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1. pos
Prototype: pos
Selection axis: //entry[gramGrp/pos]
1.1. article
Template: article
Expansion pattern: //entry[contains(gramGrp/pos, 'art.')]
en S. [ɛn] art. of the (genitival article) ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308 ◇ i+na (?)
i S., N. [i] pl. in S., N. [in] art. and pron. rel. 1. the ○ 2. who ◇ Ety/361, SD/129-31, Letters/308, Letters/417
1.2. noun
Template: noun
Expansion rule: $noun ::= //entry[starts-with(gramGrp/pos, 'n.')]
1.2.1. gender
Prototype: gender
Selection axis: $noun[gramGrp/gen]
1.2.1.1. masculine
Template: masculine
Expansion pattern: $noun[gramGrp/gen = 'm.']
ada N. [ˈɑdɑ] n. m. hypo. of adar, father, daddy ◇ Ety/349
adar S., N. [ˈɑdɑr] pl. edair S. [ˈɛdɑjr] (eder N., edeir N.) n. m. father ◇ Ety/349, PM/324, MR/373, LotR/II:II, VT/44:21-22, X/EI
atheg S. [ˈɑθɛg] n. m. dim. of adar, 1. "litte father" ○ 2. Biol. thumb (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,17
benn N. [bˈɛnn] n. m. man, male ◇ Ety/352, VT/45:9 ◇ "husband"
brannon N. [brˈɑnnɔn] n. m. lord ◇ Ety/351
*cirion S. [kˈiri.ɔn] n. m. shipman, sailor ← Cirion (name)
condir S. [kˈɔndir] n. m. mayor ◇ SD/129-31 ◇ caun+dîr
curunír S. [kˈurunˌiːr] (curunir N.) n. m. man of craft, wizard ◇ Ety/366, LotR/III:VIII, LotR/B, VT/45:24 ◇ curu+dîr "man of skill"
dîr N. [dˈiːr] n. m. Arch. man, referring to an adult male (elf, mortal, or of any other speaking race) ◇ Ety/354, Ety/352
ellon S. [ˈɛl̡lɔn] n. m. elf ◇ WJ/363-364
erchamon S. n. m. one-handed man ◇ VT/47:7, X/Z
*faron N. [fˈɑrɔn] n. m. hunter ← Elfaron Ety/387
firion S. [fˈiri.ɔn] n. m. mortal man ◇ WJ/387
gwador N. [gwˈɑdɔr] pl. gwedeir N. n. m. brother (especially used of those not brothers by blood, but sworn brothers or associates) ◇ Ety/394
hadron N. [hˈɑdrɔn] n. m. Mil. thrower (of spears and darts) ◇ Ety/363
hanar S. [hˈɑnɑr] n. m. brother ◇ VT/47:14
hawn S. [hˈɑwn] n. m. Arch. brother ◇ VT/47:14 ⇒ Cf. hanar
*herdir S. [hˈɛrdir] n. m. master ← i-Cherdir SD/129-31 ◇ hîr+dîr
heron N. [hˈɛrɔn] n. m. master ◇ VT/45:22
hervenn N. [hˈɛrvɛn] (herven N.) n. m. husband ◇ Ety/352, Ety/364, X/ND4 ◇ hîr+benn
hîr S., N. [hˈiːr] n. m. master, lord ◇ Ety/364, S/432, SD/129-31, Letters/382, LB/354, VT/45:22
honeg S. [hˈɔnɛg] n. m. dim. of hawn, 1. "litte brother" ○ 2. Biol. middle finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,16-17 ◈ Given as honig in VT/47:14, but see VT/48:17 n. 13 for discussion ⇒ Cf. toleg
ion S. [jˈɔn] (ionn N.) n. m. 1. son ○ 2. by ext., scion, male descendant ◇ Ety/400, MR/373, X/ND1, X/ND2 ◈ For the second meaning, cf. Hadorion, a Húrin's epithet in WJ/294, Hurinionath referring to the house of Húrin the Steward in PM/202-3,218, and Gil-Galad's epithet Ereinion, cf. also the gloss of the old Qenya cognate yondo "descendant of" in PE/12:106, or the use of the same suffix in later Quenya names such as Isildurioni and Anárioni "Heirs of Isildur (resp. Anárion)" in PM/192,196
meldir N. [mˈɛl̡dir] n. m. friend ◇ Ety/372 ◇ mell+dîr
melethron N. [mɛlˈɛθrɔn] n. m. lover ◇ Ety/372
muindor N. [mˈujndɔr] pl. muindyr N. [mˈujndyr] n. m. brother ◇ Ety/394 ◇ muin+tôr
odhron N. [ˈɔðrɔn] n. m. parent ◇ Ety/379
randír S. [rˈɑndiːr] (rhandir N.) n. m. wanderer, pilgrim ◇ Ety/383, VT/42:13, X/RH
tôr N. [tˈɔːr] pl. terein N. n. m. Arch. brother ◇ Ety/394, X/Z ◈ The word muindor is more usual
1.2.1.2. feminine
Template: feminine
Expansion pattern: $noun[gramGrp/gen = 'f.']
adaneth S. [ˈɑdɑnɛθ] n. f. (mortal) woman ◇ MR/349 ◇ adan+-eth
*arwen S. [ˈɑrwɛn] n. f. noble woman ← Arwen (name) LotR ◇ ar-+gwend
besoneth S. n. f. bread-giver ◇ PM/404-405, X/Z ◈ See bass for a discussion regarding this word ◇ bass+oneth
bereth S., N. [bˈɛrɛθ] n. f. queen, spouse ◇ Ety/351, RGEO/74
bess S., N. [bˈɛss] n. f. 1. (young) woman ○ 2. wife ◇ Ety/352, SD/129-31
besain S. n. f. bread-giver ◇ PM/404-405, X/Z ◈ See bass for a discussion regarding this word
brennil N. [brˈɛnnil̡] n. f. lady ◇ Ety/351
dess N. [dˈɛss] n. f. young woman ◇ Ety/375
dî N. [dˈiː] n. f. Poet. woman, lady ◇ Ety/352, Ety/354
dîs N. [dˈiːs] n. f. bride ◇ Ety/352, Ety/375
elleth S. [ˈɛl̡lɛθ] n. f. elf-maid ◇ WJ/148, WJ/256, WJ/363-364
emel S. [ˈɛmɛl] (emmel S.) n. f. mother ◇ Emeldir S/155, VT/48:17
emig S. [ˈɛmig] n. f. dim. of emel, 1. "litte mother" ○ 2. Biol. index finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,17
emil N. [ˈɛmil] n. f. Poet. mother ◇ VT/45:5
fíriel S. [fˈiri.ɛl̡] (firiel N.) n. f. mortal maid ◇ Ety/382, PM/195, PM/232
firieth S. [fˈiri.ɛθ] n. f. mortal woman ◇ WJ/387 ◇ fair+-eth (PHIR)
gwathel N. [gwˈɑθɛl̡] pl. gwethil N. [gwˈɛθil̡] n. f. sister, associate ◇ Ety/392
gwend N. [gwˈɛnd] (gwenn N.) n. f. maiden ◇ Ety/398, X/ND1
hervess N. [hˈɛrvɛs] (herves N.) n. f. wife ◇ Ety/352, Ety/364 ◇ hîr+bess
*heryn S. [hˈɛryn] n. f. lady ← Roheryn S/436 ◇ hîr+dî
hiril N. [hˈiril̡] n. f. lady ◇ Ety/364
iell N. [jˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid ◇ Ety/385, Ety/400 ◈ Stated to be an alteration of sell, remodelled after ion "son" (OS *jondo). It was "a change assisted by the loss of s in compounds and patronymics", hence the ending -iel in several feminine words
lhethril N. n. f. hearer, listener, eavesdropper ◇ VT/45:26, X/LH
meldis N. [mˈɛl̡dis] n. f. friend ◇ Ety/372 ◇ mell+dîs
melethril N. [mɛlˈɛθril̡] n. f. lover ◇ Ety/372
muinthel N. [mˈujnθɛl̡] pl. muinthil N. [mˈujnθil̡] n. f. sister ◇ Ety/392 ◇ muin+thêl
neth S. [nˈɛθ] n. f. 1. hypo. of nîth sister ○ 2. girl (in her teens, approaching the adult) ◇ VT/47:14-16,33, VT/48:6
nethig S. [nˈɛθig] n. f. dim. of neth, 1. "litte sister" ○ 2. Biol. ring finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/47:14, VT/47:38-39, VT/48:6,17 ◈ First given in the manuscript as netheg in VT/47:14-15, but see especially VT/48:17 n. 13 for discussion
nîth S. [nˈiːθ] n. f. sister ◇ VT/47:14
odhril N. [ˈɔðril̡] n. f. parent ◇ Ety/379
*oneth S. [ˈɔnɛθ] n. f. giver ← besoneth PM/404-05
rhîs N. n. f. queen ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
sell N. [sˈɛl̡l] n. f. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid (child) ◇ Ety/385
thêl N. [θˈɛːl] pl. thelei N. n. f. sister ◇ Ety/392
*toniel S. [tˈɔni.ɛl̡] n. f. kindler ← Gilthoniel LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74
1.2.2. register
Prototype: register
Selection axis: $noun[gramGrp/usg[@type = 'reg']]
1.2.2.1. abstract
Template: abstract
Expansion pattern: $noun[gramGrp/usg[@type = 'reg'] = 'abst.']
oegas N. pl. oeges N. n. abst. of aeg, Geog. mountain peak ◇ Ety/349, X/OE
bellas N. [bˈɛl̡lɑs] n. abst. of belt, bodily strength ◇ Ety/352
bregolas N. [brˈɛgɔlɑs] n. abst. of bregol, fierceness ◇ Ety/352
*cannas N. [kˈɑnnɑs] n. abst. of cant, shaping ← Dorgannas WJ/192, WJ/206
certhas S. [kˈɛrθɑs] n. abst. of certh, Ling. runic alphabet, rune-rows ◇ LotR/E ◇ certh+-as
faras N. [fˈɑrɑs] n. abst. of fara-, hunting ◇ Ety/387
fennas S. [fˈɛnnɑs] n. abst. of fen, doorway, gateway ◇ LotR/II:IV, RS/463, RGEO/75
galas N. [gˈɑlɑs] n. abst. of gala-, Bot. growth, plant ◇ Ety/357
gammas N. [gˈɑmmɑs] n. abst. of gamp, Ling. s-sign (special sign used to mark a final -s in Tengwar) ◇ VT/45:14
gonathras N. [gɔnˈɑθrɑs] n. abst. of gonathra-, entanglement ◇ Ety/375
hannas N. [hˈɑnnɑs] n. abst. of hand, understanding, intelligence ◇ Ety/363
hobas N. [hˈɔbɑs] n. abst. of hûb, harbourage ◇ Ety/364
iavas S. [jˈɑvɑs] n. abst. of iau, Cal. season of autumn ◇ LotR/D
ínias N. [ˈiːni.ɑs] n. abst. of în, annals ◇ Ety/400
innas S. [ˈinnɑs] n. abst. of ind, will ◇ VT/44:21,26
lammas S. [lˈɑmmɑs] (lhammas N.) n. abst. of lam, Ling. account of tongues ◇ LR/167, WJ/206, WJ/393, X/LH
maenas N. [mˈɑɛnɑs] n. abst. of maen, craft ◇ Ety/371
minas S. [mˈinɑs] (minnas N.) n. abst. 1. tower ○ 2. by ext., fort, city with a citadel and central watch-tower ◇ Ety/373, S/434, VT/42:24
moeas N. [mˈɔɛ.ɑs] n. abst. of moe, dough ◇ Ety/371
nadhras N. [nˈɑðrɑs] n. abst. of nadhor, pasture ◇ Ety/374
ovras N. [ˈɔvrɑs] n. abst. of ovor, crowd, heap. ◇ Ety/396
panas N. [pˈɑnɑs] n. abst. of pân, floor ◇ Ety/380
pennas N. [pˈɛnnɑs] n. abst. of pent, history, historical account ◇ Ety/366, WJ/192, WJ/206
rammas S. [rˈɑmmɑs] n. abst. of ram, (great) wall ◇ LotR/V:I, LotR/Index
sarnas N. [sˈɑrnɑs] n. abst. of sarn, cairn, pile of stones ◇ LR/406
sennas S. [sˈɛnnɑs] n. abst. of send, guesthouse ◇ RC/523 ◇ "resting place", from *send, *senn (SED) ?
