/363 ◈ hamma- N. [hˈɑmmɑ] v. to clothe ◇ Ety/363, VT/45:21 ◈ The form hamnia- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:21

clothing ◈ hammad N. [hˈɑmmɑd] ger. of hamma-, clothing ◇ Ety/363

cloud ◈ fain S. [fˈɑjn] (fein N.) n. and adj. 1. white ○ 2. as a noun, cloud ◇ Ety/387, WR/288, RC/268, VT/46:15, X/EI ◈ fân S. [fˈɑːn] n. 1. veil ○ 2. by ext., cloud (applied to clouds, floating as veils over the blue sky or the sun or moon, or resting on hills) ◇ RGEO/74 ◈ faun N. [fˈɑun] n. cloud ◇ Ety/387, VT/46:15

cloudy ◈ fanui S. [fˈɑnuj] adj. cloudy ◇ RGEO/74, RC/268

club ◈ grond N. [grˈɔnd] n. Mil. club ◇ Ety/384, X/ND1

coat ◈ heleth N. [hˈɛlɛθ] n. fur, fur-coat ◇ Ety/386

cobweb ◈ †lhing *S. [ɬˈiŋ] (thling N.) n. spider, spider's web, cobweb ◇ Ety/386, X/LH

coin ◈ canath II S. [kˈɑnɑθ] n. "quarter", silver coin used in Gondor, the fourth part of a "mirian" → mirian ◇ PM/45 ◈ mirian S. [mˈiri.ɑn] n. piece of money, coin used in Gondor → canath II ◇ PM/45

cold ◈ helch N. [hˈɛl̡x] n. bitter cold ◇ Ety/364 ◈ ring S. [rˈiŋ] (rhing N.) adj. cold ◇ Ety/383, S/436, VT/42:13, X/RH

come ◈ *tol- N. [tˈɔl] inf. teli N. [tˈɛli] v. to come ◇ Ety/395 ◈ tolo S. [tˈɔlɔ] v. imp. of tol-, come! ◇ VT/44:21,25

commanding ◈ *conui S. [kˈɔnuj] adj. commanding, (?) ruling ← Argonui LotR/A(ii)

compact ◈ gowest N. [gˈɔwɛst] n. contract, compact, treaty ◇ Ety/397, Ety/399 ◈ gwaedh N. [gwˈɑɛð] n. bond, troth, compact, oath ◇ Ety/397

compulsion ◈ thang S., N. [θˈɑŋ] n. compulsion, duress, need, oppression ◇ Ety/388, S/438

conceal ◈ delia- N. [dˈɛli.ɑ] inf. delio N. [dˈɛli.ɔ] (dœlio N.) v. to conceal ◇ Ety/355 ◈ doltha- N. [dˈɔlθɑ] pa. t. Arch. daul N. [dˈɑul] v. to conceal ◇ Ety/355

concealed ◈ dolen N. [dˈɔlɛn] pp. of doltha-, concealed, hidden ◇ Ety/355

conceive ◈ nautha- N. [nˈɑuθɑ] v. to conceive ◇ Ety/378

concerning ◈ o II N. [ɔ] prep. about, concerning ◇ Ety/378 ◈ The Etymologies state that h- is prefixed to the word following this preposition, when it begins with a vowel: o Hedhil "concerning the Elves". Some scholars consider that this rule is not valid in Sindarin, but that the preposition would perhaps become oh in such a case (hence oh Edhil, to be compared with ah in Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth)

confirm ◈ *tangada- N. [tˈɑŋgɑdɑ] inf. tangado N. [tˈɑŋgɑdɔ] v. to make firm, confirm, establish ◇ Ety/389

conquer ◈ *orthor- N. [ˈɔrθɔr] inf. ortheri N. [ˈɔrθɛri] v. to master, conquer ◇ Ety/395

contorted ◈ norn N. [nˈɔrn] pl. nyrn S. [nˈyrn] adj. 1. twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted ○ 2. hard ◇ Ety/387