tarias N. [tˈɑri.ɑs] n. abst. stiffness, toughness, difficulty ◇ Ety/390
thamas N. [θˈɑmɑs] (thambas N.) n. abst. of tham, great hall ◇ Ety/387
thinnas N. [θˈinnɑs] n. abst. of thent, Ling. lit. "shortness" (name of a mark indicating short quality of vowel) ◇ Ety/388
tobas N. [tˈɔbɑs] n. abst. of toba-, roofing, roof ◇ Ety/394, VT/46:19
1.2.2.2. diminutive
Template: diminutive
Expansion pattern: $noun[gramGrp/usg[@type = 'reg'] = 'dim.']
atheg S. [ˈɑθɛg] n. m. dim. of adar, 1. "litte father" ○ 2. Biol. thumb (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,17
emig S. [ˈɛmig] n. f. dim. of emel, 1. "litte mother" ○ 2. Biol. index finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,17
gwinig S. [gwˈinig] n. dim. 1. "litte baby" ○ 2. Biol. little finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,16-17
honeg S. [hˈɔnɛg] n. m. dim. of hawn, 1. "litte brother" ○ 2. Biol. middle finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,16-17 ◈ Given as honig in VT/47:14, but see VT/48:17 n. 13 for discussion ⇒ Cf. toleg
lebig S. [lˈɛbig] n. dim. Biol. little finger ◇ VT/48:5,15 ⇒ Cf. niged
naugol N. [nˈɑugl̩] (naugl N.) pl. nauglin S. [nˈauglin] n. dim. of naug, dwarf ◇ Ety/375
nethig S. [nˈɛθig] n. f. dim. of neth, 1. "litte sister" ○ 2. Biol. ring finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/47:14, VT/47:38-39, VT/48:6,17 ◈ First given in the manuscript as netheg in VT/47:14-15, but see especially VT/48:17 n. 13 for discussion
nogotheg S. [nˈɔgɔθɛg] n. dim. of nogoth, Pop. lit. "dwarflet", a name of the Petty-Dwarves ◇ WJ/388
toleg S. [tˈɔlɛg] (tolch S.) n. dim. 1. (?) "litte prominent one" ○ 2. Biol. middle finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,16-17 ⇒ Cf. honeg
1.2.2.3. augmentative
Template: augmentative
Expansion pattern: $noun[gramGrp/usg[@type = 'reg'] = 'augm.']
aearon S. [ˈɑɛ.ɑrɔn] n. augm. of aear, Geog. great sea, ocean ◈ Tolkien changed this word several times, see gaearon
annon S., N. [ˈɑnnɔn] pl. ennyn S., N. [ˈɛnnyn] n. augm. great door or gate ◇ Ety/348, S/428, LotR/II:IV, TAI/150
ardhon S. [ˈɑrðɔn] n. augm. of ardh, 1. Geog. great region, province ○ 2. by ext., world ← Calenardhon S/386, PM/348
gaearon S. [gˈɑɛ.ɑrɔn] (gaeron S.) n. augm. of gaear, Geog. great sea, ocean ◇ PM/363, PM/348, RGEO/72-73
mirion N. [mˈiri.ɔn] pl. miruin N. [mˈirujn] n. augm. of mîr, Theo. great jewel, Silmaril ◇ Ety/373 ⇒ Cf. golovir, silevril
sirion N. [sˈiri.ɔn] n. augm. of sîr, Geog. great river ← Sirion Ety/385
1.2.2.4. hypocoristic
Template: hypocoristic
Expansion pattern: $noun[gramGrp/usg[@type = 'reg'] = 'hypo.']
ada N. [ˈɑdɑ] n. m. hypo. of adar, father, daddy ◇ Ety/349
nana N. [nˈɑnɑ] n. hypo. mother, mummy ◇ Ety/348, Ety/374
1.2.3. number
Prototype: number
Selection axis: $noun[gramGrp/number]
1.2.3.1. singulative
Template: singulative
Expansion pattern: $noun[gramGrp/number = 'sing.']
elloth S. [ˈɛl̡lɔθ] n. sing. of loth, Bot. (single) flower ◇ VT/42:18 ◇ er- + loth
filigod N. [fˈiligɔd] n. sing. of fileg, Orn. small bird ◇ Ety/381
glamog S. [glˈɑmɔg] n. sing. of glam, Pop. an Orc, "a yelling one" ◇ WJ/390
gwanunig S. [gwˈɑnunig] n. sing. of gwanûn, a twin (one of a pair of twins) ◇ WJ/367
lhewig N. [ɬˈɛwig] n. sing. of lhaw, Biol. ear ◇ Ety/368, LotR/II:IX ◇ lhaw+-ig
lotheg S. [lˈɔθɛg] n. sing. of loth, Bot. (single) flower ◇ VT/42:18 ◇ loth + -eg
lothod N. [lˈɔθɔd] (lhothod N.) n. sing. of loth, Bot. (single) flower ◇ VT/45:29, X/LH ⇒ Cf. lotheg
1.2.3.2. class plural
Template: class plural
Expansion pattern: $noun[gramGrp/number = 'class pl.']
anfangrim S. [ɑnfˈɑŋgrim] n. class pl. of anfang, Pop. the Longbeards (a tribe of Dwarves) ◇ WJ/322 ◇ anfang+rim
aphadrim S. [ɑffˈɑdrim] n. class pl. of aphadon, Pop. followers, men (elvish name for men) ◇ WJ/387 ◇ aphad-+rim
danwaith S. [dˈɑnwɑjθ] n. class pl. Pop. the Nandor (a tribe of Elves) ◇ WJ/385 ◇ dan+gwaith
denwaith S. [dˈɛnwɑjθ] n. class pl. Pop. the Nandor (a tribe of Elves), the people of Denwe ◇ WJ/385 ◇ Den(we)+gwaith
dornhoth S. [dˈɔrn.hɔθ] n. class pl. of dorn, Pop. the Dwarves, lit. "the Thrawn Folk" ◇ WJ/388 ◇ dorn+hoth
drúwaith S. [drˈuːwɑjθ] n. class pl. of drû, the wilderness of the Drû-men (q.v.) ◇ UT/385 ◇ drû+gwaith
egladhrim S. [ɛglˈɑðrim] n. class pl. of eglan, Pop. "The Forsaken", Elves of the Falathrim ◇ WJ/189, WJ/365, WJ/379 ◇ eglan+rim
falathrim S. [fɑlˈɑθrim] n. class pl. of falas, people of the Falas ◇ WJ/378 ◇ falas+rim ⇒ Cf. eglath, egladhrim
faradrim N. [fɑrˈɑdrim] n. class pl. of feredir, hunters ◇ Ety/387 ◇ farad+rim
forodrim N. [fɔrˈɔdrim] n. class pl. of forod, Pop. Northmen ◇ Ety/392 ◇ forod+rim
forodwaith N. [fɔrˈɔdwɑjθ] (forodweith N.) n. class pl. of forod, 1. Pop. Northmen ○ 2. by ext., the lands of the North ◇ Ety/382, Ety/398, X/EI ◇ forod+gwaith
galadhrim S. [gɑlˈɑðrim] n. class pl. of galadh, Pop. Elves of Lothlórien ◇ LotR ◇ galadh+rim "people of the trees"
gaurhoth S. [gˈɑur.hɔθ] n. class pl. of gaur, group of werewolves ◇ LotR/II:IV ◇ gaur+hoth "wolf-host"
gaurwaith S. [gˈɑur.wɑjθ] n. class pl. of gaur, wolf-men ◇ UT/85, UT/90 ◇ gaur+gwaith
glamhoth S., N. [glˈɑm.hɔθ] n. class pl. of glam, Pop. barbaric host of Orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/364, Ety/377, UT/39, UT/54, WJ/390 ◇ glam+hoth "the dinhorde, the yelling horde"
gódhellim S. [gɔːðˈɛl̡lim] n. class pl. of gódhel, Pop. "Deep Elves" or "Gnomes", the Wise Folk ◇ WJ/364 ◇ gódhel+rim
golodhrim S., N. [gɔlˈɔðrim] n. class pl. of golodh, Pop. Deep Elves, Gnomes ◇ Ety/377, WJ/323 ◇ golodh+rim
*gorthrim S. [gˈɔrθrim] n. class pl. of gorth, the dead ← [Raith >] Fui 'Ngorthrim RC/526
gwathuirim S. [gwɑθˈujrim] n. class pl. of gwathui, Pop. The Dunlendings or People of Dunland ◇ PM/330 ◇ gwathui+rim "shadowy people"
hadhodrim S. [hɑðˈɔdrim] n. class pl. of hadhod, Pop. the Dwarves (as a race) ◇ WJ/388 ◇ hadhod+rim
haradrim S. [hɑrˈɑdrim] n. class pl. of harad, Pop. southerners, "Southrons" ◇ LotR ◇ harad+rim
iathrim S. [jˈɑθrim] n. class pl. of iâth, Pop. Elves of Doriath ◇ WJ/378 ◇ iâth+rim
laegrim S. [lˈɑɛgrim] (laegeldrim S.) n. class pl. of laegel, Pop. the people of the Green Elves ◇ WJ/385 ◇ laegel+rim
Lossoth S. [lˈɔssɔθ] n. class pl. of loss, the Snowmen ◇ LotR/A, RGEO/70 ◇ loss+hoth
naugrim S. [nˈɑugrim] n. class pl. of naug, Pop. Dwarves ◇ WJ/388 ◇ naug+rim
nogothrim S. [nɔgˈɔθrim] n. class pl. of nogoth, Pop. Dwarf-folk ◇ RGEO/75, UT/318, WJ/388 ◇ nogoth+rim
nornwaith S. [nˈɔrn.wɑjθ] n. class pl. of norn, Pop. the Dwarves ◇ MR/93, MR/106 ◇ norn+gwaith
nothrim S. [nˈɔθrim] n. class pl. of nost, kindred, family, house ← Nothrim [> Nost] Finarfin PM/360 ◈ The word was rejected in favor of nost, but it may be interpreted as a valid class plural "those of the house" ◇ noss/nost + rim
ódhellim S. [ɔːðˈɛl̡lim] n. class pl. of ódhel, Pop. Deep Elves or Gnomes, the Wise Folk ◇ WJ/364 ◇ ódhel+rim
onodrim S. [ɔnˈɔdrim] n. class pl. of onod, Pop. the Ents, as a race ◇ Letters/224, TC/165 ◇ onod+rim
orchoth S. [ˈɔrxɔθ] n. class pl. of orch, Pop. the Orcs (as a race) ◇ WJ/390 ◇ orch+hoth
orodrim N. [ɔrˈɔdrim] n. class pl. of orod, Geog. range of mountains ◇ Ety/379 ◇ orod+rim
rochirrim S. [rɔxˈirrim] n. class pl. of rochir, horse-lords, the people of Rohan ◇ LotR, etc. ◇ rochir+rim
tawarwaith S. [tɑwˈɑrwɑjθ] n. class pl. of tawar, Pop. Silvan elves ◇ UT/256 ◇ tawar+gwaith "forest-elves"
telerrim S. [tɛlˈɛrrim] n. class pl. of teler, Pop. the Teleri, a tribe of Elves ◇ PM/385 ◇ teler+rim
1.2.3.3. collective
Template: collective
Expansion pattern: $noun[gramGrp/number = 'coll.']
adanath S. [ˈɑdɑnɑθ] n. coll. of adan, men ◇ MR/373
conath S. [kˈɔnɑθ] n. coll. of caun, 1. many voices ○ 2. by ext., lamentation ◇ PM/361-362
dagorath S. [dˈɑgɔrɑθ] n. coll. of dagor, all the battles ◇ UT/395-396
drúath S. [drˈuːɑθ] n. coll. of drû, Pop. the people of the Drû, the Woses ◇ UT/385
dúath S., N. [dˈuːɑθ] (dúwath N.) n. coll. of dû, 1. darkness, shadow ○ 2. nightshade ◇ Ety/354, S/430 ◇ Either the collective plural of dû, or a compound dû+gwath "night shade" (hence dúwath)
eglath S. [ˈɛglɑθ] n. coll. of egol, Pop. "The Forsaken", Elves of the Falathrim ◇ WJ/189, WJ/344 ⇒ Cf. egladhrim
elenath S. [ˈɛlɛnɑθ] n. coll. of êl, starry host, all the host of the stars of heaven ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/73-75, WJ/363
ennorath S. [ˈɛnnɔrɑθ] n. coll. of ennor, central lands, middle-earth ◇ LotR/E, LotR/II:I, RGEO/72-75
firiath S. [fˈiri.ɑθ] n. coll. of feir, mortals, human beings ◇ WJ/219, WJ/387
giliath S., N. [gˈili.ɑθ] n. coll. of gil/geil, all the host of stars ◇ Ety/358, RC/232
ionnath S. [jˈɔnnɑθ] n. coll. of ion, all the sons ◇ SD/129-31
lamath S. [lˈɑmɑθ] n. coll. of lam, echoing voices ◇ PM/349
*liniath N. [lˈini.ɑθ] n. coll. of lhîn, pools ← Hithliniath WJ/194
lonnath S. [lˈɔnnɑθ] n. coll. of lond, havens ◇ WR/294, WR/370
*menniath N. [m'ɛnni.ɑθ] n. coll. of ment, 1. many points ○ 2. Geog. by ext., range of mountains ← Mornvenniath TI/124, Lambengolmor/799
naglath N. [nˈɑglɑθ] n. coll. of nagol, Biol. the teeth ◇ WR/122
penneth S. [pˈɛnnɛθ] n. coll. of pend, ridges, group of downs ◇ RC/525 ⇒ Cf. pinnath
periannath S. [pˌɛri.ˈɑnnɑθ] n. coll. of perian, Pop. the Hobbits, Halflings ◇ LotR/VI:IV, LotR/E-F, RGEO/75, Letters/308
pinnath S. [pˈinnɑθ] n. coll. of pend, ridges, group of downs ◇ LotR/Index, RC/525 ◇ Formed from the plural pinn ⇒ Cf. penneth
sammath S. [sˈɑmmɑθ] n. coll. of sam, chambers ◇ LotR/VI:III, S/435
sellath S. [sˈɛl̡lɑθ] n. coll. of sell, all the daughters ◇ SD/129-31
siniath N. [sˈini.ɑθ] n. coll. news, tidings ◇ Ety/385
thoronath S. [θˈɔrɔnɑθ] n. coll. of thoron, eagles ◇ S/387, S/438
1.2.3.4. dual
Template: dual
Expansion pattern: $noun[gramGrp/number = 'dual pl.']
*galadhad S. [gˈɑlɑðɑd] n. dual pl. of galadh, Theo. the Two Trees of Valinor ← Orgaladhad LotR/D
hent N. [hˈɛnt] n. dual pl. of hen, Biol. the two eyes (referring to one person's eyes) ◇ VT/45:22
nobad S. [nˈɔbɑd] n. dual pl. of nawb, Biol. the pair of fingers composed of the thumb and the index (grouped together as in the act of picking something) ◇ VT/48:5,16 ⇒ Cf. nawb, lebdas
samarad S. [sˈɑmɑrɑd] n. dual pl. of sammar, two neighbours ◇ VT/48:20
1.3. derivative
Template: derivative
Expansion pattern: //entry[gramGrp/pos = 'der.']
*erchion N. [ˈɛrxi.ɔn] der. pl. of orch ← Annerchion TI/114
eregion S., N. [ɛrˈɛgi.ɔn] der. pl. of ereg ← Eregion Ety/356, LotR, UT
galadhon S. [gˈɑlɑðɔn] der. pl. of galadh ← Caras Galadhon LotR/II:VII, LotR/F, UT/425
*gilion S. [gˈili.ɔn] der. pl. of gil ← Orgilion LotR/D
*gwethion N. [gwˈɛθi.ɔn] der. pl. of gwath ← Eredwethion TI/345, Ety/379, Ety/397
*gwinion S., N. [gwˈini.ɔn] der. pl. of gwîn ← Dorwinion LotR/Map, LB/11,26,17,112, LR/334,338, H/IX
*ningloron S. [nˈiŋglɔrɔn] der. pl. of ninglor ← Loeg Ningloron UT/281, UT/450
rhovanion S. [ɹ̥ɔvˈɑni.ɔn] der. pl. of rhovan ← Rhovanion LotR/Map
*sirion S. [siri.ɔn] der. pl. of sîr ← Nanduhirion LotR
*thonion S., N. [θɔni.ɔn] der. pl. of thôn ← Dorthonion S/390, S/438, Ety/392
1.4. gerund
Template: gerund
Expansion pattern: //entry[gramGrp/pos = 'ger.']
aderthad S. [ɑdˈɛrθɑd] ger. of adertha-, reuniting, reunion ◇ S/409 ◇ OS *atertʰata
avad S. [ˈɑvɑd] ger. of ava-, refusal, reluctance ◇ WJ/371
*bronad N. [brˈɔnɑd] ger. of brona-, survival ← bronadui Ety/353
cabed S. [kˈɑbɛd] ger. of cab-, 1. leap ○ 2. by ext., deep gorge ◇ S/386, WJ/100 ◈ Emended by Tolkien from earlier cabad. This is our sole late example that basic verbs should perhaps form their gerund in -ed, whereas derived verbs are well attested to use -ad (cf. aderthad)
calad S., N. [kˈɑlɑd] ger. light ◇ Ety/362, UT/65
*cared N. [kˈɑrɛd] ger. of car-, making, doing ← ceredir Ety/354
*cened N. [kˈɛnɛd] ger. of cen-, seeing, sight ← cenedril TI/184
*edlothiad (corr. edlothiand) S. [ɛdlˈɔθi.ɑd] ger. of edlothia-, blossoming, flowering ← edlothiand WR/293 ◈ Actually, edlothiand might be a misreading, according to David Salo who checked the original manuscript at Marquette and reported that his reading was unmistakably edlothiad
eithad S. [ˈɛjθɑd] ger. of eitha-, insult ◇ WJ/365
*erthad S. [ˈɛrθɑd] ger. of ertha-, union, uniting ← Aderthad S/409
*farad N. [fˈɑrɑd] ger. of fara-, hunting ← faradrim Ety/387
gawad N. [gˈɑwɑd] ger. of gaw-, howling ◇ Ety/377
genediad S. [gɛnˈɛdi.ɑd] ger. of genedia-, 1. reckoning ○ 2. by ext., calendar ◇ SD/129-31
hammad N. [hˈɑmmɑd] ger. of hamma-, clothing ◇ Ety/363
harthad S. [hˈɑrθɑd] ger. of hartha-, hope ◇ SD/62
heniad N. [hˈɛni.ɑd] ger. of henia-, understanding, intelligence ◇ VT/45:21
*luithiad S. [lˈujθi.ɑd] ger. of luithia-, quenching ← uluithiad SD/62
nestad N. [nˈɛstɑd] ger. of nesta-, healing ◇ WR/379-80
orthad S. [ˈɔrθɑd] ger. of ortha-, rising ◇ MR/373
suilad S. [sˈujlɑd] ger. of suila-, greeting ◇ SD/129-31
suilannad S. [sujlˈɑnnɑd] ger. of suilanna-, greeting, giving of greetings ◇ SD/129-31
tírad S. [tˈiːrɑd] ger. of tíra-, to see, for the seing ◇ SD/129-31
1.5. conjunction
Template: conjunction
Expansion pattern: //entry[gramGrp/pos = 'conj.']
a S. [ɑ] (ar S.) conj. and ◇ LotR/II:IV, LotR/VI:IV, S/428, SD/129-31, LB/354, Letters/308 ◈ See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel
egor S. [ˈɛgɔr] conj. or ◇ SD/129-31
ir S. [ˈir] conj. (?) when ◇ LB/354 ◈ This word is not translated. It could be related to Quenya íre "when". Some scholars also consider that it could be the form taken by the article i before a vowel, on a pattern similar to ah. To this respect, it might be interesting to note the ir was the allative/dative form of the article in the old Gnomish lexicon, PE/11:9
sui S. [sˈuj] conj. as, like ◇ VT/44:21,27
1.6. preposition
Template: preposition
Expansion pattern: //entry[gramGrp/pos = 'prep.']
adel N. [ɑdɛl̡] prep. behind, in rear (of) ◇ Ety/392
am N. [ɑm] prep. up, upwards, upon ◇ Ety/348
an S. [ɑn] prep. to, towards, for ◇ LotR/II:IV, UT/39, SD/129-31 ◈ With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath
athan S. [ɑθɑn] prep. beyond ◇ SD/62
ben S. [bɛn] prep. according to the, in the ◇ SD/129-31 ◇ OS *be, with suffixed article (?)
bo S. [bɔ] prep. on ◇ VT/44:21,26
dan S. [dɑn] prep. 1. against ○ 2. etym. back ◇ LotR/II:IV
erin S. [ɛrin] prep. on the ◇ SD/129-31 ◇ or+i, MS *œrin
mîn S. [mˈiːn] (min- S.) prep. (in) between (referring to a gap, space, barrier or anything intervening between two other things) ← Minhiriath LotR/Map, VT/47:11,14
na S., N. [nɑ] prep. 1. with, by (also used as a genitive sign) ○ 2. to, towards, at ◇ Ety/374, LotR/I:XII
ned S. [nɛd] prep. (uncertain meaning) in, of (about time, e.g. giving a date) ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ [Another possible interpretation: "another, one more" (related to Q. net(e)), VT/47:40]
nef S. [nɛv] prep. on this side of ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/72
nu S., N. [nu] (no N.) prep. under ◇ Ety/378, etc. ◈ With suffixed article, see also nuin
nuin S., N. [nujn] prep. under the ◇ Ety/378, etc. ◇ nu+i
o S., N. [ɔ] (od S.) prep. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker) ◇ Ety/360, WJ/366, WJ/369-70, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-31, RGEO/72 ◈ According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin
o N. [ɔ] prep. about, concerning ◇ Ety/378 ◈ The Etymologies state that h- is prefixed to the word following this preposition, when it begins with a vowel: o Hedhil "concerning the Elves". Some scholars consider that this rule is not valid in Sindarin, but that the preposition would perhaps become oh in such a case (hence oh Edhil, to be compared with ah in Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth)
or N. [ɔr] prep. above, over ◇ Ety/379
*pen S. [pɛn] prep. without, lacking, -less ← Iarwain ben-adar LotR/II:II
trî N. [trˈiː] prep. through ◇ Ety/392
uin S. [ujn] prep. of the ◇ SD/129-31 ◇ o+i
vi S. [vi] prep. in ◇ VT/44:21,27
1.7. adverb
Template: adverb
Expansion pattern: //entry[gramGrp/pos = 'adv.']
ambenn N. [ˈɑmbɛnn] (ambend N., amben N.) adv. uphill, sloping upwards ◇ Ety/348, Ety/380, X/ND3, X/ND4 ◇ am+pend
anann S. [ˈɑnɑnn] adv. long, for a long time ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308 ◇ an+and, OS *ananda
dad N. [dˈɑd] adv. down, downwards ◇ Ety/354
dadbenn N. [dˈɑdbɛnn] (dadben N.) adv. 1. downhill, inclined ○ 2. by ext., inclined, prone (to do something) ◇ Ety/354, Ety/380, VT/46:8, X/ND4 ◇ dad+pend
edregol S. [ˈɛdrɛgl̩] adv. in especial ◇ SD/129-31
ennas S. [ˈɛnnɑs] adv. there, in that place ◇ SD/129-31
godrebh N. adv. through together ◇ TAI/150 ◇ go-+tre-+be, OS *wotrebe, CE *wo-tere-be (?)
io N. [jɔ] (ia N.) adv. ago ◇ Ety/399
lim S. [lˈim] adv. swift, swiftly ← noro lim LotR/I:XII, RS/196, RC/195 ◈ Untranslated in LotR, but written nora-lim and rendered as "ride on" in RS/196 (not a literal translation) and later translated as "run swift" in RC/195. Before the latter was published (confirming the exact translation of this adverb), Helios de Rosario Martinez had provided a thorough analysis of this word in his article "Musings on Limlight" (Tengwestie/20050107)
mae S. [mˈɑɛ] adv. well ◇ LotR/I:XII, Letters/308
palan- S. [pˈɑlɑn] adv. afar, abroad, far and wide ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74 ◇ Q palan
sennui S. [sˈɛnnuj] adv. (?) rather, (?) instead (used as an adverb?) ◇ SD/129-31
si S. [si] adv. now ◇ LotR/IV:X, LB/354
sí S. [sˈiː] adv. here ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/72
sír S. [sˈiːr] adv. today ◇ VT/44:21,27
1.8. adjective
Template: adjective
Expansion rule: $adjective ::= //entry[contains(gramGrp/pos, 'adj.')]
1.8.1. subc
Prototype: subc
Selection axis: $adjective[gramGrp/subc]
1.8.1.1. possessive
Template: possessive
Expansion pattern: $adjective[gramGrp/subc = 'poss.']
în S. [ˈiːn] adj. poss. 3rd his (referring to the subject) ◇ SD/129-31
lín S. [lˈiːn] (lin S.) adj. poss. 2nd thy (reverential) ◇ VT/44:21,24
mín S. [mˈiːn] (min S.) adj. poss. 1st pl. our ◇ VT/44:21,22,28
nín S. [nˈiːn] adj. poss. 1st my ◇ UT/40, VT/44:22 ◈ The acute accent in nín has sometimes been regarded as an error for a slanted macron in the manuscript, since all the other attested personal adjectives from Sauron defeated all have a circumflex accent. It was however noted that if the acute accent is confirmed, then this word is probably an enclitic, see HL/73. The acute accent is now confirmed by VT/44
*tîn S. [tˈiːn] adj. poss. 3rd his ← bess dîn SD/129-31
1.8.1.2. demonstrative
Template: demonstrative
Expansion pattern: $adjective[gramGrp/subc = 'dem.']
*sen S. [sɛn] pl. *sin S. [sin] adj. dem. this ← i thiw hin LotR/II:IV ◈ This demonstrative adjective is probably enclitic. We have suggested that this possibility could perhaps explain why the mutated form of tîw on the Doors of Durin is thiw instead of the expected thîw, see HL/69
1.8.2. adjnum
Prototype: adjnum
Selection axis: $adjective[gramGrp/pos]
1.8.2.1. num
Template: num
Expansion rule: $num ::= $adjective[contains(gramGrp/pos, 'num.')]
1.8.2.1.1. subc
Prototype: subc
Selection axis: $num[gramGrp/subc]
1.8.2.1.1.1. cardinal
Template: cardinal
Expansion pattern: $num[gramGrp/subc = 'card.']
caer N. [kˈɑɛr] adj. num. card. ten ◇ Ety/363 ⇒ Cf. cae, pae
canad S., N. [kˈɑnɑd] (∗canath N.) adj. num. card. four ◇ Ety/362, VT/42:24,25, VT/48:6, VT/46:3
eneg S., N. [ˈɛnɛg] adj. num. card. six ◇ Ety/356, VT/42:25,31, VT/48:6,8
leben S. [lˈɛbɛn] (lheben N.) adj. num. card. five ◇ Ety/368, TAI/150, VT/42:24-25, VT/47:10, VT/47:24, VT/48:6, X/LH
*meneg S. [mˈɛnɛg] adj. num. card. thousand ← Menegroth "thousand caves" S/409
mîn S. [mˈiːn] (min S., N. [mˈin]) adj. num. card. one (first of a series) ◇ Ety/373, VT/42:24-25, VT/48:6
minib S. [mˈinib] adj. num. card. eleven ◇ VT/48:6-8
neder S., N. [nˈɛdɛr] adj. num. card. nine ◇ Ety/376, VT/42:25, VT/48:6, PE/17:95
nêl S. [nˈɛːl] adj. num. card. three ◇ VT/42:25 ⇒ Cf. neled
neled S., N. [nˈɛlɛd] (neledh S., N.) adj. num. card. three ◇ Ety/376, TAI150, VT/48:6
odog S., N. [ˈɔdɔg] (odo S.) adj. num. card. seven ◇ Ety/379, VT/42:25, VT/47:42, VT/48:6, PE/17:95
pae S. [pˈɑɛ] adj. num. card. ten ◇ VT/42:25, VT/48:6 ⇒ Cf. cae, caer
tâd S., N. [tˈɑːd] (tad S., N.) adj. num. card. two ◇ Ety/349, Ety/391, WJ/388, VT/42:25-27, VT/48:6
toloth N. [tˈɔlɔθ] (tolodh S.) adj. num. card. eight ◇ Ety/394, VT/42:25, VT/42:31, VT/48:6 ◈ Tolkien emended toloth to tolodh, cf. VT/42:31 (and also VT/48:6). If we are to follow him, a word such as tolothen would be incorrect, unless the two forms coexisted
ýneg S. [ˈyːnɛg] (yneg S., yneb S., inib S.) adj. num. card. twelve ◇ VT/47:41, VT/48:6,8,12 ◇ Dual of *enek "six", CE yûneke, Q. yunke, T. yûnece
cae S. [kˈɑɛ] (caen- S.) adj. num. card. ten ◇ PE/17:95 ⇒ Cf. caer, pae
∗mimp S. [mˈimp] adj. num. card. eleven ◇ PE/17:95 ⇒ Cf. minib
∗imp S. [ˈimp] adj. num. card. twelve ◇ PE/17:95 ⇒ Cf. ýneg
1.8.2.1.1.2. ordinal
Template: ordinal
Expansion pattern: $num[gramGrp/subc = 'ord.']
canthui S. [kˈɑnθuj] (Arch. cantui S., Arch. canhui S.) adj. num. ord. fourth ◇ VT/42:10, VT/42:25,27
edwen S. [ˈɛdwɛn] adj. num. ord. second ◇ SD/129-31
enchui S. [ˈɛnxuj] (∗enegui S., Arch. encui S.) adj. num. ord. sixth ◇ VT/42:10,25,28
enecthui S. [ɛnˈɛkθuj] adj. num. ord. sixth ◇ VT/42:25 ⇒ Cf. enchui
lefnui S. [lˈɛvnuj] (lhefneg N.) adj. num. ord. fifth ◇ WR/436, VT/42:25, TI/312
main S. [m'ɑjn] (mein S.) adj. num. ord. first, (only in the sense of) prime, chief, pre-eminent ◇ VT/42:10, VT/42:25
minui S. [mˈinuj] adj. num. ord. first ◇ VT/42:10, VT/42:25
nail S. [nˈɑjl] (neil S.) adj. num. ord. third ◇ VT/42:25
nedrui S. [nˈɛdruj] adj. num. ord. ninth ◇ VT/42:25
nelchaenen S. [nɛl̡xˈɑɛnɛn] adj. num. ord. thirtieth ◇ SD/129-131
nelui S. [nˈɛluj] adj. num. ord. third ◇ VT/42:25
ochui S. [ˈɔxuj] adj. num. ord. seventh ◇ VT/47:42
odothui S. [ˈɔdɔθuj] adj. num. ord. seventh ◇ TI/312, WR/436, VT/42:25 ⇒ Cf. othui
othui S. [ˈɔθuj] adj. num. ord. seventh ◇ VT/42:10,25
paenui S. [pˈɑɛnuj] adj. num. ord. tenth ◇ VT/42:25
tadui S. [tˈɑduj] adj. num. ord. second ◇ VT/42:25
tollui S. [tˈɔɬuj] (Arch. tolhui S., Arch. tolthui S.) adj. num. ord. eighth ◇ VT/42:25, VT/42:27, VT/47:32, VT/42:10, Tengwestie/20031207 ⇒ Cf. tolothen
tolothen S. [tˈɔlɔθɛn] adj. num. ord. eighth ← erin dolothen SD/129-31 ⇒ Cf. tollui
*caenen S. [kˈɑɛnɛn] adj. num. ord. tenth ← nelchaenen SD/129-131 ⇒ Cf. paenui, caenui
∗caenui S. [kˈɑɛnuj] adj. num. ord. tenth ◇ VT/42:10 ⇒ Cf. paenui, caenen
∗tadeg S. [tˈɑdɛg] adj. num. ord. second ◇ VT/42:10 ⇒ Cf. tadui, edwen
∗neleg S. [nˈɛlɛg] adj. num. ord. third ◇ VT/42:10 ⇒ Cf. nail, nelui
nerthui S. [nˈɛrθuj] adj. num. ord. ninth ◇ VT/42:10 ⇒ Cf. nedrui
1.8.2.1.1.3. quantity
Template: quantity
Expansion pattern: $num[gramGrp/subc = 'quant.']
edaid S. [ˈɛdɑjd] adj. num. quant. double ◇ VT/42:26-27
tadol N. [tˈɑdɔl] adj. num. quant. double ◇ Ety/391
1.9. pronoun
Template: pronoun
Expansion pattern: //entry[contains(gramGrp/pos, 'pron.')]
ai S. [ɑj] pron. rel. for those who ◇ VT/44:21,30
ammen S. [ˈɑmmɛn] pron. 1st pl. of us, for us, toward us ◇ LotR/II:IV, LB/354, VT/44:21,27 ◇ an+men
anim S. [ˈɑnim] pron. 1st for myself ◇ LotR/A(v) ◇ an+im ⇒ Cf. enni
e S. [ɛ] pron. 3rd he ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ The meaning "he" is deduced from the apparent function of this word in the so-called "King's Letter", but it also seems possible to interpret it as "indeed" (as in Q. e, LR/63, VT/45:11), used here in a way of formal address expressing the wishes or the will of the King
enni S. [ˈɛnni] pron. 1st to me ◇ VT/41:11 ◇ an+ni ⇒ Cf. enni
ha N. [hɑ] (hana N.) pl. hain S. [hɑjn] (hein N.) pron. 3rd it ◇ Ety/385, LotR/II:IV, X/EI
he N. [hɛ] (hen N., hene N.) pl. hîn N. [hiːn] pron. 3rd f. she ◇ Ety/385
ho N. [hɔ] (hon N., hono N.) pl. huin N. pron. 3rd m. he ◇ Ety/385, X/Z
i S., N. [i] pl. in S., N. [in] art. and pron. rel. 1. the ○ 2. who ◇ Ety/361, SD/129-31, Letters/308, Letters/417
im S. [ˈim] pron. 1st I ◇ LotR/II:IV, LB/354, VT/47:14,37-38 ◈ In late writings (see esp. VT/47:37-38), Tolkien reinterpreted this form as a reflexive pronoun (= "self").
le S. [lɛ] pron. 2nd to thee (reverential) ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-73, Letters/278, LB/354
man S. [mɑn] pron. (?) what? ◇ TL/21:09
men S., N. [mˈɛn] pron. 1st pl. us ← ammen LotR/II:IV, LB/354, tiro men VT/45:37
mín S. [mˈiːn] pron. us ◇ VT/44:21,28
nin S. [nin] pron. me ◇ LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72
pen S. [pɛn] pron. one, somebody, anybody ◇ WJ/376 ◈ Usually enclitic and mutated as ben
*ten S. [dɛn] pron. (?) it (as object) ← caro den VT/44:21,25-6
*ti S. [ti] pron. them ← i gohenam di ai VT/44:21,30
1.10. auxiliary
Template: auxiliary
Expansion pattern: //entry[gramGrp/pos = 'aux.']
ava- S. [ˈɑvɑ] aux. will not
1.11. verb
Template: verb
Expansion rule: $verb ::= //entry[gramGrp/pos = 'v.']
1.11.1. bad code hack
Prototype: bad code hack
Selection axis: $verb[not(gramGrp/tns) and not(gramGrp/mood)]
1.11.1.1. stem (infinive, past tense)
Template: stem (infinive, past tense)
Expansion pattern: $verb[not(gramGrp/tns) and not(gramGrp/mood)]
*adertha- S. [ɑdˈɛrθɑ] v. to reunite ← Aderthad S/409 ◇ ad- + ertʰa- "to make one again", OS *atertʰa-
*atlanna- N. inf. atlanno N. v. to slope, slant ◇ Ety/390, X/TL
*adleg- N. [ˈɑdlɛg] inf. adlegi N. [ˈɑdlɛgi] pa. t. adlenc N. [ˈɑdlɛŋk] v. Arch., Poet. to loose, let loose, release ◇ VT/45:27
*anglenna- S. [ɑŋglˈɛnnɑ] v. to approach ← anglennatha SD/129-31 ◇ an+*glenna-, OS *añglenna-, CE *angledna-
aníra- S. [ɑnˈiːrɑ] v. to desire ◇ SD/129-31 ◇ an+*íra- or *níra- (?) OS *anîra-
*anna- N. [ˈɑnnɑ] inf. anno N. [ˈɑnnɔ] v. to give ◇ Ety/348
aphad- S. [ˈɑffɑd] v. to follow ◇ WJ/387 ◈ In WJ/387, the verbal stem is given as aphad-, and the etymology as *ap-pata. If we follow the latter, the verb should perhaps read aphada- ◇ ab-+pad- "to walk behind, on a track or path"
*athrada- N. [ˈɑθrɑdɑ] inf. athrado N. [ˈɑθrɑdɔ] v. to cross, traverse ◇ Ety/383 ◇ ath-+rada-
awartha- N. [ɑwˈɑrθɑ] v. to forsake, abandon ◇ Ety/397
banga- N. [bˈɑŋgɑ] v. to trade ◇ Ety/372
*bartha- N. [bˈɑrθɑ] inf. bartho N. [bˈɑrθɔ] v. to doom ◇ Ety/372
*batha- N. [bˈɑθɑ] inf. batho N. [bˈɑθɔ] v. to trample ◇ Ety/352
*baugla- N. [bˈɑuglɑ] inf. bauglo N. [bˈɑuglɔ] v. to oppress ◇ Ety/372
*beria- N. [bˈɛri.ɑ] inf. berio N. [bˈɛri.ɔ] v. to protect ◇ Ety/351
*bertha- N. [bˈɛrθɑ] inf. bertho N. [bˈɛrθɔ] v. to dare ◇ Ety/352
*blab- N. [blˈɑb] inf. blebi N. [blˈɛbi] v. to beat, batter, flap (wings, etc.) ◇ Ety/380
boda- S. [bˈɔdɑ] v. to ban, prohibit ◇ WJ/372
*breitha- N. [brˈɛjθɑ] inf. breitho N. [brˈɛjθɔ] v. to break out suddenly ◇ Ety/352
*brenia- N. [brˈɛni.ɑ] inf. brenio N. [brˈɛni.ɔ] v. to endure ◇ Ety/353, VT/45:7 ◈ The form bronio in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:7
*brona- N. [brˈɔnɑ] inf. brono N. [brˈɔnɔ] v. to last, to survive ◇ Ety/353
*buia- N. [bˈuj.ɑ] inf. buio N. [bˈuj.ɔ] v. to serve, to hold allegiance to ◇ Ety/353
*cab- S. [kˈɑb] v. to leap ← cabed S/386, WJ/100
can- S. [kˈɑn] v. to cry out, shout, call ◇ PM/361-362
*car- S. [kˈɑr] irreg. pa. t. agor S. [ˈɑgɔr] v. to do ← avo garo WJ/371, WJ/415
*cen- N. [kˈɛn] v. to see ← cenedril TI/184
*critha- N. [krˈiθɑ] inf. critho N. [krˈiθɔ] v. to reap ◇ Ety/365
*cuia- S. [kˈuj.ɑ] v. to live ← cuio LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308
*cuina- N. [kˈujnɑ] inf. cuino N. [kˈujnɔ] v. to be alive ◇ Ety/366
*dag- N. [dˈɑg] inf. degi N. [dˈɛgi] pa. t. danc N. [dˈɑŋk] (degant N.) v. to slay ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37
*dagra- N. [dˈɑgrɑ] inf. dagro N. [dˈɑgrɔ] v. to battle ◇ Ety/375
damma- N. [dˈɑmmɑ] pa. t. dammant N. [dˈɑmmant] v. to hammer ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37 ◈ It was long considered that damna-, dammint in the Etymologies might have been misreadings. VT/45:37 confirms this, though the exact reading actually remains rather uncertain
dant- N. v. to fall ◇ Ety/354, X/Z ◈ Written dant- in the Etymologies
*dar- N. [dˈɑr] inf. deri N. [dˈɛri] v. to stay, wait, stop, remain ◇ Ety/353
dartha- N. [dˈɑrθɑ] v. to wait, stay, last, endure, remain ◇ Ety/353, VT/45:8
delia- N. [dˈɛli.ɑ] inf. delio N. [dˈɛli.ɔ] (dœlio N.) v. to conceal ◇ Ety/355
díhena- S. [dˈiːhɛnɑ] v. to forgive (with matter forgiven as object?) ◇ VT/44:29 ⇒ Cf. gohena-
*dilia- N. [dˈili.ɑ] inf. dilio N. [dˈili.ɔ] pa. t. diliant N. [dˈili.ɑnt] v. to stop up ◇ Ety/354, VT/45:9
doltha- N. [dˈɔlθɑ] pa. t. Arch. daul N. [dˈɑul] v. to conceal ◇ Ety/355
*dortha- N. [dˈɔrθɑ] inf. dortho N. [dˈɔrθɔ] v. to dwell, stay ◇ Ety/376
*draf- N. [drˈɑv] inf. dravo N. [drˈɑvɔ] pa. t. drammen N. [drˈɑmmɛn] (dravant N., Arch. dramp N.) v. to hew ◇ Ety/354, VT/45:8
*drega- S. [drˈɛgɑ] v. to flee ◈ Only the imperative drego is attested. Therefore, the verb may also be dreg- (inf. dregi)
*dringa- N. [drˈiŋgɑ] inf. dringo N. [drˈiŋgɔ] v. to beat (with a hammer, etc.) ◇ Ety/355
*echad- N. [ˈɛxɑd] inf. echedi N. [ˈɛxɛdi] pa. t. echant S., N. [ˈɛxɑnt] v. to fashion, make ◇ Ety/363, LotR/II:IV
*egledhia- N. [ɛglˈɛði.ɑ] (*egledh- N. [ˈɛglɛð]) inf. egledhio (corr. eglehio) N. [ɛglˈɛði.ɔ] (egledhi N. [ˈɛglɛði]) pa. t. egledhas N. [ˈɛglɛðɑs] (Arch. eglant N.) v. to go into exile ◇ Ety/368, VT/45:27, X/TL
*edlothia- S. [ɛdlˈɔθi.ɑ] v. to blossom, flower ← edlothiand WR/293, X/TL ◈ The sentence from WR/293 is hardly legible and is not translated, but this word is however a plausible form
edonna- N. [ɛdˈɔnnɑ] v. to beget ◇ Ety/379 ◇ ed+*onna-
*edra- S., N. [ˈɛdrɑ] v. to open
*egleria- S. [ɛglˈɛri.ɑ] v. to glorify, to praise
eitha- S. [ˈɛjθɑ] v. 1. to prick with a sharp point, to stab ○ 2. by ext., to treat with scorn, insult ◇ WJ/365
*ercha- N. [ˈɛrxɑ] inf. ercho N. [ˈɛrxɔ] v. to prick ◇ Ety/356
*eria- N. [ˈɛri.ɑ] inf. erio N. [ˈɛri.ɔ] pa. t. erias N. [ˈɛri.ɑs] (Arch. oronte N.) v. to rise ◇ Ety/379, VT/46:7 ⇒ Cf. ortha-
*ertha- S. [ˈɛrθɑ] v. to unite ← Aderthad S/409
*esta- S. [ˈɛstɑ] v. to name ← estathar SD/129-31
*faltha- N. [fˈɑlθɑ] inf. faltho N. [fˈɑlθɔ] v. to foam ◇ Ety/381
*fara- N. [fˈɑrɑ] inf. faro N. [fˈɑrɔ] v. to hunt ◇ Ety/387
feira- N. [fˈɛjrɑ] v. to suffice ◇ VT/46:9
*fuia- N. [fˈuj.ɑ] inf. fuio N. [fˈuj.ɔ] v. to feel disgust at, abhor ◇ Ety/381
gad- N. [gˈɑd] inf. gedi N. [gˈɛdi] v. to catch ◇ Ety/358
*gala- N. [gˈɑlɑ] inf. galo N. [gˈɑlɔ] v. to grow ◇ Ety/357
*ganna- N. [gˈɑnnɑ] inf. ganno N. [gˈɑnnɔ] v. to play a harp ◇ Ety/377
*gannada- N. [gˈɑnnɑdɑ] inf. gannado N. [gˈɑnnɑdɔ] v. to play a harp ◇ Ety/377
*gar- N. [gˈɑr] inf. garo N. [gˈɑrɔ] v. to hold, have ◇ Ety/360
gaw- N. [gˈɑw] v. to howl ◇ Ety/377, X/Z
*genedia- S. [gɛnˈɛdi.ɑ] v. to reckon ← genediad SD/129-31
*gir- N. [gˈir] inf. giri N. [gˈiri] v. to shudder ◇ Ety/358
gladh- S. [glˈɑð] v. to laugh ← gladh- PM/359
*glavra- N. [glˈɑvrɑ] inf. glavro N. [glˈɑvrɔ] v. to babble ◇ Ety/358
gleina- S. [glˈɛjnɑ] v. to bound, enclose, limit ◇ VT/42:8, VT/42:28 ◈ This entry should perhaps read gleinia-, cf. VT/42:28, note 13
gling- N. [glˈiŋ] v. to hang, dangle ◇ Ety/359, Ety/369, VT/45:15,27
glintha- S. v. to glance at ◇ WJ/337
glir- N. [glˈir] inf. gliri N. [glˈiri] v. to sing, trill, to recite a poem ◇ Ety/359, Ety/369, VT/45:15 ◈ The form glin in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:15
gohena- S. [gˈɔhɛnɑ] v. to forgive (with person forgiven as object?) ◇ VT/44:29 ⇒ Cf. díhena-
gonathra- N. [gɔnˈɑθrɑ] v. to entangle, enmesh ◇ Ety/375
gonod- N. [gˈɔnɔd] v. to count, count up, reckon, sum up ◇ Ety/378, Ety/399, VT/46:6
gosta- N. [gˈɔstɑ] v. to fear exceedingly ◇ Ety/359
*govad- S. [gˈɔvɑd] v. to meet ← mae govannen LotR/I:XII, Letters/308 ◇ Etym. "to walk together"
groga- S. [grˈɔgɑ] v. to feel terror ◇ WJ/415
gruitha- S. [grˈujθɑ] v. to terrify ◇ WJ/415
*gwaeda- N. [gwˈɑɛdɑ] inf. gwaedo N. [gwˈɑɛdɔ] v. to enfold ◇ VT/46:21
*gwanna- N. [gwˈɑnnɑ] inf. gwanno N. [gwˈɑnnɔ] v. to depart, die ◇ Ety/397
*gwatha- N. [gwˈɑθɑ] inf. gwatho N. [gwˈɑθɔ] v. to soil, stain ◇ Ety/397
gwathra- S. [gwˈɑθrɑ] v. to overshadow, dim, veil, obscure ◇ VT/42:9
*gwedh- N. [gwˈɛð] inf. gwedhi (corr. gwedi) N. [gwˈɛði] pa. t. gwedhant N. [gwˈɛðɑnt] (gwend N., gwenn N.) v. to bind ◇ Ety/397, X/ND1
*gweria- N. [gwˈɛri.ɑ] inf. gwerio N. [gwˈɛri.ɔ] v. to betray, cheat ◇ Ety/397
*gwesta- N. [gwˈɛstɑ] inf. gwesto N. [gwˈɛstɔ] v. to swear ◇ Ety/397
hab- N. [hˈɑb] v. to clothe ◇ Ety/363
*had- N. [hˈɑd] inf. hedi N. [hˈɛdi] pa. t. hant N. [hˈɑnt] v. to hurl ◇ Ety/363
haf- N. [hˈɑv] pa. t. hamp N. [hˈɑmp] (hafant N.) v. to sit ◇ VT/45:20
*hal- N. [hˈɑl] inf. heli N. [hˈɛli] pa. t. haul N. [hˈɑul] v. to lift ◇ VT/45:20
haltha- N. [hˈɑlθɑ] v. to screen ◇ Ety/386
hamma- N. [hˈɑmmɑ] v. to clothe ◇ Ety/363, VT/45:21 ◈ The form hamnia- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:21
*harna- N. [hˈɑrnɑ] inf. harno N. [hˈɑrnɔ] v. to wound ◇ Ety/386
*hartha- S. [hˈɑrθɑ] v. to hope ← Harthad SD/62
*hasta- N. [hˈɑstɑ] inf. hasto N. [hˈɑstɔ] v. to hack through ◇ Ety/389
*heb- S. [hˈɛb] v. to retain, keep, do not give away or release, keep hold of ← *khep VT/41:6
heltha- N. [hˈɛl̡θɑ] v. to strip ◇ Ety/386, VT/46:14 ◈ The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14
*henia- N. [hˈɛni.ɑ] inf. henio N. [hˈɛni.ɔ] v. to understand ◇ Ety/363
*heria- N. [hˈɛri.ɑ] inf. herio N. [hˈɛri.ɔ] (hœrio N.) v. to begin suddenly and vigorously ◇ Ety/364, VT/45:22 ◈ The forms heno, hœno in the Etymologies are misreadings according to VT/45:22
hortha- N. [hˈɔrθɑ] v. to urge on, speed ◇ Ety/364
*chwinia- N. inf. chwinio N. v. to twirl, whirl, eddy ◇ Ety/388
ialla- N. [jˈɑllɑ] v. to call ◇ VT/46:22
*ista- N. [ˈistɑ] inf. isto N. [ˈistɔ] pa. t. istas N. [ˈistɑs] (Arch. sint N.) v. to have knowledge ◇ Ety/361, VT/45:18
*iuitha- N. [jˈujθɑ] inf. iuitho N. [jˈujθɔ] v. to employ, to use ◇ Ety/400, VT/46:23 ◈ The gloss was hardly legible and Christopher Tolkien read "to enjoy" in Ety/400, but the meaning "to employ", much more probable (Cf. iuith), was later confirmed in VT/45:23
*laba- S. [lˈɑbɑ] v. to hop ← Labadal UT/60 ◈ This entry is interpolated from Sador's nickname, Labadal, which is rendered as "Hopafoot" in the text
*lacha- S. [lˈɑxɑ] v. to flame
*lasta- S. [lˈɑstɑ] v. to listen
*lhathra- N. inf. lhathro N. v. to listen in, eavesdrop ◇ Ety/368, X/LH
*lhathrada- N. inf. lhathrado N. v. to listen in, eavesdrop ◇ Ety/368, X/LH
*lhaf- N. inf. lhefi N. v. to lick ◇ Ety/367, X/LH
leithia- N. [lˈɛjθi.ɑ] (lheitho N.) v. to release ◇ Ety/368, X/LH
leutha- S. [lˈɛwθɑ] v. to pick up or out (with the fingers) ◇ VT/47:10,23
lhimmid N. pa. t. lhimmint N. v. to moisten ◇ Ety/369, X/LH
*linna- S. [lˈinnɑ] v. to sing ← linnathon LotR/II:I
*liria- N. [lˈiri.ɑ] inf. lirio N. [lˈiri.ɔ] v. to sing ◇ VT/45:28
lhoda- N. v. to float ◇ Ety/370, X/LH
*luithia- S. [lˈujθi.ɑ] v. to quench ← uluithiad SD/62 ◈ Perhaps compare with Q. luita- "to flood, inundate, drench" and the root LUY - See VT/48:31
lhútha- N. v. to enchant ◇ Ety/370, X/LH
*mad- N. [mˈɑd] inf. medi N. [mˈɛdi] v. to eat ◇ Ety/371
maetha- N. [mˈɑɛθɑ] v. to fight ◇ Ety/371
maetha- S. [mˈɑɛθɑ] v. to handle, wield, manage, deal with ◇ VT/47:6
*matha- N. [mˈɑθɑ] inf. matho N. [mˈɑθɔ] v. to stroke, feel, handle ◇ Ety/371
*mel- N. [mˈɛl] inf. melo N. [mˈɛlɔ] pa. t. melant N. [mˈɛlɑnt] v. to love ◇ VT/45:34
minna- S. [mˈinnɑ] v. to enter
*mista- N. [mˈistɑ] inf. misto N. [mˈistɔ] v. to stray ◇ Ety/373
*muda- N. [mˈudɑ] inf. mudo N. [mˈudɔ] pa. t. mudas N. [mˈudɑs] v. to labour, toil ◇ Ety/373
*na- S. [nˈɑ] v. to be ← no aer i eneth lín VT/44:21,24
*negra- N. inf. negro N. v. to pain ◇ Ety/375, X/Z
nag- N. [nˈɑg] v. to bite ◇ Ety/374
*nalla- S. [nˈɑllɑ] v. to cry ← nallon LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278
*nara- N. [nˈɑrɑ] inf. naro N. [nˈɑrɔ] pa. t. narante N. [nɑrˈɑntɛ] v. Arch., Poet. to tell ◇ Ety/374, VT/45:36
narcha- N. [nˈɑrxɑ] v. to rend ◇ Ety/374
*nartha- N. [nˈɑrθɑ] inf. nartho N. [nˈɑrθɔ] v. to kindle ◇ VT/45:37
nasta- N. [nˈɑstɑ] v. to prick, point, stick, thrust ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37
nautha- N. [nˈɑuθɑ] v. to conceive ◇ Ety/378
*nedia- S. [nˈɛdi.ɑ] (nœdia- N.) v. to count ◇ Ety/378, VT/46:6
*neitha- S. [nˈɛjθɑ] v. to wrong, to deprive ← Neithan UT/456
*neledh- N. [nɛlˈɛð] inf. neledhi N. [nɛlˈɛði] v. to enter ◇ TAI/150, HL/77 ◈ Hammond and Scull apparently understand this word as a derivative of neledh "three", hence their translation neledh neledhi "three by three". However, we have shown in Hiswelókë (third issue, pp. 74-78) that this word is conceivably a verb derived from LED "to go". The prefix ne- also occurs in nestegi "to insert, stick in" ◇ OS *ne- + ledi- "to go into"
nella- N. [nˈɛl̡lɑ] v. to sound (of bells) ◇ Ety/379, VT/46:7
*nesta- N. [nˈɛstɑ] v. to heal ← nestad WR/379-380
*nestag- N. [nˈɛstɑg] inf. nestegi N. [nˈɛstɛgi] pa. t. nestanc N. [nˈɛstɑŋk] v. to insert, stick in ◇ Ety/388
nimmid N. pa. t. nimmint N. [nˈimmint] v. to whiten ◇ Ety/378, X/Z
nud- N. v. to tie, bind ◇ Ety/378, X/Z
*nor- S. [nˈɔr] v. 1. to run ○ 2. by ext., to ride
nuitha- S. [nˈujθɑ] v. to stunt, to prevent from coming to completion, stop short, not allow to continue ◇ WJ/413
oltha- N. [ˈɔlθɑ] v. to dream ◇ Ety/370, Ety/379
*onna- S. [ˈɔnnɑ] v. to beget ← Abonnen, Eboennin WJ/387
*ortha- N. [ˈɔrθɑ] inf. ortho N. [ˈɔrθɔ] pa. t. orthant N. [ˈɔrθɑnt] v. to raise ◇ Ety/379 ⇒ Cf. eria-
*orthel- N. [ˈɔrθɛl] inf. ortheli N. [ˈɔrθɛli] v. to roof, screen above ◇ Ety/391
*orthor- N. [ˈɔrθɔr] inf. ortheri N. [ˈɔrθɛri] v. to master, conquer ◇ Ety/395
*osgar- N. [ˈɔsgɑr] inf. esgeri N. [ˈɛsgɛri] v. to cut round, to amputate ◇ Ety/379
*ovra- N. [ˈɔvrɑ] inf. ovro N. [ˈɔvrɔ] v. to abound ◇ Ety/396
*pada- S. [pˈɑdɑ] v. to walk ← Aphadon (*ap-pata), Tharbad (*thara-pata) WJ/387, S/438
*panna- N. [pˈɑnnɑ] inf. panno N. [pˈɑnnɔ] v. to open, to enlarge ◇ Ety/380
pannod N. v. to fill ◇ Ety/366, X/Z
*pathra- N. [pˈɑθrɑ] inf. pathro N. [pˈɑθrɔ] v. to fill ◇ Ety/366
*ped- S. [pˈɛd] pa. t. *pent S. [pˈɛnt] v. to speak, to say ← pedo, arphent LotR/II:IV, TL/21:09
*pelia- N. [pˈɛli.ɑ] inf. pelio N. [pˈɛli.ɔ] v. to spread ◇ Ety/380
*penia- N. [pˈɛni.ɑ] inf. penio N. [pˈɛni.ɔ] v. to fix, to set ◇ Ety/380
penna- S. [pˈɛnnɑ] v. to slant down ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/72
plada- S. [plˈɑdɑ] v. to feel with the hand, to pass the sensitive palm over a surface ◇ VT/47:9
*presta- N. [prˈɛstɑ] inf. presto N. [prˈɛstɔ] v. to affect, trouble, disturb ◇ Ety/380
*puia- N. [pˈuj.ɑ] inf. puio N. [pˈuj.ɔ] v. to spit ◇ Ety/382
*rada- N. [rˈɑdɑ] inf. rado N. [rˈɑdɔ] v. to make a way, find a way ◇ Ety/383
raeda- S. [rˈɑɛdɑ] v. to catch in a net ◇ VT/42:12
*rhedh- N. inf. rhedhi N. v. to sow ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
*rhenia- N. inf. rhenio N. v. to stray ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
*rhevia- N. inf. rhevio (corr. rhenio) N. v. 1. to fly, sail ○ 2. to wander ◇ Ety/382, X/RH
*thrib- N. inf. thribi N. v. to scratch ◇ Ety/387, X/RH
rhib- N. v. to flow like a (torrent ?) ◇ Ety/384, X/RH ◈ The reading of the gloss is uncertain
*rhista- N. inf. rhisto N. v. 1. to cut ○ 2. to rend, rip ◇ Ety/384, X/RH
*rhitha- N. inf. rhitho N. v. to jerk, twitch, snatch ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
*rosta- N. [rˈɔstɑ] inf. rosto N. [rˈɔstɔ] v. to hollow out, excavate ◇ Ety/384
sautha- N. [sˈɑuθɑ] v. to drain ◇ Ety/388
seidia- S. [sˈɛjdi.ɑ] v. to set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner ◇ VT/42:20
síla- N. [sˈiːlɑ] v. to shine white
*siria- N. [sˈiri.ɑ] inf. sirio N. [sˈiri.ɔ] v. to flow ◇ Ety/385
*sog- N. [sˈɔg] inf. sogo N. [sˈɔgɔ] pa. t. sogant N. [sˈɔgɑnt] (sunc N.) v. to drink ◇ Ety/388, VT/46:16
*suila- S. [sˈujlɑ] v. to greet ← suilad SD/129-31
*suilanna- S. [sujlˈɑnnɑ] v. to greet, to give greetings ← suilannad SD/129-31
*taetha- N. [tˈɑɛθɑ] inf. taetho N. [tˈɑɛθɔ] v. to fasten, tie ◇ Ety/389
*tamma- N. [tˈɑmmɑ] inf. tammo N. [tˈɑmmɔ] v. to knock ◇ Ety/390, VT/46:17
*tangada- N. [tˈɑŋgɑdɑ] inf. tangado N. [tˈɑŋgɑdɔ] v. to make firm, confirm, establish ◇ Ety/389
*teitha- N. [tˈɛjθɑ] inf. teitho N. [tˈɛjθɔ] pa. t. teithant N. [tˈɛjθɑnt] v. to write ◇ Ety/391, LotR/II:IV
*telia- N. [tˈɛli.ɑ] (*teilia- N.) inf. telio N. [tˈɛli.ɔ] (teilio N.) v. to play ◇ Ety/395
thel- S. [θˈɛl̡] v. to intend, mean, purpose, resolve, will ◇ WJ/318-319
*thia- N. [θˈi.ɑ] inf. thio N. [θˈi.ɔ] v. to appear, seem ◇ Ety/392
*thilia- N. [θˈili.ɑ] inf. thilio N. [θˈili.ɔ] v. to glisten ◇ Ety/392, VT/46:18
thinna- N. [θˈinnɑ] v. to fade, to grow towards evening ◇ Ety/392 ◈ The punctuation in The Etymologies is considered incorrect (the full dot after this word should conceivably be a comma)
*thora- N. [θˈɔrɑ] inf. thoro N. [θˈɔrɔ] v. to fence ◇ Ety/393
*thosta- N. [θˈɔstɑ] inf. thosto N. [θˈɔstɔ] v. to stink ◇ VT/46:19
*thuia- N. [θˈuj.ɑ] inf. thuio N. [θˈuj.ɔ] v. to breathe ◇ Ety/393
*tinna- N. [tˈinnɑ] inf. tinno N. [tˈinnɔ] v. to glint ◇ Ety/393
*tir- N. [tˈir] inf. tiri N. [tˈiri] v. to watch, to gaze, look at ◇ Ety/394
*tíra- S. [tˈiːrɑ] v. to see ← tírad SD/129-31
*tiria- N. [tˈiri.ɑ] inf. tirio N. [tˈiri.ɔ] pa. t. tiriant N. [tˈiri.ɑnt] v. to watch, to gaze, look at ◇ Ety/394
*toba- N. [tˈɔbɑ] inf. tobo N. [tˈɔbɔ] v. to cover, roof over ◇ Ety/394
*tog- N. [tˈɔg] inf. tegi N. [tˈɛgi] v. to lead, bring ◇ Ety/395
*tol- N. [tˈɔl] inf. teli N. [tˈɛli] v. to come ◇ Ety/395
*toltha- N. [tˈɔlθɑ] inf. toltho N. [tˈɔlθɔ] v. to fetch, summon, make come ◇ Ety/395
*tortha- N. [tˈɔrθɑ] inf. tortho N. [tˈɔrθɔ] v. to wield, control ◇ Ety/395
trasta- N. [trˈɑstɑ] v. to harass, trouble ◇ Ety/391
*trenar- N. [trˈɛnɑr] inf. treneri N. [trˈɛnɛri] pa. t. trenor N. [trˈɛnɔr] (trener N.) v. to recount, to tell to end ◇ Ety/374
*trevad- N. [trˈɛvɑd] inf. trevedi N. [trˈɛvɛdi] pa. t. trevant N. [trˈɛvɑnt] v. to traverse ◇ Ety/352
*tuia- N. [tˈuj.ɑ] inf. tuio N. [tˈuj.ɔ] v. 1. to sprout, spring ○ 2. to swell ◇ Ety/394-395
1.12. tense
Prototype: tense
Selection axis: //entry[gramGrp/tns]
1.12.1. present
Template: present
Expansion pattern: //entry[gramGrp/tns = 'pres.']
avam S. [ˈɑvɑm] v. pres. 1st pl. of ava-, we won't ◇ WJ/371
avon S. [ˈɑvɔn] v. pres. 1st of ava-, I won't ◇ WJ/371
blâb N. [blˈɑːb] v. pres. 3rd of blab-, (he) flaps, beats ◇ Ety/380 ◈ The Etymologies seem to list this word as a noun, but it is clearly the third person singular of the verb
cerir S. [kˈɛrir] v. pres. 3rd pl. of car-, they do ◇ VT/44:22,30
*cuinar S. [kˈujnɑr] v. pres. 3rd pl. of cuina-, (they) live ← i-chuinar Letters/417
dihenam S. v. pres. 1st pl. of díhena-, we forgive ◇ VT/44:22,29 ◈ In Tolkien's manuscript, the form dihenam was rejected in favor of gohenam
gerin N. [gˈɛrin] v. pres. 1st of gar-, I hold, I have ◇ Ety/360
gohenam S. [gˈɔhɛnɑm] v. pres. 1st pl. of gohena-, we forgive ◇ VT/44:21,29
*hebin S. [hˈɛbin] v. pres. 1st of heb-, I keep, I have kept ← ú-chebin LotR/A(v), VT/41:6 ◈ Because of the mutation triggered by the first person pronominal ending, it is impossible to guess whether the stem of this should be heb-, *hab- or *hob-. The root KHEP listed in VT/41:6 apparently implies that heb- is the correct form
lhâf N. v. pres. 3rd of lhaf-, (he) licks ◇ Ety/367, X/LH
linnon S. [lˈinnɔn] v. pres. 1st of linna-, I sing ◇ LB/354
lhôd N. v. pres. 3rd of lhoda-, (he) floats ◇ VT/45:29, X/LH
nallon S. [nˈɑllɔn] v. pres. 1st of nalla-, I cry ◇ LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278
orthor N. [ˈɔrθɔr] v. pres. 3rd of orthor-, (he) masters, conquers ◇ Ety/395
osgar N. [ˈɔsgɑr] v. pres. 3rd of osgar-, (he) cuts, amputates ◇ Ety/379
*pêd S. [pˈɛːd] v. pres. 3rd of ped-, (he) says ← guren bêd enni VT/41:11
síla N. [sˈiːlɑ] v. pres. 3rd of síla-, (he) shines white ◇ LB/354
sôg N. [sˈɔːg] v. pres. 3rd of sog-, (he) drinks ◇ Ety/388
thia N. [θˈi.ɑ] v. pres. 3rd of thia-, it appears ◇ Ety/392
tôg N. [tˈɔːg] v. pres. 3rd of tog-, (he) leads, brings ◇ Ety/395
tôl S., N. [tˈɔːl] v. pres. 3rd of tol-, (he) comes ◇ Ety/395, WJ/254 ◈ According to WJ/301, the expression tôl acharn "vengeance comes" was later changed to tûl acharn by Tolkien
1.12.2. future
Template: future
Expansion pattern: //entry[gramGrp/tns = 'fut.']
anglennatha S. [ɑŋglˈɛnnɑθɑ] v. fut. 3rd of anglenna-, (he) will approach ◇ SD/129-31
estathar S. [ˈɛstɑθɑr] v. fut. 3rd pl. of esta-, (they) will name ◇ SD/129-31
linnathon S. [lˈinnɑθɔn] v. fut. 1st of linna-, I will sing, I will chant ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/72
1.12.3. past participle
Template: past participle
Expansion pattern: //entry[gramGrp/tns = 'pp.']
dangen N. [dˈɑŋgɛn] pp. of dag-, slain ◇ Ety/375
dannen N. [dˈɑnnɛn] pp. of dant-, fallen ◇ Ety/354
dolen N. [dˈɔlɛn] pp. of doltha-, concealed, hidden ◇ Ety/355
govannen S. [gɔvˈɑnnɛn] pp. of govad-, met ◇ LotR/I:XII, Letters/308
hollen S. [hˈɔllɛn] pp. closed ← Fen Hollen LotR/V:IV, RC/550
*onnen S. [ˈɔnnɛn] pl. *ennin S. [ˈɛnnin] pp. of onna-, born ← Abonnen, Eboennin WJ/387
prestannen N. [prɛstˈɑnnɛn] pp. of presta-, 1. affected ○ 2. Ling. mutated (of a mutated vowel) ◇ Ety/380
*remmen S. [rˈɛmmɛn] pl. remmin S. [rˈɛmmin] pp. woven, netted, tangled ← galadhremmin LotR/E, LotR/II:I, RGEO/72
sogannen (corr. sogennen) N. [sɔgˈɑnnɛn] pp. of sog-, drunk ◇ Ety/388
thoren N. [θˈɔrɛn] pp. of thora-, fenced ◇ Ety/393
*tirnen S. [tˈirnɛn] pp. of tir-, guarded ← Talath Dirnen UT/465, Ety/394, S/437
1.12.4. perfective
Template: perfective
Expansion pattern: //entry[gramGrp/tns = 'perf.']
tíriel S. [tˈiːri.ɛl̡] perf. of tiria-, having gazed ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74
1.12.5. participle
Template: participle
Expansion pattern: //entry[gramGrp/tns = 'part.']
glavrol N. [glˈɑvrɔl] part. of glavra-, babbling ◇ Ety/358
chwiniol N. part. of chwinia-, whirling, giddy, fantastic ◇ Ety/388
míriel S. [mˈiːri.ɛl̡] part. sparkling like a jewel ◇ RGEO/64, LotR/II:I
tiriel S. [tˈiri.ɛl̡] part. of tiria-, gazing ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74
1.13. mood
Prototype: mood
Selection axis: //entry[gramGrp/mood]
1.13.1. imperative
Template: imperative
Expansion pattern: //entry[gramGrp/mood = 'imp.']
anno S. [ˈɑnnɔ] v. imp. of anna-, give! ◇ VT/44:21,27
avo S. [ˈɑvɔ] v. imp. of ava-, don't! ◇ WJ/371 ◈ Used as a negative adverb before an imperative: avo garo "don't do it!". Sometimes used as prefix: avgaro
caro S. [kˈɑrɔ] v. imp. of car-, do! make! ◇ VT/44:21,25
cuio S. [kˈuj.ɔ] v. imp. of cuia-, live! ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308
daro S., N. [dˈɑrɔ] v. imp. of dar-, halt! stop! ◇ Ety/353, LotR/II:VI
díheno S. [dˈiːhɛnɔ] v. imp. of díhena-, forgive! ◇ VT/44:21,28
drego S. [drˈɛgɔ] v. imp. of drega-, flee! ◇ UT/65
edro S., N. [ˈɛdrɔ] v. imp. of edra-, open! ◇ Ety/357, LotR/II:IV
eglerio S. [ɛglˈɛri.ɔ] v. imp. of egleria-, glorify! praise! ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308
lacho S. [lˈɑxɔ] v. imp. of lacha-, flame! ◇ UT/65
lasto S. [lˈɑstɔ] v. imp. of lasta-, listen! ◇ LotR/II:IV, RS/463, LB/354
minno S. [mˈinnɔ] v. imp. of minna-, enter! (lit. to the inside!) ◇ LotR/II:IV
no S. [nˈɔ] v. imp. of na-, be! ◇ VT/44:21,24
noro S. [nˈɔrɔ] v. imp. of nor-, run! ride! ← noro lim LotR/I:XII, RS/196, RC/195 ◈ Untranslated in LotR, but written nora-lim and rendered as "ride on" in RS/196 (not a literal translation) and later translated as "run swift" in RC/195. A verb nor- is attested in the old Gnomish lexicon, PE/11:61, with the meaning "to run, roll"
pedo S. [pˈɛdɔ] v. imp. of ped-, speak! say! ◇ LotR/II:IV, Letters/424
tiro S. [tˈirɔ] v. imp. of tir-, look! ◇ LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278-79, Letters/427
tolo S. [tˈɔlɔ] v. imp. of tol-, come! ◇ VT/44:21,25
1.14. interjection
Template: interjection
Expansion pattern: //entry[gramGrp/pos = 'interj.']
a S. [ɑ] interj. O! ◇ Letters/308 ◈ See also ai and ae
ae S. [ˈɑɛ] interj. O! ◇ VT/44:21,22 ◈ See also ai and a
ai S. [ˈɑj] interj. ah! ◇ LotR/I:XII ◈ Though attested in LotR, this word might relate to ae, with the regular change from ai to ae between Noldorin and Sindarin
alae S. [ˈɑlɑɛ] interj. (?) behold! ◇ UT/40 ◈ Uncertain meaning, but compare with Quenya ela! "imperative exclamation directing sight to an actually visible object" (WJ/362)
baw S. [bˈɑw] interj. no, don't! ◇ WJ/371
ego S. [ˈɛgɔ] interj. be off! ◇ WJ/365
elo S. [ˈɛlɔ] interj. an exclamation of wonder, admiration, delight ◇ WJ/362
nae N. [nˈɑɛ] interj. alas ◇ Ety/375
1.15. prefix
Template: prefix
Expansion pattern: //entry[gramGrp/pos = 'pref.']
ab- S. [ɑb] pref. after, later ← Abonnen WJ/387
ad- N. [ɑd] pref. back, again, re- ◇ Ety/349, VT/45:6
al- N. [ɑl] pref. no, not ◇ Ety/367
an- N. [ɑn] pref. with, by ◇ Ety/374
ar- N. [ɑr] pref. 1. Arch. etym. beside ○ 2. by ext., without ◇ Ety/349
ara- S. [ɑrɑ] (ar- S.) pref. high, noble, royal ◇ S/428 ◇ Reduced form of aran, element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain
ath- N. [ɑθ] pref. on both sides, across ◇ Ety/349
athra- S. [ɑθrɑ] pref. across ← Athrabeth MR/329
di- S. [di] pref. beneath, under ← di-nguruthos LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278, VT/45:37 ◈ The only known usage of this word is as prefix, but VT/45:37 lists it as a unitary word di
ed- N. [ɛd] pref. forth, out ◇ Ety/356
er- S., N. [ɛr] pref. alone, one ◇ VT/42:19
gal- N. [gɑl] pref. light ← galvorn, etc.
go- N. [gɔ] pref. together ◇ Ety/399, WJ/367
gwa- S., N. [gwɑ] pref. Arch. together (only in old compounds, the living form is go-) ◇ Ety/399, WJ/367
nedh- N. [nɛð] pref. in, inside, mid- ◇ Ety/376 ◈ See also the preposition ned, and the noun ened for a discussion of this form
or- N. [ɔr] pref. above, over ◇ Ety/379
os- N. [ɔs] pref. about, around ◇ Ety/379
per- N. [pɛr] pref. half, divided in middle
thar- S., N. [θɑr] pref. across, athwart, over, beyond ◇ Ety/388, S/438
tre- N. [trɛ] (tri N.) pref. through (but denoting completeness when prefixed to verbs, cf. English idioms like "talk something through") ◇ Ety/392
ú S. [ˈuː] pref. no, not (negative prefix or particle) ◇ WJ/369, LotR/A(v)
*ui- S. [uj] pref. ever ← uidafnen, uilos (see these words) ◇ Cognate of the quenya oi
2. mutation
Prototype: mutation
Selection axis: //entry[descendant::itype[@type='sm' or @type='nm' or @type='mm']]
2.1. soft
Template: soft
Expansion pattern: //entry[descendant::itype[@type='sm' or @type='nm' or @type='mm'] = 'soft mut.']
baran S. soft mut. of paran ← Dol Baran RC/433
bêd S. soft mut. of pêd
ben S. soft mut. of pen
ben S. soft mut. of pen
beth S. soft mut. of peth
bîn S. soft mut. of pîn ← Cûl Bîn RC/536
chaered S. soft mut. of haered
chebin S. soft mut. of hebin
cherdir S. soft mut. of herdir
den S. soft mut. of ten
di S. soft mut. of ti
dîn S. soft mut. of tîn
dîn S. soft mut. of tîn ◇ RC/551
dínen S. soft mut. of tínen ◇ RC/551
diriel S. soft mut. of tiriel
díriel S. soft mut. of tíriel
dolothen S. soft mut. of tolothen
drann S. soft mut. of trann
drannail S. soft mut. of trannail
gerir S. soft mut. of cerir
habar S. soft mut. of sabar
harn S. soft mut. of sarn ← Edhelharn SD/129-131
hi S. soft mut. of si
hin S. soft mut. pl. of sen
hirion S. soft mut. of sirion ← Nanduhirion LotR
*mbas S. soft mut. of bass ← imbas VT/44:21,27-8
mhellyn S. soft mut. pl. of mellon
vedui S. soft mut. of medui
veleg S. soft mut. of beleg ← Cûl Veleg RC/536
*venniath N. soft mut. of menniath ← Mornvenniath TI/124
vín S. soft mut. of mín
vîr S. soft mut. of mîr
2.2. nasal
Template: nasal
Expansion pattern: //entry[descendant::itype[@type='sm' or @type='nm' or @type='mm'] = 'nasal mut.']
chîn S. nasal mut. pl. of hên
mbair S. nasal mut. pl. of bar
mbar S. nasal mut. of bar
ngaurhoth S. nasal mut. of gaurhoth
nguruthos S. nasal mut. of guruthos
phain S. nasal mut. pl. of pân
pheriain S. nasal mut. pl. of perian
pheriannath S. nasal mut. coll. of periannath
thiw S. nasal mut. pl. of têw ◇ LotR/II:IV ◈ The mutated form of tîw on the Doors of Durin is thiw instead of the expected thîw. See sen for a discussion of this form
thîw S. nasal mut. pl. of têw ◇ Letters/347 ⇒ Cf. thiw
2.3. other
Template: other
Expansion pattern: //entry[descendant::itype[@type='sm' or @type='nm' or @type='mm'] = 'mut.']
rach S. mut. of rhach ← e-'Rach MR/373
*thoniel S. [θˈɔni.ɛl̡] mut. of toniel ← Gilthoniel LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74